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It was the most bitterly fought election in Brazilian history, and though it is a cliche, it is also profoundly true: democracy was the winner. Jair Bolsonaro and Luiz In谩cio Lula da Silva were the leading figures in a confrontation that imperiled one of the world鈥檚 largest democracies. The contest left behind a divided country, following a campaign tainted by defamation, disinformation and political violence. But following Lula鈥檚 victory, on Sunday, October 30 by a margin of 2 million votes, the tightest election in Brazil鈥檚 democratic history, a presidential transition began, signaling that Brazil鈥檚 institutions had survived a difficult test.

Lula鈥檚 coalition included a variety of influential figures, such as former President Fernando Henrique Cardoso and former governors of Brazil鈥檚 Central Bank Henrique Meirelles and  P茅rsio Arida. Together, they prevented Bolsonaro, a former army captain, from winning a second term. That broad coalition began when Lula chose a former rival, Geraldo Alckmin, as his running mate. After the first round of the election, Lula鈥檚 coalition expanded to include presidential candidate and center-right senator Simone Tebet.

Brazilians had to wait 44 hours to hear Bolsonaro concede.鈥�

Brazilians had to wait 44 hours to hear Bolsonaro concede. He did it in his way, the following Tuesday, November 1, delivering a solemn and short speech thanking the 58 million people who voted for him. Ciro Nogueira, his chief of staff, then took the podium and said he was authorized to begin the transition process. In a statement, the Supreme Court said it interpreted Bolsonaro鈥檚 remarks as a concession, though the president did not congratulate his rival.

Nevertheless, truck drivers and other Bolsonaro supporters have erected hundreds of roadblocks around the country. In his speech, Bolsonaro said the protests were 鈥渢he fruit of indignation and a sense of injustice of how the electoral process unfolded,鈥� echoing unfounded criticisms about Brazil鈥檚 electoral system that the president had spread for months.

Scars

The image of Bolsonaro standing on a stage while an evangelical pastor preaches, flanked by an army general, a former businessman turned governor and a YouTube musician elected senator is a fair portrait of his conservative coalition. As the , in the corners of small towns in the Brazilian countryside, Bolsonaro had planted the roots of a powerful right-wing movement. Bolsonaro鈥檚 rise, however, was a function of deeper trends. Bolsonarismo is a mix of conservatism, culture war politics fought over social media, and nationalist symbols. His rhetoric, full of critiques of political correctness, reverberates among Brazilian conservatives.

Indeed, social conservatism is surging in Brazil. In all, for example, nearly 60 percent of Brazilians and many favor religious instruction in schools. In his campaign, Bolsonaro and his influencers warned of the 鈥渟piritual risk鈥� from his rival. Evangelical Christians make up 30 percent of the population in Brazil and were crucial for Bolsonaro鈥檚 movement. For weeks, satanism and cannibalism were trending topics on social media.

Lula鈥檚 Resurrection

One year ago, while Bolsonaro was in Planalto, Lula was behind bars. Today, he is celebrating his triumph in one of the most consequential elections in Brazilian history. It鈥檚 a plot twist worthy of one of the beloved Brazilian telenovelas. 鈥淭hey tried to bury me alive, and yet here I am,鈥� Lula said in his victory speech. In a campaign replete with religious themes, it was a telling remark.

One year ago, while Bolsonaro was in Planalto, Lula was behind bars.鈥�

Going forward, however, Lula faces an uphill battle, and it will take all of his considerable political talent to succeed. Governing Brazil in 2023 will demand a change in some of Lula鈥檚 favorite recipes, as domestic conditions and the wider world have changed considerably since his last time in power. He will have to operate in a nation still angry about his party鈥檚 corruption scandals, and shaken by the immense public health and economic impacts of the pandemic.

In his campaign, Lula pledged to put the state back at the center of economic policymaking, and said increased government spending would spur growth. With rising debt and less control over the budget, it is not clear Lula will have the tools to meet those promises. The makeup of congress matters too. Lula should be able to build coalitions to pass some bills; he is already in conversations with Arthur Lira, speaker of the Lower House and one of Bolsonaro鈥檚 most important allies, about a modus vivendi with the 鈥渃entr茫o,鈥� or 鈥渂ig center,鈥� bloc. Still, structural reforms will require complex negotiations with the opposition.

鈥楤razil is Back鈥�

鈥淏razil is back,鈥� Lula said in his victory speech, pointing to the election as a turning point after years of climate skepticism and the accelerating destruction of the Amazon rainforest. Amid warm congratulations from international leaders, expectations are high regarding Brazil鈥檚 climate diplomacy. However, implementing a transformative environmental agenda is easier said than done, and here too, complex congressional dynamics could be an obstacle.

Lula has also promised to repair Brazil鈥檚 damaged international brand.鈥�

Lula has also promised to repair Brazil鈥檚 damaged international brand, and to 鈥渞eposition the country into the hearts of international investors.鈥� For that, the president-elect must nominate a credible economic team. Gleisi Hoffman, the Workers鈥� Party president, has said Lula鈥檚 government would not be 鈥渁 PT government鈥�; rather, it will reflect the broad front that elected him.