%PDF-1.2 % 172 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 174 /H [ 1421 873 ] /L 490400 /E 67127 /N 23 /T 486841 >> endobj xref 172 50 0000000016 00000 n 0000001351 00000 n 0000002294 00000 n 0000002528 00000 n 0000002779 00000 n 0000003217 00000 n 0000003947 00000 n 0000004403 00000 n 0000005207 00000 n 0000005768 00000 n 0000006497 00000 n 0000006519 00000 n 0000007487 00000 n 0000007509 00000 n 0000008500 00000 n 0000008522 00000 n 0000009497 00000 n 0000009519 00000 n 0000010504 00000 n 0000010526 00000 n 0000011527 00000 n 0000012321 00000 n 0000012757 00000 n 0000013547 00000 n 0000014057 00000 n 0000014564 00000 n 0000015265 00000 n 0000015963 00000 n 0000016657 00000 n 0000017122 00000 n 0000017145 00000 n 0000018226 00000 n 0000018248 00000 n 0000018834 00000 n 0000018856 00000 n 0000019476 00000 n 0000023965 00000 n 0000032165 00000 n 0000041315 00000 n 0000045300 00000 n 0000045417 00000 n 0000045533 00000 n 0000045649 00000 n 0000046332 00000 n 0000056965 00000 n 0000061946 00000 n 0000062371 00000 n 0000066839 00000 n 0000001421 00000 n 0000002272 00000 n trailer << /Size 222 /Info 171 0 R /Root 173 0 R /Prev 486830 /ID[<60cc8531cb3c394679ba57281c41d7a1><60cc8531cb3c394679ba57281c41d7a1>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 173 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 158 0 R /JT 170 0 R >> endobj 220 0 obj << /S 781 /T 918 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 221 0 R >> stream Hb```f``e`c`a`@V( G'G#Zf-'U+$.\cOb`g[."݀>ی1,J> endobj 175 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 197 0 R /F4 177 0 R /F5 179 0 R /F6 181 0 R /F8 194 0 R /F9 192 0 R /F10 199 0 R /F11 198 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 211 0 R /GS2 212 0 R /GS3 213 0 R >> /Properties << /MC1 219 0 R >> >> endobj 176 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 720 /CapHeight 663 /Descent -270 /Flags 262242 /FontBBox [ -154 -286 1176 866 ] /FontName /DGBNPD+AGaramond-SemiboldItalic /ItalicAngle -18.5 /StemV 105 /XHeight 408 /CharSet (/h/w/P/slash/i/F/L/d/y/n/j/N/M/z/one/k/O/A/two/m/three/o/parenleft/R/K/p\ /S/parenright/E/at/q/U/T/B/r/space/V/b/g/C/six/s/W/c/D/a/comma/t/l/e/G/h\ yphen/u/nine/f/I/H/period/v) /FontFile3 209 0 R >> endobj 177 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 183 /Widths [ 255 280 438 510 510 868 834 248 320 320 420 510 255 320 255 347 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 255 255 510 510 510 330 781 627 627 694 784 580 533 743 812 354 354 684 560 921 780 792 588 792 656 504 682 744 650 968 648 590 638 320 329 320 510 500 380 420 510 400 513 409 301 464 522 268 259 484 258 798 533 492 516 503 349 346 321 520 434 684 439 448 390 320 255 320 510 398 398 398 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 398 398 398 398 0 0 0 0 398 0 1000 0 0 0 0 0 398 398 0 255 0 510 510 0 0 0 0 0 800 0 0 0 320 0 0 0 510 0 0 0 522 0 255 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /DGBNHG+AGaramond-Semibold /FontDescriptor 178 0 R >> endobj 178 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 720 /CapHeight 663 /Descent -270 /Flags 262178 /FontBBox [ -177 -269 1123 866 ] /FontName /DGBNHG+AGaramond-Semibold /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 105 /XHeight 397 /CharSet (/colon/h/P/w/i/F/L/d/y/n/zero/N/M/one/O/A/two/m/Q/periodcentered/x/three\ /o/R/p/four/S/E/five/U/T/bullet/B/emdash/g/r/space/b/V/C/six/s/seven/W/c\ /D/comma/a/t/l/eight/e/G/hyphen/u/Y/f/nine/I/H/period/v) /FontFile3 208 0 R >> endobj 179 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 181 /Widths [ 255 250 430 510 510 864 788 242 330 330 400 510 255 320 255 270 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 255 255 510 510 510 326 774 608 612 656 757 588 546 719 772 357 361 665 558 875 730 748 584 748 602 498 640 726 636 922 615 588 627 330 340 330 510 500 380 470 487 360 499 370 282 404 493 291 281 468 260 756 524 436 476 482 372 290 304 520 442 672 435 398 423 330 316 330 510 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 510 510 255 255 255 255 255 838 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 510 255 255 255 520 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /DGBNPD+AGaramond-SemiboldItalic /FontDescriptor 176 0 R >> endobj 180 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 720 /CapHeight 663 /Descent -270 /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -183 -269 1099 851 ] /FontName /DGBODD+AGaramond-Regular /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 74 /XHeight 397 /CharSet (/D/two/t/a/G/three/u/quotedblright/x/I/N/H/four/v/quotedblleft/J/dollar/\ E/w/F/five/L/emdash/y/six/d/M/b/ampersand/z/seven/O/c/quoteright/eight/Q\ /e/parenleft/nine/R/f/colon/h/S/parenright/semicolon/i/U/j/V/less/g/k/eq\ ual/W/comma/K/m/X/l/hyphen/o/n/Y/period/Z/p/at/slash/P/q/bullet/B/T/zero\ /r/space/C/A/one/s) /FontFile3 215 0 R >> endobj 181 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 181 /Widths [ 250 220 404 500 500 844 818 235 320 320 394 500 250 320 250 327 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 250 250 500 500 500 321 765 623 605 696 780 584 538 747 806 338 345 675 553 912 783 795 549 795 645 489 660 746 676 960 643 574 641 320 309 320 500 500 360 404 500 400 509 396 290 446 515 257 253 482 247 787 525 486 507 497 332 323 307 512 432 660 432 438 377 320 239 320 500 388 388 388 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 388 388 388 388 0 235 404 404 388 0 1000 0 0 0 0 0 388 388 0 250 0 500 500 0 0 0 0 0 790 0 0 0 320 0 0 0 500 0 0 0 512 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /DGBODD+AGaramond-Regular /FontDescriptor 180 0 R >> endobj 182 0 obj 888 endobj 183 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 182 0 R >> stream Htr8|>) 8Iĩ3e1EA.*r*O67 d*qASoN|d@񛁊 ODBw (4N /q)<2$'>w!S <yà@)BSd14tY")EYm>#,pBϬ3|gc"\=J*: Gj)2/>eT^* 2RLJc}?*$ȫ WXV!$MhR|_eX$Oy]=z$2^@H<(A2@m9us#XBx9t}@4Z( {+ i_>b U뚡`CנɬU[X;]9B>QJ*eD H,P;ۻlٝq֨c=&cA6V6i7UoE[(;<*wxY7.LUnzx5>@Z܊$IpGdOc> v 49E7PհHtlʘLJ9s`3hmwam0PNOyM0κK$lՠ78xf$/!&簮ږ{pϱ:dSzc3GoY| /+BYJ8eg%moX07n:GlU ^ F;%dρ&gKl۾(rX4/%? Gm <=ژ5۩,Wj^u?ǝ)vAOR^M_""*l#,Z_eqօPk0 1( endstream endobj 184 0 obj 911 endobj 185 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 184 0 R >> stream HlUM6_# e>کMǰ9<](!ߧG|<6gx9q{} Z9 IZ $xE\4:1S`Q폷Oo@8sqqCN= =خ9 Fg۷|Pp/|G$Œ\DIYf/8XЏӠQ.aՊ['P@[Y@V:!{x-$j3iglSP, ^I<_I V[ȗU" Ɏ6K{r#=*-ŗViHe *9,06,>*htf8ZmiTb4 MV+h( "0uxCd.+W]vQrQ@jGe #/,դxW0r֗ABWecYl{l!c,%t_?XJv}6NVyE./ wՠt p#Ye&L vO` vH8P,$V#x>͋Y0(F.`e{c_ty3oO0Gtd2P͛_픞8! ;3i"? >} endstream endobj 186 0 obj 895 endobj 187 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 186 0 R >> stream HlU˒6+z)Rcɭ,HR2YXcH߯O T<yQ݆Vu3^]ta~e,aXP+ u :q>bzذS0Ҋ|wQ١/4=rU !%'PWD m#Ȩ(f=Z-S(ᕽaHXo̐:,LU_\+Hxɦpڽ˫C#9(^1e9;j%S*( }"> yOgZcQnqgGdL6soe@>B~-G )t=ZM { f$9>kSGVD=~&HD Kq ]? ..pօKInb? Y"6ecl4cMC4jOVΚ?j-kik@T% 81W?ņ A*OwijuQ(3EجWkQo`PJ#uk(1D ^u&i5fOzC{suJ U4Ձ 'S+N&F⢵惵a- N [nTA'Awב?/"ħnQe% 4/Qϸr2a">:ڦ8QP?X endstream endobj 188 0 obj 905 endobj 189 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 188 0 R >> stream HlU6W%T` ,U s0Qk0L,s|ν,uզ+8 Ӻ 6- &{0yO/9dp%C\Tpc]7sڎklV&)E8dYG|,X, ~K˂5SZ- gE ssBj'*ӫ'd~lTrA&H)\xRC\>Uy`FIvz$+bGFed#V Ls$dLk8WH[']ى3ȩ@N'aУA.H4cvnE6\DuFMɱ;"P}S;2q iYvNlz6A4 D5 {߇e0߼k7[?NF+q4 W~fX](r8 SzǔzVi{Pk(z }!"'=.&߰Hr^~tdܔEu-dK7+\"{nU/W39~[-+kUh[("@%UUv+4 hVL0c&)&$2StNb Q`J.xw8o]c(OU1.z699*M8$g_|Q B\5B$%=RdG죛A&穤 Fv'xXAu9AjF^DߪSMVtCMq*0`1}I,o*Q!簲tb?ݹAhewL˰cfѽs[1ct8Vs]X[01x}|@) o^ԓGD}&@ Pcul 0 endstream endobj 190 0 obj 921 endobj 191 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 190 0 R >> stream HUM6 WHvlF6ͦL2=peV*K.Eu~}ҟ9tc\2Y0ID$),j|RaZS[ \JX훾t`%}mZ0gB4}~ s84m ѷMgkDzt+%2f;WۚP~vԭqӻ%Lu1F6ȫMCILڏ/2E`Hm*A5{Ԁ%&JfHKUDq-($HsHS-*mB(ZJQXx9-.o٧OWES7b 6BT1<>q^TdoOAYIRADHlL F¹Mp,!'&I˜PU.NѵIRd8 d<%S8NJЙ vzrt=t"OsMՙ3)R /{nܾX ],2"~M]96 :~\opl vT?0pssuͨg^*/Άu y5[ShX_qh58&iLe{ Zǹ4f,v=*@mqО@~W{&*T1ҺKe' ӭyޅXcG+5]z$Vp׆c mJyYU%mW-Vx(+>Wq,,H6nx7^Ў nЩ|c\ZJQL[DtC#ZAZ$maQY$/DU߹fok*^nDjvnLsN5GZJ8 xRtH^:UI l`gw8A4`R endstream endobj 192 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 181 /Widths [ 278 333 474 556 556 889 722 238 333 333 389 584 278 333 278 278 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 333 333 584 584 584 611 975 722 722 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 556 722 611 833 722 778 667 778 722 667 611 722 667 944 667 667 611 333 278 333 584 556 333 556 611 556 611 556 333 611 611 278 278 556 278 889 611 611 611 611 389 556 333 611 556 778 556 556 500 389 280 389 584 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 556 556 278 278 278 278 278 737 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 584 278 278 278 611 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /DGBPEO+Helvetica-Bold /FontDescriptor 193 0 R >> endobj 193 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 718 /CapHeight 718 /Descent -207 /Flags 262176 /FontBBox [ -170 -228 1003 962 ] /FontName /DGBPEO+Helvetica-Bold /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 140 /XHeight 532 /CharSet (/h/w/P/slash/i/F/L/d/y/n/zero/j/N/z/one/O/A/two/m/x/three/o/parenleft/R/\ p/four/S/parenright/E/five/q/U/T/B/g/r/space/b/V/C/six/s/seven/c/D/a/t/l\ /eight/e/G/hyphen/u/nine/f/I/H/period/v) /FontFile3 210 0 R >> endobj 194 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 181 /Widths [ 278 278 355 556 556 889 667 191 333 333 389 584 278 333 278 278 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 278 278 584 584 584 556 1015 667 667 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 500 667 556 833 722 778 667 778 722 667 611 722 667 944 667 667 611 278 278 278 469 556 333 556 556 500 556 556 278 556 556 222 222 500 222 833 556 556 556 556 333 500 278 556 500 722 500 500 500 334 260 334 584 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 556 556 278 278 278 278 278 737 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 584 278 278 278 556 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /DGBONJ+Helvetica /FontDescriptor 196 0 R >> endobj 195 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 718 /CapHeight 718 /Descent -207 /Flags 32 /FontBBox [ -166 -225 1000 931 ] /FontName /DGCAEH+Helvetica /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 88 /XHeight 523 /CharSet (/h/J/dollar/P/slash/w/i/F/L/d/y/n/zero/j/N/M/percent/less/z/ampersand/on\ e/k/O/A/two/m/quoteright/Q/greater/x/three/o/parenleft/R/K/p/four/S/pare\ nright/E/five/q/U/T/asciitilde/B/r/space/six/b/V/C/g/s/seven/W/c/D/a/com\ ma/t/l/eight/e/X/G/hyphen/u/nine/f/Y/I/H/v/period) /FontFile3 216 0 R >> endobj 196 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 718 /CapHeight 718 /Descent -207 /Flags 32 /FontBBox [ -166 -225 1000 931 ] /FontName /DGBONJ+Helvetica /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 88 /XHeight 523 /CharSet (/colon/h/J/w/P/slash/i/F/L/semicolon/d/y/n/zero/j/N/M/z/one/k/O/A/two/m/\ quoteright/x/three/o/parenleft/R/p/quotedblleft/S/parenright/four/E/q/fi\ ve/U/T/emdash/B/r/space/V/b/g/C/six/s/seven/W/c/D/comma/a/t/l/X/e/eight/\ G/hyphen/quotedblright/u/nine/f/Y/I/H/period/v) /FontFile3 207 0 R >> endobj 197 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 181 /Widths [ 278 278 355 556 556 889 667 191 333 333 389 584 278 333 278 278 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 278 278 584 584 584 556 1015 667 667 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 500 667 556 833 722 778 667 778 722 667 611 722 667 944 667 667 611 278 278 278 469 556 333 556 556 500 556 556 278 556 556 222 222 500 222 833 556 556 556 556 333 500 278 556 500 722 500 500 500 334 260 334 584 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 222 333 333 0 0 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 556 556 0 0 0 0 0 737 0 0 0 333 0 0 0 584 0 0 0 556 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /DGBONJ+Helvetica /FontDescriptor 196 0 R >> endobj 198 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 181 /Widths [ 278 333 474 556 556 889 722 238 333 333 389 584 278 333 278 278 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 333 333 584 584 584 611 975 722 722 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 556 722 611 833 722 778 667 778 722 667 611 722 667 944 667 667 611 333 278 333 584 556 333 556 611 556 611 556 333 611 611 278 278 556 278 889 611 611 611 611 389 556 333 611 556 778 556 556 500 389 280 389 584 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 556 556 0 0 0 0 0 737 0 0 0 333 0 0 0 584 0 0 0 611 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /DGCABD+Helvetica-Bold /FontDescriptor 200 0 R >> endobj 199 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 181 /Widths [ 278 278 355 556 556 889 667 191 333 333 389 584 278 333 278 278 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 278 278 584 584 584 556 1015 667 667 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 500 667 556 833 722 778 667 778 722 667 611 722 667 944 667 667 611 278 278 278 469 556 333 556 556 500 556 556 278 556 556 222 222 500 222 833 556 556 556 556 333 500 278 556 500 722 500 500 500 334 260 334 584 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 222 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278 0 556 556 0 0 0 0 0 737 0 0 0 333 0 0 0 584 0 0 0 556 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /DGCAEH+Helvetica /FontDescriptor 195 0 R >> endobj 200 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 718 /CapHeight 718 /Descent -207 /Flags 262176 /FontBBox [ -170 -228 1003 962 ] /FontName /DGCABD+Helvetica-Bold /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 140 /XHeight 532 /CharSet (/h/dollar/P/slash/w/i/F/L/d/y/n/zero/N/M/z/ampersand/one/k/O/A/two/m/quo\ teright/Q/x/three/o/parenleft/R/K/p/four/S/parenright/E/q/five/T/U/r/spa\ ce/V/b/g/C/six/s/seven/c/a/D/t/l/X/e/eight/G/hyphen/u/nine/f/Y/I/H/v) /FontFile3 218 0 R >> endobj 201 0 obj 1001 endobj 202 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 201 0 R >> stream H|UMoFWqWono-@Ik-E "W#Y[`}y8BuPmӣSm.PwPVhO>B ~nK'ʥa|Kc]'U X#<7B%֧_f1nǸf\4wM6}nw !U--TQT1G3' o# x+0ݒ&Le 2޺NN5@uHpl&zcן7mS+8^A{#dCd(=HE05pN$ՌJ`Atk7 L{C.Q_ݢӱ*[=HP=ge/A)/HIlUT,R#'᬴izϧmB8zgHf~?\aXJٶoe(~b{.=;qX}*6*z(o-I$ԗ3B;@f !y=4]m9āIJUM]_qr/KK[nDF')PxZ^A7sH*Tہn:s= >MVuJ}>Ѷ0B[WKQ1+IU,.#״۸l%-@3҆@/z4ۂ&ky Pb%t0WM M3״btlgF賠@L<ɳFHAs[iܯ=| 6-^e;N@[[H E8 2_Zo# endstream endobj 203 0 obj 506 endobj 204 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 203 0 R >> stream HMk0>ʇ$͇4J!R|[z0a YJ}u =wW*FO5jB=d[0kݟzq. [h G@ xU`RR0(Zܵ*an% ֘@u0,tw]s c vWd\THVy% a+&-#Vb $0qa`;WD͞_#s8C%)xM[D@T! C˩Zw8e`njk9QXP&Ehd=t i-De .(Д v`<6al}*R )V&Ym=tz8YP(zZ>2NF[8SI,:6 3K4bqtqݵh)MfZ<]iנhʶ2o/vZWd| @I1? endstream endobj 205 0 obj 540 endobj 206 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 205 0 R >> stream H=o0w Ԡy$om ]A4\(ZѶlY B %sbt(X PH]ec=wNA{1CB >k _<~$hq}$?!&O柱=CHF=R܂/ &fHHItB]?'ٮ!s>W`D@m!svh5C <'0>}\FGۇ~0l_tk]І٢A q6jC) e6;9lvO ϴ s$ca(%^aYq- 6@ϪN[QH5_L Hא fHB鄄rܻT)צ/EЈ;!²尯> stream HlT{Tw!ddD2\(i"-*CUtO답+ZZ|zv}(55lS#R{9=ͽ(36Űl0"#iF%d; X,}duf3_8b$TNIhc&"\4xp&1ꈘqq`1uBAQAdXV-/2&CAZtzCh(1bw^m2 %EEUuBZ`BQ](bKJJ BCxŏp||`Oj;RSGPUFQ$@-vSm) D@_tKr3]LI~tr/s?H"!m5i`4;g>|SYyk+^JZ'x/~3'SsFf!]/_C>\-˖I>|/on2&Bxo)ܒzU`Ͼ+!l;_]F߰K`sa0&*0Fu lh|&~.yL?*؎_?U7ęzFl ʾMGꊓ5[Dm#9G|(3Ż(вD6E۠cl4 K"]<4\˧m _4*ߜ9{fJW?b.?J(> OyԅfӲA@> RIyX%.F #N?^Ҭ:U{N8s~ oΛo(UUTI4PY03&zᨙtG>;ltY-a *1%`:LSKGk5;m_,ȏٓ:akt;9H9?LB NE喙/T\O²9QJ٪?_bo Ҧ{NK\8s- pj.bK?#o]pƼyZѡVY{Tgt`'e~BfǎUri[H&!6VÝ((š;'BgLJ{vLCMa`bq05j6rp-iz be)ΘF*!+Bjg*O 6X)bTVZc 8#!*:}yHd8ICJp1a7y#9чsvZ|*8\bIYh\vv69l/cřJ4 <`r3/NeJA>k.Z~!'(ǁ!g<nՠu1Q.`3lPlm qxWl 6W lHXwT4[ }6F\{ue.4Cg^C'wfL[kfUߝi3CBFH3e1mPA8i/.炯gnpd(QasetxH sa" ^p慉Tcvѝ" g6+2zW'8$` Ȧԡ;9"5aZ6ɘwȦ:'eӻn$nCHFVK(+vaIwuFA._I*4b4 G-I\y"1>Rр&"*JݣsWvs==ggs>~9j&9\x̘YL$I{l+dawt!6 fC)Ю$3M n9Bw!KTnTvS3N,N<ӂp$ I2m.0 җD@CS0 16!8t Xt ZhឍZ!@ ׅH st W{x?R.FWy h!$ebh` PU +Uv<逩ʝO?A z4}UH7e/jYs$ܬ6B,&*_u w![K XYgOR.nw <=6C7=}iS2˖6/7DfjElnL$nցQUsｵ-:`WAɐ)@S!';q.ezGAyBϡ4)$,_ 4u| V@=*~"IV:WB2TvN  0*hzD?0t$F*&=b*qytu^|^Ƈ.'}Rj!묶Œj2 1< ^,GXpc`8 o%X|505pFd&,&|&x a}wfnF5ZokWdа٦4_AYB,oY9 ח|ϗN;IEeIWS\!]m3ڶF9a`Y" a'B'.x*21S^pʵAU^ayWvגf2gh"C-R|6hBnÁw027EdWl[Pnd&A7!:$`YHH}0x.]O 6Ǚ(A'c>}d6<{eBGlz ӉQu5)$8]=ez6<'#V'I_Q@2ϾY/R?g[81zں|9RH:hCaP+=aow/ ӏ_WPID?u]ɝՕkw}Nۮ$^ϓ3KbAӣPAbvc w`}i]bW% Gjٳn9bdyvx&Bje^Q a,;]H*.-.?FZ*[ѝhJE":n"oЄؔT OM2S8sN9"~+s^c4LZfyyFgяn*6?3FƊYyٮ2=hoJ?3ɊFLP)^~ 71$dSSs `X4 TˊB))mT_x:+SKULdŵ5ut*3|/X+AK͔4a vdMD#9WGVD줉Eu(XէB@}PwA >zѪm;B h6*jj鰤6ыaqQ\tq9YPG CE!х`{`Rt%!%-r}Z BP-<']螈AMumn-ئmiZœJ9WSҜ}sd-#‘qXf_JnR<%QwEEtVO҃vTBgaUm,9kweS DۻwӠDao(79nn}oeo>ꬦ u |&٢%FlLG EzOsDsH|f_d`HѿQd:2G5CG7I53 Z#N XY#/ f{?zB5euQ Φ U)IS×P#@UG"5ҧ,_h17ĥghJI*-nu؏Ij)17g>-kw6uy%y+"fto'#U$ d n9g9{Y~x]}GW˅6|ը?{?alk{,ݪNJ3o˯إf%Uh}'X8Dx?ev7Űߙ p㻥"v)[0vaU_5l|~&5,}9]ns\~W  endstream endobj 208 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 8107 /Subtype /Type1C >> stream H|T PSw!!y*F!F|/ ZREQ<<  >˷8ˡ4!*թ"vz[κɦ;;7ǵ8!’IR2ⴡ0p eoa/q|uF}ɗM]5kBL]0cIKFT%N.K ;c1%^lktא:#^X]!];0qknh<I_yIߩiXU6=hF:Nn=Mܶ^Ax l_΋0 a|r2Qc3.T`O68t?WlZ n1M᪬6Z ՛j|ޢƘ^ŢępH0"ɣsVK\Eok"~WM nͪ x|^U^Zu%*y'n]l=z*XT m`a18L5j{Eؐ\fZ&|ec9etP big;IvŐt)zU: c!B^8䚯gKsDpj7fɗfU^O.''n=IH @Sq 0&k3`a!UI `W(c#AFάF]vr[6LF0+mG-h*T{gP2TΚ.y{{/y  Z%%ī闔I<5#U ` p^r|?r{{ \DGt xo/oY!_;¡ieyr"Wna=~*·HlFpw>?tM Z 5k5*IJo([_r{&3f]ʌE)[uZGEF܀;yz~祟HHc2gZS q;"^7_!S72bņg`vQV0M&}Qפw >e'.z-=a.E몦D\c*mʏ:J+1"JMIf2CeTeWޯ)2 "V2n kxشaҹ ٵ~az_Xbk zaԡ%&es/&*q ` P(%0AP|D )6=*|{h?5Ef1=pay5zLIRv.^މݱ=_„,7wZʥ;j  Pft۩X>%x"/npnf^lv48U>z!="jHBlL^H$nx3 c&]/Ex7q^Ri:NEYm)%4qIbc0[26vWݕ+'mlGRRM 3aچ̴$a:_s9}xS=R+Q-8j&M69,$p%S4JSp?hkyl%{ۆDSÇ;%0g5  sza]cO&~s@,[=Dزx$L[X&]3ƷH.%> JB$LN~(w*K "/\هyx 7)ŀJ>ͱD.Ue-dS * kr]%Qa'tUB #kL5ٝR B7r -ڭ$yXMUX$'W~Kb6ZaL5 AMQ#}'[9Rpڸ2lĐne]3\9qԛ y~U;sD=?CsQ~F@?! sagtaTXs\$*pl}bcHabbWaNd'T=% U;V/;f۪Cؒ]hT%08vh(l/Zsp⍢[ԅm[ar1ͳ[f/|k^㮁)^xxK#;c=MVQfn{mRc R<;0!aCpQ_utpt@4w_̍my=SR UgM N鑧AD(fcYqُ}\|o 6q Kyۍ{Fr!Տ+5Qhӥ Mw7q.H wbE#wtJӆv63Ǹ!d2?0l˲-5662֝N'K%[e% Có$NG? ;!ow߂yP,~E2W$)>~}ҵ>1|.p9i 2 μK`ZhKr/ <'^H``MlCzj]O&U'Wjj=z6 2y=#W>}'̷\X%΢R+?@PE^)-y[2TK{Xج` aࠆ Xřq S%UQhNi_Sr|jiǍѻ~փU{.;+t=f`]j\yػvUjh(3%EʖZ[*bTvC bXljptwXi \CB2./6Eô HƜ@^}1V_X_XU*U/)㹄>PN$5CHM=-UFdGH[fvԖ@:dnhi@9]8r\ExF4jnԇv+T=:2wByx##v7 /bPO/ׇ?򇏊g}IkrX)5'fܹ0dM;99_0&p*^hXh:~_J@4iaA̖}uZ`Cn?)'",86=0gSVLHdf6cD$j/ nGp7؜ŴM\<2z9z#zҕjcV[ mۇ/NFP轑{`ÿe`QFʼnȧmuR4Oc5͍ĨF֕ܮ *M ^xJH B ^TW@hҝdp|XNlAx<ز:;Gdg]S5l@m݇vn^mm%^M"2A F8C[\x6Rfd=;Ms*f(Ul4CX)<^ەnIZ\VfCL<kC!oIJ[">G;辱žx0z=*-q۲U񷡐"VSĦV?5 uD"B KnВ 0-tͅL0K&"b}w%Y,َeq87 $P2Ð4PfO?e~2 {yxb>U|z"F_Zqxv='[cM9)\&`5Սo~Ԫԛmnyu%cu4ΝXxW}?߸`Gޡ+{._|~ l+ϫ7yĿ~( \)T^Omx!+B &!&p#H; ub8;"3r,mC ~~daӸcpϼ%;ܡ2Oa8;9|߂~(CAno12#bRoXX4 bK9ό/xcm4qE$qL]>>~4~ƠL Pa`8\0tDQH%d0ETPiH$ucm% 7ҔX!#1^zi7&c2!&N~S Z|br1k$ʷ(;ؖA f A-.vv6?xƕJ9 AKdy-ܲg` t1k{NXV;Ie@KDTl0 ;QϠ5ڇ<'/yR}?Rʼn3-hgOtt^' t>Ʒe3 MD [^K Ѣ`e.# >8Ц՞Qw6}z4xvK-9O=A)Bx4Bx&vZ-F~Ж1f$5^o}6a`XQ"JTL-JH+90DBGlAwxnJdԣr|]#& J*{ṵ<'KQrvub+"iL%$ ~#OHlwzIJMBS^ U`0Hoaz"7G}rlys3cB9V 'I> stream H|PSW_&/^T@+V([" #0D"S"EZ.R[5e:֞kݙݹsϝ|9;r0_HlۼgdE|)|E2/{1Y"ՙ8<#xB}< —oxH~ ZB}f͜L-e.07B̗ñu\~;oO0eh\*|_ظ6~'8}vي[h]NˠuN-.'VF.EVI|f}H?30m[q-M-ꀆsLF7%*pƎ涱~Ccd qfz8J=Ƕ߉N'KCCny<2ď.&[qQRz=A0SOT&'I .7M*#5}#KvHzۋӲrteBV)w(Ζn; T<\!)T;4K9/Q+eţ#Ӯg 0(?.4h N|!ypt\hZFKD #ԣw piѝZ&ڀ8kq@A3)GqbhOSh>ZfG'}vZHqX\5Z*^w?|kw"RPh*2.J|.'_},'|_t03_ "T k׻Ow˰dz燨;;ֲ۰)+իϲ;8@LQc̰?3I;dz…'ZٳҾ峾뒋[ƚw.ݵyg#ň띛B<@x歁M6h=omfWZ?i5ƣIY)Y `?}~}B=cbun~룦xr˹hvS,*=?/fmN$xoʫ5 C̖LwKЄi)p;@6$mYWJ^VkYm6 )#PBLcHin~JCۙs=ʢadZAnxh2)\횁C6Կo_!lͅ$ѳjIoVVmJ|+]YI)t Mh.*x7 @lfOe6oZ{M)ӓҫHY*=w@$]؛>a3ɖ &Mr$r_c5(aJj5 BgF*Vm>AcO!땸dG4l.kbg&3= Ys%ͷfrq0:cRTPVoa %76ʟu0;r4̅!' P k!V&|hOǝdXȝ:>q`Gٲ-9GdCd!P^3E3hfDKze pX]e55VGHG$=le;\$]C/Lr-o@x3w+=Ub+ER1$9^HX#8NLP^V|+G~nX:{5= 1/f_zGSE\4anx8d XT ̹8nmw;2 ̹LV7Z E/ݻ| f_wZ:yPcMJ(IǪ50a!tфGGM'6x(I#@͍FGoGϠ喻mt"YKԜ>.|]{@AZQRB}dbG :7;cOE6OuLf+4pJk*gZg 7-HaxOn/@Ǩ^N3VWQ% n`:tܴtB&o?ӷ{& NJ(/:Nm$CޅFye/Έ7ʹ%<عțMZ4aYG3WЦQ2mAͭp;@hm{t/9 Yx\pW?0ȦfwB,fv^ cp1_`$WTďUB~~%U)K)e%"gxuÒ,k%/u>X7O 'z.v.uぅ",Ыӭ:4翯g N*Kc4Q9ǹ䣶O=MVq)3~ؚЇI90D 4W[WykV& NyA{Gx)ҍg"]mb-^QMD.>G2$>¸޵ܰ%.ϫH̀22D ỉOދ!cwExIƂr8k"XZ_P<}Ł X1驌V~ dA8,S;t uS`[9xD?GHIR생s p(y|c FKJOUt4zZ;kgh,@i (_yش.=)b:Y| $VWc2^J+-y2hFncߝ_5I TZR܀4wɰ]2ڻIg vz@uG`{pWgo[+zW}=R&%@WUKu)*U8ܣCÃxcwO͂IdnjTauRv+; MLCpP 9.+i4+lkTǫ[2YȻ۞coSU]UW]]/d#$!&1!L&C$a! HR[zX=^9|x~?8%X;'АLX˂!Yo['B':ff{ed} q. ykFTlil#;Ux3H3fɳay1D@wJ'|eVM_*po vBrJ~KG9 ]%%*{zfK,,3w_MoSHaK}^aw޿/ k+Mdp| ޚ_vEƛJW"hvme2x3jM+,ҫe4o\D`#*UB/&k{i(Sm ,vk9y<+o@C׭OaG&~-> OYDN/JZѪ-%kC+USV Ų3J6+hKX-Ӆ7W[b;=[,ɩyuk381;r1.B7;,if]|ySBYE6e\y H!䱶0hKz&S6RF1G3tO)['Űsw8Xtk&A{iV^e/QTbUYEs?OX d&m1k tlB/oA?Bsn_?"mNNB2AЮ̗фʆvd|wXXUt1-j= ]34l̍LP{Xʦ, 7Ld@dyKѦf[SY ʷT!:~v<1 WlΙ 2Lk.mǯ]a!Lބϗp=tFQP6㇉4܋`RwK#]vvZ{/D{205pebızm۔s̏&ώDd k#"YtljYѶoA`qrH^n]pgj*Wz7}#xބ3OB8aK<*B1 ״YLaB_ȳQxFtwP.yOmi q,Q+9yˢX2mÔ:c*}6/Mv!0| ^tS'5i󵽋ltVәJ7ǹKLaF=wWQJD:j*p Ű\݊4C󮘎'(|ddm]'(^$r\} =lQ­kjI-!\Mp^Oyc}| 1f/$-^oڛqF(I3dj{s?K ΩDlSWK=uB;JG0yO['[%IpUj Z;s#lʠ{T\)[M^ sLLZcWUo9yj u_󟠫XgE"ǷD҃(I͔;Y%VlBw=|9eוQ4{ }jl"3{s.HR<.dBSW*1c9/Ӟ(r9woJR m;gq< /2Ap n@WhzyB('./c nwZY=bOdHj QUaW*U&l<ϟzH#xY&2f\ ?OIG);s՛Hnewz Ѭ)ɫ/d]I3 f`f| 4~w@i$.Cr>$?ܱʷu6**ٰmٟc_ЉɡwNysڳăqѶijHȴɟgƴmkqܯɌĭaǷɷɴLJt܃تzp԰ʱ>N338<,F^6NxR(B~[~Ws_ssyyt|}~\{ptuimtĝ,|}~mwMcu;o;eKЎӊ8sVujv̋wwgk}$r\idsqtsmquvwy:DES3@bh|y{}s{}}}wi~v{q{ww~w{omgdle؏yyky}}{owutumw{(n֋G ?[*؜ endstream endobj 210 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 3892 /Subtype /Type1C >> stream H\T Taw.gmwqgQt5A)lA1 `eWʛVBVR#-G5R5hDJZMcӻ'陽̽ҍaYV7Ô<>ZPf- 6 ,Εe=#H7٠+eKXWpF7 NMva Dzֶ/BCBBCn[QYS"'Mx/9)yJkbifah(j ؂)ՙXJ[rL(b]Y/ٖIIV)vYh`+rilq8גYk-x'2/]50ܘIJ0S)Q11L%lSᭈQ\P*+rArnwGd A~PեTgw/Ow#ѣѣ3sgkW o;KE[s'sCIOWr(+&gt >a !!P a}27BhdH PY:̚ha ߂膅:X8B&+A؂Zh!jQy0FbЈc\9Яʫ6$"Ցח59Ƞ!ܰ"}-ө>cHG owj_GMfsb, tQ"8j p3Ak'L| u%hz~YJѕy ( r9mk}š[-r"qS%o "w08 °}I_ڲO0>Òпw&lա/$9c*<*ˮTj,8Z mC/ڲڲ9RH.8zC؈7i77u]=vhB}a3ȤWg_'U&t@Āu"[)~_NZPلh&<s-XK{େᠽ|v&"фqEopܦ94v~,֨4uT,cS?8PcENX nv9%>H4,@(DH 5h/@ CF`)QiE Aim"1F6xs6Ӟfvvvνs|E!)(!]LKaB4 YrH;΁NȬ$J-cڄ\ꩾeQ[!th`Ki 1Y Po/DEEokoK Ra mP d?ts[x`]%BT9 6?eMs+N(b*V4uW c P9C+ ~`כ fVJr4_ѯ68-v)`bNjڮ>=o*=->;ʤe[#RڴܷкQܰڴ{ɃЎ$A}]gCw*哀 g&j 9mFk wm@t|Om1Eb ̾; ^T LRmj<+D1h;rᣉUUS3J3vuӜ&/h0c(LO|`)r("i /69BVSZ^C7m{ e(0 JVS2;>;±ӡKފK<|ۍUt}Uw0M%*!\%Ju LšT{\0L5y㛠3< iΛlmfMF}{U *Gi./Q-i"ߢƿ^R.U.lJ?2=x*>K#8Ow*U蟫bWN6eE> 莇ّƤ QjYɞ(\;t(> $*0u5'$w==U?&U.%)e;`Y,T)ȷkUǛ]'}~ҶElVߟ(]:ǫ70umJ0a{8J4G YJDAs jӛʜ \4 ąqaX1Memr.VPEa~=/ϞgZU[9H>6J?~@M,  5&xńkg,Ra\C|;ch0vDw ͑0(! Yv˧`C/婷l#jc\ibf\^||jjuT,x睂<ʂ*?GԊ'x).lKY}tSZKDބ_; *'(B_vMkgQ9;}&5_=eg3h~(Ncnc4ޅQi,ڵY fsl@{^J'w@UWպdra`xZ `9a= ,3> endobj 212 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA false /SM 0.02 /OP true /BG 217 0 R /UCR 214 0 R /TR /Identity >> endobj 213 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA true /SM 0.02 /OP false /BG 217 0 R /UCR 214 0 R /TR /Identity >> endobj 214 0 obj << /FunctionType 0 /Domain [ 0 1 ] /Range [ -1 1 ] /BitsPerSample 16 /Size [ 256 ] /Length 527 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream H  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ ? endstream endobj 215 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 10539 /Subtype /Type1C >> stream H|{PSw j(\F"HE.JR,`J̺A"2<+ NHAEDPE`JH-8jݶ:n?;9{9g~tFyaaa!ah_(%/C2t|:Az0Iw']joXh_:/v3uX͉N7|38('5DsmA6hl $Y$JD]Gs9B(y@!yĈrE9/u RsB$G, ć_oFwFsfV"P-Fh4Z`Hc:^7gn9mVݩdc"KCu?@-[7N+ ?{zmY]yJz <k<=u,Xh]gg~/W'/6(7g˷;7ws=)LǓGN_?&& #?Q]g?u4R—Z VN`ф !#2ў4q[}>ZN8zo]!Z8_8I[z];XywaS@=Uܴ:gk F|XќRfC2Kv7Y0xn_'qXFN9\ZWjuv\i**{IFwqg'/LeDM`ݞȎovq5ltm)$m+];>6R%)\<&+m^=}c}hou7[t5*3T\r#̅eoN[tějuTr蹃eJ H~# :pd17Y]RX<R,>,E*)I('ڶ~x.Q;aQTP .jכLvy@@$:ԡ5G!>Dص(p{@4 ek B|9B!COLn4ORfר0z\|!Gqئn7J<(G6yUJ(5͎V/lpbWLsKgg^[jznNjj[~;)1OF&r6%g :#;E>>E[L`\ZɥwSa/e v`` (o, 0*D??%H1($>}Z hHPZfnh2X+j$ 닭9ÀVIƊ O]3 Qca Ҹm%JB/$ ˜ptc°Xx7V{ܷmݯ?C}8aˎtVm37zooY!便τpBMh0hQ|Zj/ rJJ PqQ&ω=K|A,ll4m-h^m2!x`ݹ^䋘Є?f*n@/u tt+IjY]E><I?U5bu奍ܒ p .'A {'\Lykwtk^svp7WCVtmN(GlԀ΍j-JeJH*U,!4(Ζ12 &#bV娔- Fͼc  U6Aݢ\3̻dW+k BC(}@*}A3l#k5oW`6y`O۱Vk3ϤZS+ u11N"0;K؎Qv],1j79(JzEuF|OP`(bϡ0Ʀg'R*n%Iz9:f,pk'&Dr;ͪz9e,Ux__94&54i"uq|#zC1g lo6^nקAd ς:^zmc}!xqWzxl B-{v `=xPPxYV^7D$Ca-=Bnw!8GWw]u\ǙUT5ʫP| 򒄄twI$Cy88*UKZRovd5e?K9;,PnHW^nڽ[Џ?Ƒrw޽ID':1r5`5`!CS0^)gеR5QɳG):Ιoo)~|,ޑ~.n#㬬997YضO24eoSQ6xڶ@{;[ ;;s6bП]H?WLb&J(W.n++|G!\5lޱ3&١٭Fss[.>8!S 5Rɮ6@4JRLK^_ufWҎ$ Dw&:)\ ]=LcҒz 4Q@*B@;]ok}]ȶ hc DY /]Pi8ɖɫmi闾Uھ>Ș83j&ם^"իI R'N4ZER\ݬhvpmAci ^R"X`4^Qv'Z&6qZ7b`UsEB€[YZ̮/tdJU%9βztsL'7N>Nyh Jdp1?lt!IVtZ۹aHs{xRR^oD'zk}h(:DͬA^UގNI>L{lY.=VO1W:P_Ԃ*xP0DSWL_b&0,ׂW_XM{B#}RR\ wwZt92)89Wu-Yr&JĤMRPS ,Q.#.M4ޠ&N+mestmpѓ@^8ͷ9R9G-R59ږԐnڋ! vnA* $lo}#w4(2qhU/ir*F;.81g_Kt8d'4F Ґ)y^Pf !sSmȍ[/aOeOS5xuE CnCl}^SOT#(7V|L+J *YiDet K̢B**D s Ӗ$Ȼ,\+>)R’\ 6 vo#'J(XvcR ?j fvQ8m,~/-"3oZ9:iGHVgcQ~8Doyf6l x4F׆ hg]&AƤ'bZ3#M4v(MOnDSSjʄk `R2+ pp{;-rNVYy:y 3g|A4ce $o6/lzwIga[4PdC\)W{@sSKM.CNHrf1k̇V77}\bw;;44WŊL9dFsZ.0U$/Bbp\(J.?ð-gߞ??͟mbT!4o\t -4:)WS/KqCx~0*e8I 'NYpRD% |\ oWv*K9j=:VEqp4ov40MXUTT70 vV b]i,",߮2h?˕w?UWrSfuvX,I*u c&I^#2azqm?ҹ3U-n:U @Q&"('Tzrfujsj-}C4ZP(h!"x O5! _J?O WQ8ГX>Ȱ>ʤ8Ԃ򜦲'?ԡ+3039<^dq3\(5s|pQ)ӁLXoX$HF9/)0/aKQU-}JہQ  gdo0Xgxb1=lV^Oș `I.?b_*@c(=dO m/oY0+/5jId `\;|#DE9u<^H: 1(VEr?nrٍ+KJwau(qw5̽ڳa7 *xBn"!c0R6^(˿SXQɱ#CX s3}[%ocMO=!d̈́!g&M[ȯ;losV3!nd\L"궨D1C,ʕn&+~A>L⦂@2ԙ sķmQ7˯U1I׀?~jTw6jxP,F۪ԅ+Mуd8B%J,Ekhbpj>H},acNz;=8'p!f.Wx8Iao޺PP5Q`4ԕ5:Y$TNVw/>!n Qult4npнVGe_:y* ;m dQNU)x&BٺY~&̺'Qþibӿup=£\3\=YF<_QZQWӿ< _w?cO/V.~3L+? \uHy ̨nE\4jM4 8n:L, jpP|]DB&Kil|cD@;ړm'܈rDiG+泱fF~n:23覦 aiݖi_< 1!P5|:3=nD8Ĭc ^*eoI!/n2;wc#+ 3dOԴsm[xyLRJγ ɂkG%dEGbȾUs;. ȈAFs=133kv~XuK3(uLfj*mxl!,ɬ'ˎ&ٻ] #"bO.ZFwH N@:shV0"66@>a+r2հՕrcYsU\59C }>>W 9-/ o?}{:2{nǯ@MM؂ r2f9L./!’Yp2ʲZRzP^Ura͸.AkG'}a :c Lf9UI`ijIJ՜kc4&695t~֨o FJ&hs̋Ώ>\ a[ .%y8lC5*0`DDaKj{7lnqJ7ea5^8xR y+C㾋|[$CAKrPвڍkÛA#E\AfoWgigJLBrI,ىJBO~UHdRl|pHZ~/pIh_xEuR*ck3:mmMdZ 1FZ1 .eq{/fewA]Q@$%4DIMM@ܿ9|wzt{?m/WRSq:(q/FPލ[?x*YZn8HDέ*+ QJ&DZ??` ni·xurHS t3>`VH+4_j}^ YSFEZ?lgD⸘tVw6s̊jjbyr`c &=dtX,hRC͍eslGclJ&f33\$B8R3w%!4xN*)){#ZH3JZ~~ΤKY~1L;9).>/-l6J̲<҆4:̌PI`3Vul4QtvͯJF0۽`G=,Oq$N&(w8yaH]N$`tNY(ST2V!!V0c5.Cr26`V&фyapǬES%2E,<ʹ6qȘkW1Z֠%ӄ b@sf+nl[T645z}V6b aU;wJ%'%ک9lۀR<9a6nG8сA0dw>vS+121)O1̱<65Xh'Vs6Y\-NpwFӗ.N_yա4HL|hBd"̬ k)om+Jc'5ȅ`< cĥLdsWVH .ی6UQhQ" a܉T*%v4%f^.OAk._[epI"# _?kf]~'Gm!̜S&L#"- yYŤVC{*>_Zj /m@N7Wo kk=Mo6dg!÷ qn"17gmx3owʾZXvW~- V93=YzZ\XGn{7`7GMwE䂿DHS4j=c z4x"mAS,$%iL\ NF=cFjA7v>! )ㄑB j)3XXR(aria>Bs/&q9U̸&e@. x/qsVlRS['__\|NroLŒXZT8U72XUcב$PNщuF"e%=*:a4 JRF^&$>x=ϝ٨=oҥHlr3>H25y/6"2>^ =T<gPKMy_>_Ex$+YH'Fvk89ރ%z'[onظvlQt 1?YױOs.c4ChxsLhFRAyr9qtǔLj3,&ўd'䴡*ľ"ٲ^\`=ڸѡa>"5<@I yFՆ¡|; TQ'ytb$&=^ʇq8Χ1`WGҾ*F0O^+VnsX[mE\sZemq. ^2Iy4cLNtvߧ.'S# I^fAknLmaf AIPB4DmF,MoSDIƃ}ƫ(Ï y: 4Qv1UPLx+ z*k:ɖle1h9\LMeO+cPFnyE9#t֒\. '3`ȅ78PLm:h!-rID.ZEDa`GV{a(!"G^Z7IqR)PW:A^/-FQdCq+諒ޖ}J53$f <$Xl0&!նQFj*e:e<#"՚[?AR ֎_O+kJm_'ho1fv:btԗ^v DDlUk)FjW[w(! ܃#]}HR4K9M p~c(˽gQWEj>^X] }^Pi\_M+)`LU?).峏/}iIZQ]$n5 endstream endobj 216 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 4888 /Subtype /Type1C >> stream HTiTWV. [e8 AekU 2Q"u<ĸ,`DזVH$Hx o'̉TswwIXZ$I 4O&[OM %!!X`)G_zv!(,8j vWp億$\]]\]]gf\WS]\N_KMKfhEu@Z2%=S*e-ץj2SEb,Ab(bh" DK!ȑQ|knJ{-Z.4YZZFY6ZQٔHзL4HaO[aK|x:+VYZZmlId=m~{G0ogW.wϗ/a/n2],=3Eg(nT65Qh"yHVr'*ފ ec*ȿ^N3J>#1'ᝪ_0Ŀ3}ǖ`3cޡt!< ΰ7G^fxpCȞgk˄cS,d<3`2ootRRdTRn"[ܕυ.6~[A52]~[r})x>+ųӰ'>~=8Xڭ8Eɚu%ڳ尿m3?~?ԟմ*7(¸°䁢9ܖ`߶ɾzpH$ƏٌİrszwWcf2Zԇ,/;ڸEw/mfARҥCbn8/ wpkUQb}s4U<*Z -@g*3d$=_lM;JSí'}A~rώW_ !_" E=bL1T#xpSH "Wd:v79G:rPK X<\hwH w@3AH3dZvz}𸓬z)vp`O'`p(Gg\'a8xʙF\/y.3JdfWgDEG$Ȓժ(qJD5"ƨ뉭_!"K76.w&=gܹݻw8aa$Lo /F> ՆzbZjyXo0Dp'yWym81e)D d: ˡq됼 uxB{0}Ll'kkvtθ[-b={K6ɿ-g$O/oA A/^6q F\qܨb n/)/΁Nޠ.+A$@N4XO~Jޞp6Dc QwcѴ$I 3r힠ME dR/$VĹ[ˬ*ĻOHX>kHC>+RX*GMh z9xspC>PvxiV+!f6{ʂXsB3#SV\30.MM,0dnf KKӑKՃ,+d "ih<0d17@%Ta" 6h#ec!*1ÿlo N ~n";qZDU@//IZ,>?c{+kgwzꯀm!qX>ӫ =m=dS3K,viйLi<>"6i.K^Yx_ Y%ph{h{r<ҽ_5AO[`SsRKnv̔k̅ p`ު!7}3Ga%5VܶL"p1o8/P>2ʊI^24dKKȅPM̷ Ͳ-Mqc_#I!A-Cg姦'@sXFYG[ImX ̿QG9 ],F)"XN8F5o9w@7n NҸ 1қ&~x2pOQ{||[şRP$ە&?U,tVé2,5F^~TtUΪͫfϏW{ӛdɴ?d5BoJٕV]m VW_4N)m V.< DY!L)5&EQXWdc[uS`N|/\nS6 ^}x\8a iB5p|'U`Tj3vƗ }DU}g@ACgV$ 7[M'aƈ/L]bN*?mHdVw+5W{߈rhZGLBInq#GA a( DܢoKCt{Q 4閁6٩f2]B%.%Wpo䄲"~ǧ6L㡙Ijx.5g= i*yեnA*SAAA#,f 15m 9SmhZ5EC Y&A_.~yPn?Gr9<9yBdD]?(nf'GCB+utGֵFԫؼVU9ླྀ?SiֆƖ%9F ȂI.4RG_O[ڞ\@̩rM̼+=gӍ^y.kv6'fR5(MúT6, 2Y}] =bj'>&H薴i4~O-tlosiTp6cG%/A yW2F=HoIKyE#_53MhR.[G~UN Z_˲d}[.&|q8`Xi/ K-(d{Jh{E-B2CڱMLA#)B\ -i*9-''Hꭨ̀ Έ> [A?k(|*&1<ϚK5FǐAsN:O**>'gƮpO'56mZO}?uhJI?59!PhwpkCW뙶"#zdJ/ endstream endobj 217 0 obj << /FunctionType 0 /Domain [ 0 1 ] /Range [ 0 1 ] /BitsPerSample 8 /Size [ 256 ] /Length 271 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream H  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~  endstream endobj 218 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 4375 /Subtype /Type1C >> stream H\U Tg!#n3sW`]AVPVDRh!bgmUEZ *փ\X+e=kV|Cs={RP4MΞ3+&vsݜoL昆w*J.R|ԊXO/3bsy/֝vOxԞx=4trHhh,"%+;_ "a 6"tĆ1&kY^Ro~#OimͦYɑɓ6;ykͲ%ONm&udɵm09fkd #b,I2OEPsPTKMt"h*VC%yRPJMqTL; "dTS-WWReb.`G9n6ǝ54vM(qԎQO\u\76~}GSujox< m&ymj8%MSk5m?@@Ob WʄmGfjc֣jSFrwKnjЏŠq0uAv`ww.;/>|:V 9A}P<- }׫/[O*n٘^ZLV eg agWsZ՜'- E?Ys?{haķ@,\|uΥ[8(TG%?"ngmVx|j;([00%!H(˰2\K%tȪ.;-3d͵kRw[eN;$BX}TpMB,zCla1Gw@!mW_Af13 '?!E)S d2zkNO:::uЫGxY(V[j j` 9C w@NpF:E 1 .2&$*3ٚǽ׳A<'ppypE:&a3l w cجy+&Fj\*C=2P+:*}0–f2%mgblJQg``'56A2E $HdxZ#ɰ SЎ*(9TFpQH-%셽=gzqYWWܻ{epH`E`$XK)ۄSK(M\ssK$gv [`c˔IEo<0?.wZ2VJw̤OR/ :o(\ivx}=js4 EmCʈu:HET1&ALe`Q0-ovJH׭3};b CKGi[O&k%7[}rzPvN9[g"ƍ>;XFWB!XõPܞK(`%97 /0s>x'kәП>WP=#S,%/$t9Б0XׅFqioXԪ!̒dtoA;dN5M_apu?@\#(mLu1Dc&3ٍ/B>3zIr|mc9ZeDN{pxI0To}Fћ;Co=*2x鷼L\&!GMŜd!t4C1D?Be`wa8LS[XT4}1}*swS]-DtH>KC##S˺EJ|vinإ i =NY/\c Dԫ#msݕ'#bkt6xR:;uz^8&lՁƫ3V%5$ۣ4_FXK\I߬qҢϪIuoyh[chMO> endobj 1 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 157 0 R /Resources 2 0 R /Contents 3 0 R /Thumb 110 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 2 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F4 177 0 R /F6 181 0 R /F8 194 0 R /F9 192 0 R /F10 199 0 R /F11 198 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 211 0 R /GS2 212 0 R /GS4 94 0 R >> /Properties << /MC2 4 0 R >> >> endobj 3 0 obj << /Length 20613 >> stream 1 0 0.027 RG 0 J 0 j 0.48 w 10 M []0 d /GS1 gs 1 i 72 42.96 m 558 42.96 l 72 39.48 m 558 39.48 l S BT /F4 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 72 25.08 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (C)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 78.48 25.08 Tm 0.0439 Tc (HINA)Tj 9 0 0 9 95.76 25.08 Tm 0.045 Tc ( E)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 104.04 25.08 Tm 0.0425 Tc [(NVIR)42.5(ONMENT)]TJ 9 0 0 9 150.36 25.08 Tm 0.041 Tc ( S)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 157.92 25.08 Tm 0.0458 Tc (ERIES)Tj 9 0 0 9 176.16 25.08 Tm 0.0451 Tc [( )14.3( I)]TJ 6.3 0 0 6.3 192.96 25.08 Tm 0.0481 Tc (SSUE)Tj 9 0 0 9 208.8 25.08 Tm 0.0483 Tc ( 3)Tj 37.7733 0.08 TD 0.0067 Tc (29)Tj ET 0.9 0.9 0.9 rg 0.9 0.9 0.9 RG 0.96 w 1000 M /GS1 gs 72.48 567.17 319.04 -494.54 re B* BT /F6 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 72 729.2401 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs 0.0005 Tc 0.1053 Tw [(in the number of public transit ve)7.4(-)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.0355 Tw [(hicles from 1993 to 1997 \(see )54.2(T)114.3(able)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0545 Tw [(3, follo)10.9(wing page\), the total passen-)]TJ T* 0.008 Tc 0.1246 Tw [(gers carried has r)8(emained constant)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0562 Tw [(across the countr)-21.6(y)34.6()93.4(s cities, with many)]TJ T* 0.0181 Tw [(actually sho)11.1(wing declines.)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 182.04 666.84 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (3)Tj 11 0 0 11 90 650.04 Tm 0.001 Tc 0.067 Tw [(W)11.9(ith r)11.9(egar)22.8(d to driving patterns)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.014 Tc 0.125 Tw (and average speeds, many existing)Tj T* -0.011 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(r)4.6(oads have alr)10.8(eady r)10.8(eached their maxi-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.039 Tw [(mum capacity and ar)11.3(e saturated dur-)]TJ T* -0.0058 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(ing long periods of each day)103.3(. S)26.9(ubstan-)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc 0.0393 Tw [(tial r)11.6(oad building is under)-21.1(way in all)]TJ 15.0873 13.2 TD -0.0101 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(large cities and o)11.7(v)7.4(er the past fiv)11.7(e years,)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD -0.0075 Tc [(the investment for road infrastructur)14.3(e)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0445 Tw (in the large cities has doubled.)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 368.88 706.4401 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (4)Tj 11 0 0 11 372 702.84 Tm 0.0002 Tc 0.0007 Tw ( The)Tj -12.1855 -1.2 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0098 Tw [(r)5.1(esults of this inv)11.3(estment ar)11.3(e clear in)]TJ T* -0.0046 Tc -0.0623 Tw [(Shanghai, which boasts an impr)17.2(essiv)6.3(e)]TJ T* 0.046 Tc 0.1258 Tw [(impro)19.3(v)8.9(ement in increasing r)13.3(oad)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0629 Tw [(length, road ar)11.2(ea, and r)11.2(oad ar)11.2(ea per)]TJ T* -0.0008 Tc -0.0622 Tw [(capita b)10.1(y)-0.2( nineteen percent, for)-11.7(ty-two)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0252 Tw [(percent, and thir)-10.5(ty-nine percent, r)11.3(e)7.3(-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.1042 Tw [(spectively)98.4(, between 1991-1997 \(S)22(e)6.7(e)]TJ T* 0.0018 Tc 0.125 Tw [(T)127.3(able 4, following page\). H)23.6(o)7.8(w)7.3(e)0.7(ver)67.2(,)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0482 Tw [(the expansion in the city)22.1()93.5(s)3.5( road infra-)]TJ 15.0982 13.2 TD 0.0005 Tc 0.0262 Tw [(str)-10.4(uctur)22.3(e pales in comparison to the)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.0273 Tw [(v)6.3(ehicle gr)10.7(o)5.8(wth that has averaged fif-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0354 Tw [(teen per)11.3(cent per y)11.3(ear since the mid-)]TJ T* 0.0025 Tc 0 Tw (1980s.)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 432.36 693.2401 Tm 0 Tc (5)Tj /F4 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 407.28 650.04 Tm (A)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 414.24 650.04 Tm 0.003 Tc (IR)Tj 11 0 0 11 422.04 650.04 Tm -0.0107 Tc ( Q)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 433.44 650.04 Tm 0.0019 Tc [(U)44.6(ALIT)-13.7(Y)]TJ 11 0 0 11 460.68 650.04 Tm 0 Tc ( )Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 463.44 650.04 Tm 0.0032 Tc (AND)Tj 11 0 0 11 480.36 650.04 Tm -0.003 Tc ( P)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 489.6 650.04 Tm -0.0022 Tc [(OLL)29(UTION)]TJ 11 0 0 11 529.92 650.04 Tm 0 Tc ( )Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 532.6801 650.04 Tm -0.0046 Tc [(FR)26.6(O)-5.9(M)]TJ 11 0 0 11 445.44 636.84 Tm 0 Tc (M)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 455.64 636.84 Tm 0.0003 Tc (OBILE)Tj 11 0 0 11 478.08 636.84 Tm -0.0172 Tc ( S)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 486.24 636.84 Tm 0.001 Tc [(OUR)47.8(CES)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 422.04 610.4401 Tm 0.0625 Tc 0.2875 Tw [(O)6.6(ne of the challenges for)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0242 Tc 0.1255 Tw (policymakers in China is that air)Tj T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0989 Tw (quality monitoring data in Chinese)Tj T* 0.0003 Tc 0.1071 Tw [(cities ar)22.1(e limited, especially in high)]TJ T* 0.1246 Tw [(traffic ar)11.2(eas. B)11.2(ased on the av)11.2(ailable)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(data, ho)22.3(w)6(e)-0.6(ver)76.9(,)0( it is clear that national)]TJ T* 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (NO)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 421.56 527.52 Tm 0 Tc (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 424.32 531.24 Tm 0.0107 Tc 0.1254 Tw [( air quality standar)21.6(ds ar)10.7(e cur-)]TJ -1.8436 -1.2 TD -0.0004 Tc -0.0391 Tw [(r)15.2(ently ex)10.5(ceeded across large areas, in-)]TJ T* -0.0027 Tc -0.0621 Tw (cluding, but not limited to, high traf-)Tj T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0477 Tw [(fic ar)11.3(eas. B)11.3(efor)11.3(e 1992, the annual av-)]TJ T* -0.0097 Tc -0.0606 Tw (erage concentration of NO)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 514.0801 474.72 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 516.72 478.44 Tm -0.0099 Tc -0.0638 Tw [( in S)11.9(hang-)]TJ -10.2436 -1.2 TD 0.0376 Tc 0.1253 Tw [(hai was lo)26.7(wer than 0.05 mg/m)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 551.76 468.84 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (3)Tj 11 0 0 11 555.2401 465.24 Tm (,)Tj -13.7455 -1.2 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0219 Tw (which complies with the Class II air)Tj T* 0 Tc 0.0307 Tw [(quality standar)10.9(ds in the P)65.4(eople)21.8()93.2(s)-3.3( R)21.8(e)6.9(-)]TJ T* 0.0152 Tc 0.1253 Tw [(public of China \(PR)37(C\). B)15.2(ut since)]TJ T* 0.0364 Tc 0.125 Tw (1995, the NO)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 472.56 408.72 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 475.56 412.44 Tm 0.0383 Tc 0.125 Tw [( concentration in)]TJ -6.5018 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0626 Tw [(S)20(hanghai has increased slo)11(wly)98.3(, fr)11(om)]TJ T* -0.0008 Tc 0.0364 Tw (0.051 mg/m)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 457.6801 389.64 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (3)Tj 11 0 0 11 460.92 386.04 Tm 0.0002 Tc 0.0373 Tw [( in 1995 to 0.059 mg/)]TJ -5.1709 -1.2 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (m)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 412.6801 376.44 Tm (3)Tj 11 0 0 11 415.8 372.84 Tm 0.001 Tc 0.0041 Tw ( in 1997.)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 454.8 376.44 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (6)Tj 11 0 0 11 422.04 359.64 Tm 0.0012 Tc 0.0873 Tw [(I)22.8(n)-2( B)12.1(eijing, NO)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 489 355.92 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 491.76 359.64 Tm 0.0009 Tc 0.0863 Tw [( concentrations)]TJ -7.9745 -1.2 TD 0.0055 Tc 0.1253 Tw [(within the S)27.3(econd Ring R)16.4(o)-0.4(ad that)]TJ T* 0.0209 Tc 0.1252 Tw [(encir)10(cles the city center increased)]TJ T* -0.0005 Tc 0.0114 Tw [(fr)10.4(om 99 mg/m)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 467.28 323.64 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (3)Tj 11 0 0 11 470.52 320.04 Tm 0.0005 Tc 0.0118 Tw [( in 1986 to 205 mg/)]TJ -6.0436 -1.2 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (m)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 412.6801 310.44 Tm (3)Tj 11 0 0 11 415.8 306.84 Tm 0.0004 Tc -0.0409 Tw [( in 1997, mor)11.3(e than doubling in a)]TJ -1.0691 -1.2 TD -0.0122 Tw [(decade. M)33.1(o)0.2(r)11.3(e)-1.2(o)22.2(v)6.9(er)65.9(, carbon monoxide)]TJ T* 0.0136 Tc 0.125 Tw (\(CO\) and NO)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 470.52 276.72 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 473.4001 280.44 Tm 0.0151 Tc 0.125 Tw [( concentrations on)]TJ -6.3055 -1.2 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.1006 Tw [(B)5.4(eijing)22.2()93.6(s)1.7( tr)-21.4(unk traffic r)11.3(oads and in-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0864 Tw [(ter)11.1(changes ex)11.1(ceed national environ-)]TJ T* 0.034 Tc 0.1248 Tw [(mental quality standar)12.2(ds all y)12.2(ear)]TJ T* -0.0032 Tc 0 Tw [(r)12.4(ound.)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 432.48 231.24 Tm 0 Tc (7)Tj 11 0 0 11 435.6 227.64 Tm -0.0045 Tc -0.0624 Tw [( R)17.3(ecent data also indicate that)]TJ -2.8691 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.1092 Tw [(standar)11(ds for oz)11(one, formed by the)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0349 Tw [(photochemical r)11.3(eaction of NO)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 536.28 197.52 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 539.04 201.24 Tm -0.0002 Tc 0.0363 Tw [( and)]TJ -12.2727 -1.2 TD 0.0056 Tc 0.1245 Tw [(h)9.5(y)5.6(dr)5.6(ocarbons \(HC\), hav)5.6(e been ex-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0476 Tw [(ceeded in sev)11.2(eral metropolitan ar)11.2(eas)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.003 Tw (during the last decade.)Tj 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.1064 Tw [(O)9.6(n)1.8( average, mobile sources ar)11(e)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0061 Tc -0.0609 Tw [(curr)15.7(ently contributing appro)10.8(ximately)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0491 Tw [(forty-five to sixty per)11.1(cent of the NO)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 555.2401 118.32 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 404.04 108.84 Tm 0.0005 Tc 0.0146 Tw [(emissions and about eighty-fiv)11.4(e per-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0583 Tw (cent of the CO emissions in typical)Tj T* -0.0048 Tc -0.0591 Tw (Chinese cities.)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 463.56 86.04 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (8)Tj 11 0 0 11 466.68 82.44 Tm -0.0052 Tc -0.0646 Tw [( R)5.7(ecent data collected)]TJ -5.6945 -1.2 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.0273 Tw [(in S)11.3(hanghai, for example, sho)22.2(w that)]TJ ET 0 0 0 RG 2.04 w 10 M /GS1 gs 72 567.66 m 392.04 567.66 l 72 71.58 m 392.04 71.58 l S BT /F8 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 88.08 103.8 Tm /GS2 gs -0.0004 Tc 0.0013 Tw [(Source:)59.6( http://www)74.6(.usembassy-china.org.cn/english/sandt/inde)29.6(x.html, which is the)]TJ T* -0.0073 Tc -0.0688 Tw [(w)9.7(ebpage f)37.7(or the En)7.7(vironment, Science)22.7(, and )52.6(T)138.7(echnology Section of the U)52.7(.)7.7(S)7.7(.)75.7( Embassy)]TJ T* 0.0014 Tc 0.0312 Tw (in Beijing.)Tj /F9 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 84 548.04 Tm -0.0135 Tc -0.069 Tw [(T)95.7(a)8.1(ble 2.)51.9( Compilation of Air P)41(ollution Data f)19.2(or Chinese Cities)]TJ ET /EmbeddedDocument /MC2 BDC BT /F11 1 Tf 9.9103 0 0 10 120.6727 514.8867 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS4 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw [(City)-4548.7(Air Pollution Index)-2555.1(Chief Pollutant)]TJ ET 3.175 i 87.395 533.125 0.838 -0.846 re f 87.395 533.125 0.838 -0.846 re f 88.233 533.125 85.106 -0.846 re f 173.34 533.125 0.839 -0.846 re f 174.179 533.125 111.441 -0.846 re f 285.62 533.125 0.836 -0.846 re f 286.456 533.125 93.365 -0.846 re f 379.821 533.125 0.84 -0.846 re f 379.821 533.125 0.84 -0.846 re f 87.395 532.279 0.838 -21.741 re f 173.34 532.279 0.839 -21.741 re f 285.62 532.279 0.836 -21.741 re f 379.821 532.279 0.84 -21.741 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 9.9103 0 0 10 93.8593 497.735 Tm [(Beijing)-9898.6(500)-8635(TSP)]TJ ET 87.395 510.538 0.838 -1.57 re f 88.233 510.538 85.106 -0.483 re f 88.233 509.572 85.106 -0.483 re f 173.34 509.089 0.839 -0.121 re f 173.34 510.538 1.437 -0.483 re f 173.34 509.572 1.437 -0.483 re f 174.776 510.538 110.844 -0.483 re f 174.776 509.572 110.844 -0.483 re f 285.62 509.089 0.836 -0.121 re f 285.62 510.538 1.435 -0.483 re f 285.62 509.572 1.435 -0.483 re f 287.055 510.538 92.766 -0.483 re f 287.055 509.572 92.766 -0.483 re f 379.821 510.538 0.84 -1.57 re f 87.395 508.968 0.838 -15.582 re f 173.34 508.968 0.839 -15.582 re f 285.62 508.968 0.836 -15.582 re f 379.821 508.968 0.84 -15.582 re f BT 9.9103 0 0 10 93.8593 481.3086 Tm [(Tianjing)-9398.6(424)-8635(TSP)]TJ ET 87.395 493.387 0.838 -0.845 re f 88.233 493.387 85.106 -0.845 re f 173.34 493.387 0.839 -0.845 re f 174.179 493.387 111.441 -0.845 re f 285.62 493.387 0.836 -0.845 re f 286.456 493.387 93.365 -0.845 re f 379.821 493.387 0.84 -0.845 re f 87.395 492.542 0.838 -15.702 re f 173.34 492.542 0.839 -15.702 re f 285.62 492.542 0.836 -15.702 re f 379.821 492.542 0.84 -15.702 re f BT 9.9103 0 0 10 93.8593 464.7613 Tm [(Shijiazhuang)-7174.6(201)-8635(TSP)]TJ ET 87.395 476.96 0.838 -0.844 re f 88.233 476.96 85.106 -0.844 re f 173.34 476.96 0.839 -0.844 re f 174.179 476.96 111.441 -0.844 re f 285.62 476.96 0.836 -0.844 re f 286.456 476.96 93.365 -0.844 re f 379.821 476.96 0.84 -0.844 re f 87.395 476.116 0.838 -15.703 re f 173.34 476.116 0.839 -15.703 re f 285.62 476.116 0.836 -15.703 re f 379.821 476.116 0.84 -15.703 re f BT 9.9103 0 0 10 93.8593 448.214 Tm [(Qinhuangdao)-6895.7(136)-8635(TSP)]TJ ET 87.395 460.413 0.838 -0.845 re f 88.233 460.413 85.106 -0.845 re f 173.34 460.413 0.839 -0.845 re f 174.179 460.413 111.441 -0.845 re f 285.62 460.413 0.836 -0.845 re f 286.456 460.413 93.365 -0.845 re f 379.821 460.413 0.84 -0.845 re f 87.395 459.568 0.838 -15.702 re f 173.34 459.568 0.839 -15.702 re f 285.62 459.568 0.836 -15.702 re f 379.821 459.568 0.84 -15.702 re f BT 9.9103 0 0 10 93.8593 431.7871 Tm [(Taiyuan)-9342.6(311)-8635(TSP)]TJ ET 87.395 443.866 0.838 -0.846 re f 88.233 443.866 85.106 -0.846 re f 173.34 443.866 0.839 -0.846 re f 174.179 443.866 111.441 -0.846 re f 285.62 443.866 0.836 -0.846 re f 286.456 443.866 93.365 -0.846 re f 379.821 443.866 0.84 -0.846 re f 87.395 443.021 0.838 -15.702 re f 173.34 443.021 0.839 -15.702 re f 285.62 443.021 0.836 -15.702 re f 379.821 443.021 0.84 -15.702 re f BT 9.9103 0 0 10 93.8593 415.2402 Tm [(Huhehaotei)-7785.6(408)-8635(TSP)]TJ ET 87.395 427.44 0.838 -0.846 re f 88.233 427.44 85.106 -0.846 re f 173.34 427.44 0.839 -0.846 re f 174.179 427.44 111.441 -0.846 re f 285.62 427.44 0.836 -0.846 re f 286.456 427.44 93.365 -0.846 re f 379.821 427.44 0.84 -0.846 re f 87.395 426.594 0.838 -15.702 re f 173.34 426.594 0.839 -15.702 re f 285.62 426.594 0.836 -15.702 re f 379.821 426.594 0.84 -15.702 re f BT 9.9103 0 0 10 93.8593 398.6934 Tm [(Shenyang)-8396.6(184)-8635(TSP)]TJ ET 87.395 410.892 0.838 -0.846 re f 88.233 410.892 85.106 -0.846 re f 173.34 410.892 0.839 -0.846 re f 174.179 410.892 111.441 -0.846 re f 285.62 410.892 0.836 -0.846 re f 286.456 410.892 93.365 -0.846 re f 379.821 410.892 0.84 -0.846 re f 87.395 410.046 0.838 -15.701 re f 173.34 410.046 0.839 -15.701 re f 285.62 410.046 0.836 -15.701 re f 379.821 410.046 0.84 -15.701 re f BT 9.9103 0 0 10 93.8593 382.2671 Tm [(Dalian)-10343.5(70)-8913.1(TSP)]TJ ET 87.395 394.345 0.838 -0.846 re f 88.233 394.345 85.106 -0.846 re f 173.34 394.345 0.839 -0.846 re f 174.179 394.345 111.441 -0.846 re f 285.62 394.345 0.836 -0.846 re f 286.456 394.345 93.365 -0.846 re f 379.821 394.345 0.84 -0.846 re f 87.395 393.5 0.838 -15.702 re f 173.34 393.5 0.839 -15.702 re f 285.62 393.5 0.836 -15.702 re f 379.821 393.5 0.84 -15.702 re f BT 9.9103 0 0 10 93.8593 365.7192 Tm [(Changchun)-7785.6(369)-8635(TSP)]TJ ET 87.395 377.919 0.838 -0.846 re f 88.233 377.919 85.106 -0.846 re f 173.34 377.919 0.839 -0.846 re f 174.179 377.919 111.441 -0.846 re f 285.62 377.919 0.836 -0.846 re f 286.456 377.919 93.365 -0.846 re f 379.821 377.919 0.84 -0.846 re f 87.395 377.073 0.838 -15.702 re f 173.34 377.073 0.839 -15.702 re f 285.62 377.073 0.836 -15.702 re f 379.821 377.073 0.84 -15.702 re f BT 9.9103 0 0 10 93.8593 349.1724 Tm [(Haerbin)-9398.6(118)-8635(TSP)]TJ ET 87.395 361.371 0.838 -0.846 re f 88.233 361.371 85.106 -0.846 re f 173.34 361.371 0.839 -0.846 re f 174.179 361.371 111.441 -0.846 re f 285.62 361.371 0.836 -0.846 re f 286.456 361.371 93.365 -0.846 re f 379.821 361.371 0.84 -0.846 re f 87.395 360.525 0.838 -15.701 re f 173.34 360.525 0.839 -15.701 re f 285.62 360.525 0.836 -15.701 re f 379.821 360.525 0.84 -15.701 re f BT 9.9103 0 0 10 93.8593 332.7456 Tm [(Shanghai)-8674.6(128)-8514.2(NOx)]TJ ET 87.395 344.824 0.838 -0.846 re f 88.233 344.824 85.106 -0.846 re f 173.34 344.824 0.839 -0.846 re f 174.179 344.824 111.441 -0.846 re f 285.62 344.824 0.836 -0.846 re f 286.456 344.824 93.365 -0.846 re f 379.821 344.824 0.84 -0.846 re f 87.395 343.978 0.838 -15.701 re f 173.34 343.978 0.839 -15.701 re f 285.62 343.978 0.836 -15.701 re f 379.821 343.978 0.84 -15.701 re f BT 9.9103 0 0 10 93.8593 316.1973 Tm [(Nanjing)-9509.6(108)-8635(TSP)]TJ ET 87.395 328.397 0.838 -0.844 re f 88.233 328.397 85.106 -0.844 re f 173.34 328.397 0.839 -0.844 re f 174.179 328.397 111.441 -0.844 re f 285.62 328.397 0.836 -0.844 re f 286.456 328.397 93.365 -0.844 re f 379.821 328.397 0.84 -0.844 re f 87.395 327.553 0.838 -15.703 re f 173.34 327.553 0.839 -15.703 re f 285.62 327.553 0.836 -15.703 re f 379.821 327.553 0.84 -15.703 re f BT 9.9103 0 0 10 93.8593 299.6504 Tm [(Suzhou)-9508.6(138)-8635(TSP)]TJ ET 87.395 311.85 0.838 -0.844 re f 88.233 311.85 85.106 -0.844 re f 173.34 311.85 0.839 -0.844 re f 174.179 311.85 111.441 -0.844 re f 285.62 311.85 0.836 -0.844 re f 286.456 311.85 93.365 -0.844 re f 379.821 311.85 0.84 -0.844 re f 87.395 311.006 0.838 -15.703 re f 173.34 311.006 0.839 -15.703 re f 285.62 311.006 0.836 -15.703 re f 379.821 311.006 0.84 -15.703 re f BT 9.9103 0 0 10 93.8593 283.2246 Tm [(Nantong)-9119.6(228)-8635(TSP)]TJ ET 87.395 295.303 0.838 -0.846 re f 88.233 295.303 85.106 -0.846 re f 173.34 295.303 0.839 -0.846 re f 174.179 295.303 111.441 -0.846 re f 285.62 295.303 0.836 -0.846 re f 286.456 295.303 93.365 -0.846 re f 379.821 295.303 0.84 -0.846 re f 87.395 294.457 0.838 -15.701 re f 173.34 294.457 0.839 -15.701 re f 285.62 294.457 0.836 -15.701 re f 379.821 294.457 0.84 -15.701 re f BT 9.9103 0 0 10 93.8593 266.6777 Tm [(Lianyungang)-7173.6(178)-8635(TSP)]TJ ET 87.395 278.877 0.838 -0.846 re f 88.233 278.877 85.106 -0.846 re f 173.34 278.877 0.839 -0.846 re f 174.179 278.877 111.441 -0.846 re f 285.62 278.877 0.836 -0.846 re f 286.456 278.877 93.365 -0.846 re f 379.821 278.877 0.84 -0.846 re f 87.395 278.031 0.838 -15.701 re f 173.34 278.031 0.839 -15.701 re f 285.62 278.031 0.836 -15.701 re f 379.821 278.031 0.84 -15.701 re f BT 9.9103 0 0 10 93.8593 250.1309 Tm [(Hangzhou)-8341.6(152)-8514.2(NOx)]TJ ET 87.395 262.33 0.838 -0.846 re f 88.233 262.33 85.106 -0.846 re f 173.34 262.33 0.839 -0.846 re f 174.179 262.33 111.441 -0.846 re f 285.62 262.33 0.836 -0.846 re f 286.456 262.33 93.365 -0.846 re f 379.821 262.33 0.84 -0.846 re f 87.395 261.484 0.838 -15.701 re f 173.34 261.484 0.839 -15.701 re f 285.62 261.484 0.836 -15.701 re f 379.821 261.484 0.84 -15.701 re f BT 9.9103 0 0 10 93.8593 233.7051 Tm [(Ningbo)-10009.5(82)-8913.1(TSP)]TJ ET 87.395 245.783 0.838 -0.848 re f 88.233 245.783 85.106 -0.848 re f 173.34 245.783 0.839 -0.848 re f 174.179 245.783 111.441 -0.848 re f 285.62 245.783 0.836 -0.848 re f 286.456 245.783 93.365 -0.848 re f 379.821 245.783 0.84 -0.848 re f 87.395 244.936 0.838 -15.701 re f 173.34 244.936 0.839 -15.701 re f 285.62 244.936 0.836 -15.701 re f 379.821 244.936 0.84 -15.701 re f BT 9.9103 0 0 10 93.8593 217.1563 Tm [(Wenzhou)-8953.5(77)-8913.1(TSP)]TJ ET 87.395 229.356 0.838 -0.846 re f 88.233 229.356 85.106 -0.846 re f 173.34 229.356 0.839 -0.846 re f 174.179 229.356 111.441 -0.846 re f 285.62 229.356 0.836 -0.846 re f 286.456 229.356 93.365 -0.846 re f 379.821 229.356 0.84 -0.846 re f 87.395 228.51 0.838 -15.701 re f 173.34 228.51 0.839 -15.701 re f 285.62 228.51 0.836 -15.701 re f 379.821 228.51 0.84 -15.701 re f BT 9.9103 0 0 10 93.8593 200.7305 Tm [(Hefei)-10843.5(82)-8913.1(TSP)]TJ ET 87.395 212.809 0.838 -0.846 re f 88.233 212.809 85.106 -0.846 re f 173.34 212.809 0.839 -0.846 re f 174.179 212.809 111.441 -0.846 re f 285.62 212.809 0.836 -0.846 re f 286.456 212.809 93.365 -0.846 re f 379.821 212.809 0.84 -0.846 re f 87.395 211.963 0.838 -15.701 re f 173.34 211.963 0.839 -15.701 re f 285.62 211.963 0.836 -15.701 re f 379.821 211.963 0.84 -15.701 re f BT 9.9103 0 0 10 93.8593 184.1836 Tm [(Fuzhou)-9842.5(59)-8913.1(TSP)]TJ ET 87.395 196.262 0.838 -0.846 re f 88.233 196.262 85.106 -0.846 re f 173.34 196.262 0.839 -0.846 re f 174.179 196.262 111.441 -0.846 re f 285.62 196.262 0.836 -0.846 re f 286.456 196.262 93.365 -0.846 re f 379.821 196.262 0.84 -0.846 re f 87.395 195.416 0.838 -15.701 re f 173.34 195.416 0.839 -15.701 re f 285.62 195.416 0.836 -15.701 re f 379.821 195.416 0.84 -15.701 re f BT 9.9103 0 0 10 93.8593 167.6367 Tm [(Xiamen)-9787.5(38)-9674(-)]TJ ET 87.395 179.834 0.838 -0.846 re f 88.233 179.834 85.106 -0.846 re f 173.34 179.834 0.839 -0.846 re f 174.179 179.834 111.441 -0.846 re f 285.62 179.834 0.836 -0.846 re f 286.456 179.834 93.365 -0.846 re f 379.821 179.834 0.84 -0.846 re f 87.395 178.988 0.838 -15.701 re f 173.34 178.988 0.839 -15.701 re f 285.62 178.988 0.836 -15.701 re f 379.821 178.988 0.84 -15.701 re f BT 9.9103 0 0 10 93.8593 151.209 Tm [(Nanchang)-8341.6(113)-8635(TSP)]TJ ET 87.395 163.287 0.838 -0.846 re f 88.233 163.287 85.106 -0.846 re f 173.34 163.287 0.839 -0.846 re f 174.179 163.287 111.441 -0.846 re f 285.62 163.287 0.836 -0.846 re f 286.456 163.287 93.365 -0.846 re f 379.821 163.287 0.84 -0.846 re f 87.395 162.441 0.838 -15.701 re f 173.34 162.441 0.839 -32.951 re f 285.62 162.441 0.836 -15.701 re f 379.821 162.441 0.84 -15.701 re f BT 9.9103 0 0 10 93.8593 134.6621 Tm [(Jinan)-10509.6(328)-8635(TSP)]TJ ET 87.636 146.258 0.479 -0.363 re f 87.395 146.74 0.838 -0.482 re f 87.641 146.74 197.979 -0.846 re f 285.62 146.74 0.836 -0.846 re f 286.456 146.74 93.365 -0.846 re f 379.821 146.74 0.84 -0.846 re f 87.636 145.895 0.479 -15.701 re f 87.636 130.193 0.479 -0.484 re f 87.636 130.193 0.479 -0.484 re f 88.114 130.193 85.466 -0.484 re f 173.58 145.895 0.479 -15.701 re f 173.58 130.193 0.479 -0.484 re f 173.58 130.193 0.479 -0.484 re f 87.434 130.193 198.562 -0.846 re f 285.62 145.895 0.836 -15.701 re f 285.62 130.193 0.836 -0.846 re f 286.456 130.193 93.365 -0.846 re f 379.821 145.895 0.84 -15.701 re f 379.821 130.193 0.84 -0.846 re f 379.821 130.193 0.84 -0.846 re f 87.389 146.663 0.838 -16.951 re f EMC 0.96 w /GS1 gs 1 i 86.64 116.76 m 380.28 116.76 l S endstream endobj 4 0 obj << /Title (article 4-2 graphs.eps) /Creator (Adobe Illustrator\(R\) 8.0) /Author (Karin Mueller) >> endobj 5 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 157 0 R /Resources 6 0 R /Contents 7 0 R /Thumb 112 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 6 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 197 0 R /F4 177 0 R /F6 181 0 R /F8 194 0 R /F9 192 0 R /F10 199 0 R /F11 198 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 211 0 R /GS2 212 0 R /GS3 213 0 R >> /Properties << /MC3 8 0 R >> >> endobj 7 0 obj << /Length 13955 >> stream BT /F4 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 56.28 26.4 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs 0.0067 Tc 0 Tw (30)Tj ET 1 0 0.027 RG 0 J 0 j 0.48 w 10 M []0 d /GS1 gs 1 i 55.08 42.96 m 541.08 42.96 l 55.08 39.48 m 541.08 39.48 l S BT 9 0 0 9 396.96 25.08 Tm /GS2 gs 0 Tc (C)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 403.56 25.08 Tm 0.0439 Tc (HINA)Tj 9 0 0 9 420.84 25.08 Tm 0.045 Tc ( E)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 429 25.08 Tm 0.0425 Tc [(NVIR)42.5(ONMENT)]TJ 9 0 0 9 475.44 25.08 Tm 0.041 Tc ( S)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 482.88 25.08 Tm 0.0458 Tc (ERIES)Tj 9 0 0 9 501.12 25.08 Tm 0.0451 Tc [( )14.3( I)]TJ 6.3 0 0 6.3 517.92 25.08 Tm 0.0481 Tc (SSUE)Tj 9 0 0 9 533.76 25.08 Tm 0.0483 Tc ( 3)Tj /F6 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 53.9999 729.2401 Tm 0.0003 Tc 0.0876 Tw [(in 1996, v)11.2(ehicles emitted eighty-six)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0005 Tc 0.0734 Tw (percent of the CO, fifty-six percent)Tj T* 0.0007 Tc 0.1159 Tw (of the NO)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 101.4 699.12 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 104.16 702.84 Tm 0.0011 Tc 0.1178 Tw [(, and ninety-six per)12(cent)]TJ -4.56 -1.2 TD 0.0151 Tc 0.1255 Tw [(of the non-methane hy)-6.7(d)5.2(r)4.2(ocarbons)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.1182 Tw (\(NMHC\) of the total air pollution)Tj T* 0.0563 Tc 0.1245 Tw [(load in the do)12.7(wntown ar)12.7(ea.)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 191.76 666.84 Tm 0.0625 Tc 0 Tw (9 )Tj 11 0 0 11 198 663.24 Tm 0.0438 Tc (In)Tj -13.0909 -1.2 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.0481 Tw [(B)5.6(eijing in r)11.5(ecent years, the NO)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 183.96 646.32 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 186.72 650.04 Tm -0.05 Tw [( con-)]TJ -12.0655 -1.2 TD 0.007 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(centration sho)17.9(ws a clear incr)7(easing)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.039 Tw [(tr)11.4(end. Annual average NO)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 168.48 619.92 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 171.24 623.64 Tm 0.0009 Tc 0.0409 Tw [( concen-)]TJ -10.6582 -1.2 TD 0.0007 Tc -0.0378 Tw [(trations, av)11.6(erage concentrations dur-)]TJ T* -0.0073 Tc -0.0622 Tw [(ing the heating season, and those dur-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0682 Tw (ing the non-heating season in 1997)Tj 15.0873 13.2 TD -0.0048 Tc -0.0608 Tw [(wer)6.1(e)-0.5( 133 mg/m)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 285.36 732.8401 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (3)Tj 11 0 0 11 288.6 729.2401 Tm -0.0038 Tc -0.0614 Tw (, 191 mg/m)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 337.44 732.8401 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (3)Tj 11 0 0 11 340.56 729.2401 Tm -0.0031 Tc -0.0614 Tw (, and 99)Tj -10.9636 -1.2 TD -0.0005 Tc 0 Tw (mg/m)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 245.76 719.64 Tm 0 Tc (3)Tj 11 0 0 11 249 716.04 Tm -0.0434 Tw [(, respectiv)10.9(ely)98.2(. )53.6(These emissions)]TJ -2.64 -1.2 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.0694 Tw [(w)5.7(e)-2.7(r)11.1(e)0.5( seventy-thr)11.1(ee percent, sixty-six)]TJ T* 0.0086 Tc 0.1247 Tw [(per)8.6(cent, and eighty percent higher)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.018 Tw [(than those ten years ago)10.8(. )54.6(The annual)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0909 Tw (daily average NO)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 296.16 659.52 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 298.8 663.24 Tm 0.001 Tc 0.0909 Tw [( concentration in)]TJ -7.1673 -1.2 TD 0 Tc 0.1071 Tw (1998 was 14.3 percent higher than)Tj T* 0.0038 Tc 0.125 Tw [(in 1997. S)14.7(ince the amount of coal)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0618 Tw (burned has remained stable for many)Tj T* 0.0207 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(years, B)9.8(eijing local authorities at-)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc 0.0427 Tw [(tribute the incr)11.6(eases in these pollut-)]TJ T* 0.0154 Tc 0.125 Tw (ants to vehicular emissions.)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 344.64 587.64 Tm 0.0117 Tc 0 Tw (10 )Tj 11 0 0 11 353.76 584.04 Tm 0.0135 Tc [(P)60.7(oor)]TJ 2.9345 13.2 TD 0.0051 Tc 0.125 Tw [(v)11.6(ehicle maintenance is one leading)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0323 Tc 0.1248 Tw [(cause of mobile sour)10.5(ce pollution)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0446 Tw [(pr)10.8(oblems. )43.8(This deficiency in vehicle)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0463 Tw [(maintenance is r)11.3(eflected in the high)]TJ T* 0.0467 Tw [(failur)11.2(e rate in the existing, r)11.2(elatively)]TJ T* 0.001 Tc 0.0138 Tw [(lenient I)22.8(nspection and M)11.9(aintenance)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc -0.0136 Tw [(\(I/M\) pr)11.6(ograms. P)66.1(oor training of in-)]TJ T* -0.0115 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(spectors has meant r)21.2(epair workers lack)]TJ T* -0.0011 Tc -0.0618 Tw [(the necessar)-12(y pr)9.8(ofessional kno)9.8(wledge)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.1001 Tw [(and exper)-10.3(tise in r)11.5(epair and mainte-)]TJ T* 0.0345 Tc 0.125 Tw [(nance ser)-20.1(vice of emission equip-)]TJ T* 0.0147 Tc 0 Tw (ment.)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 411.72 587.64 Tm 0.0125 Tc (11)Tj 11 0 0 11 418.32 584.04 Tm 0.0148 Tc 0.1257 Tw [( )-6.6(M)14.8(any vehicles seem to be)]TJ ET 0.9 0.9 0.9 rg 0.9 0.9 0.9 RG 0.96 w 1000 M /GS1 gs 54.48 568.32 485.04 -502.74 re B* 0 0 0 RG 2.04 w 10 M 54 569.22 m 540 569.22 l 54 64.26 m 540 64.26 l S BT /F8 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 80.16 90 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs -0.0003 Tc -0.0227 Tw [(Source:)74.7( W)28.7(u)-3( )78.7(Y)156.7(ong, )]TJ /F1 1 Tf 7.995 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F8 1 Tf 0.334 0 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.0183 Tw [(T)149.8(argeting Sustainab)14.8(le De)44.8(v)34.8(elopment f)29.8(or Urban )59.8(T)130.8(r)17.8(anspor)-30.2(t,)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 24.686 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F8 1 Tf 0.285 0 TD -0.0007 Tc 0.0182 Tw [( Urban Constr)-30.7(uction Depar)-45.7(tment of the Ministr)-30.7(y)]TJ -33.3 -1.2 TD 0 Tc 0.0261 Tw [(of Constr)-15(uction, and Li Xiaojiang, unpub)30(lished paper)60(, Chinese Academ)15(y of Urban Planning and Design, Apr)-15(il 1999.)]TJ /F9 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 75.3599 546.48 Tm -0.0012 Tc 0.0094 Tw [(T)97.1(a)-1.5(b)20.6(le 3.)42.4( Pub)9.7(lic )118.5(T)97.1(ransit in Chinese Cities)]TJ ET 0.96 w /GS1 gs 79.32 108 m 514.68 108 l S /EmbeddedDocument /MC3 BDC 0 0 0 1 k /GS3 gs 3.175 i 80.16 528.84 435.56 0.48 re f 80.16 481.92 0.48 46.92 re f 356.145 193.17 0.48 264.43 re f 515.24 481.92 0.479 46.92 re f BT /F11 1 Tf 9.9991 0 0 10 123.5961 512.5206 Tm -0.005 Tc 0 Tw [(Ci)-113.9(t)-44.1(y)]TJ 9.4439 -4.848 TD 0 Tc [(1993)-6239.9(1997)-6411.8(1993)]TJ 25.236 0.05 TD (1997)Tj ET 80.16 480.36 0.48 1.56 re f 187.257 481.44 83.445 0.48 re f 187.257 480.48 83.445 0.48 re f 270.702 480.36 0.48 0.12 re f 270.702 481.44 1.44 0.48 re f 270.702 480.48 1.44 0.48 re f 272.143 481.44 83.752 0.48 re f 272.143 480.48 84.463 0.48 re f 355.895 481.44 0.48 0.48 re f 355.956 481.44 85.84 0.48 re f 356.357 480.48 89.202 0.48 re f 441.687 480.36 0.48 0.12 re f 441.687 481.44 1.44 0.48 re f 441.687 480.48 1.44 0.48 re f 443.127 481.44 72.114 0.48 re f 443.127 480.48 72.114 0.48 re f 515.24 480.36 0.479 1.56 re f 80.16 458.88 0.48 21.48 re f 270.702 458.88 0.48 21.48 re f 441.687 458.88 0.48 21.48 re f 515.24 458.88 0.479 21.48 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 9.9991 0 0 10 86.3994 441.2404 Tm [(Beijing)-10157(4890)-6249(8548)-6320.9(2863)-5721(3374)]TJ ET 80.16 457.32 0.48 1.56 re f 187.07 457.32 0.48 0.12 re f 186.956 458.4 1.554 0.48 re f 187.07 457.44 1.44 0.48 re f 80.406 458.4 190.548 0.48 re f 80.401 457.44 190.301 0.48 re f 270.702 457.32 0.48 0.12 re f 270.702 458.4 1.44 0.48 re f 270.702 457.44 1.44 0.48 re f 272.143 458.4 83.752 0.48 re f 272.143 457.44 83.752 0.48 re f 355.895 458.4 0.48 0.48 re f 356.855 458.4 0.48 0.48 re f 355.699 458.4 85.987 0.48 re f 355.215 457.44 86.472 0.48 re f 441.687 457.32 0.48 0.12 re f 441.687 458.4 1.44 0.48 re f 441.687 457.44 1.44 0.48 re f 443.127 458.4 72.114 0.48 re f 443.127 457.44 72.114 0.48 re f 515.24 457.32 0.479 1.56 re f 80.16 435.84 0.48 21.48 re f 270.702 435.84 0.48 21.48 re f 441.687 435.84 0.48 21.48 re f 515.24 435.84 0.479 21.48 re f BT 9.9991 0 0 10 86.3994 419.28 Tm 0.001 Tc [(Tian)-65.6(jin)-10136.7(2193)-6247(2896)-6594.8(397)-6275.1(536)]TJ ET 80.16 435.36 275.734 0.48 re f 356.855 435.36 0.48 0.48 re f 355.895 435.36 0.48 0.48 re f 357.335 435.36 158.385 0.48 re f 80.16 413.76 0.48 21.6 re f 270.702 413.76 0.48 21.6 re f 441.687 413.76 0.48 21.6 re f 515.24 413.76 0.479 21.6 re f BT 9.9991 0 0 10 86.3994 397.3199 Tm 0 Tc [(Sheny)87.1(a)63.9(n)0(g)-8811.9(2406)-6247.9(2359)-6596(537)-6276(625)]TJ ET 80.16 413.28 275.734 0.48 re f 356.855 413.28 0.48 0.48 re f 355.895 413.28 0.48 0.48 re f 357.335 413.28 158.385 0.48 re f 80.16 391.68 0.48 21.6 re f 187.07 391.297 0.48 66.333 re f 270.702 391.68 0.48 21.6 re f 441.687 391.68 0.48 21.6 re f 515.24 391.68 0.479 21.6 re f BT 9.9991 0 0 10 86.3994 375.2404 Tm [(Chang)76(c)8(hun)-8135.7(1031)-6247.5(2249)-6595.6(310)-6275.8(341)]TJ ET 80.16 391.2 275.734 0.48 re f 356.855 391.2 0.48 0.48 re f 355.895 391.2 0.48 0.48 re f 357.335 391.2 158.385 0.48 re f 80.16 369.6 0.48 21.6 re f 187.07 369.498 0.48 21.859 re f 270.702 369.6 0.48 21.6 re f 441.687 369.6 0.48 21.6 re f 515.24 369.6 0.479 21.6 re f BT 9.9991 0 0 10 86.3994 353.1602 Tm 0.001 Tc [(Harbin)-10209.5(1344)-6245.7(3139)-6593.5(612)-6274.1(543)]TJ ET 80.16 369.24 275.734 0.48 re f 356.855 369.24 0.48 0.48 re f 355.895 369.24 0.48 0.48 re f 357.335 369.24 158.385 0.48 re f 80.16 347.64 0.48 21.6 re f 187.07 347.64 0.48 21.6 re f 270.702 347.64 0.48 21.6 re f 441.687 347.64 0.48 21.6 re f 515.24 347.64 0.479 21.6 re f BT 9.9991 0 0 10 86.3994 331.0802 Tm -0.0002 Tc [(Shang)42.4(hai)-8984.4(8521)-5972.5(16237)-6040.7(5627)-5720.5(2637)]TJ ET 80.16 347.16 275.734 0.48 re f 356.855 347.16 0.48 0.48 re f 355.895 347.16 0.48 0.48 re f 357.335 347.16 158.385 0.48 re f 80.16 325.56 0.48 21.6 re f 187.07 325.56 0.48 21.6 re f 270.702 325.56 0.48 21.6 re f 441.687 325.56 0.48 21.6 re f 515.24 325.56 0.479 21.6 re f BT 9.9991 0 0 10 86.3994 309.1202 Tm 0 Tc [(Nan)6.5(j)-102(ing)-9677.2(2412)-6248.3(2360)-6596.3(500)-6276.3(499)]TJ ET 80.16 325.08 275.734 0.48 re f 356.855 325.08 0.48 0.48 re f 355.895 325.08 0.48 0.48 re f 357.335 325.08 158.385 0.48 re f 80.16 303.48 0.48 21.6 re f 187.07 303.48 0.48 21.6 re f 270.702 303.48 0.48 21.6 re f 441.687 303.48 0.48 21.6 re f 515.24 303.48 0.479 21.6 re f BT 9.9991 0 0 10 86.3994 287.0401 Tm [(Wuhan)-9993.1(1971)-6248.6(4355)-6320.6(1251)-5996.7(943)]TJ ET 80.16 303 275.734 0.48 re f 356.855 303 0.48 0.48 re f 355.895 303 0.48 0.48 re f 357.335 303 158.385 0.48 re f 80.16 281.4 0.48 21.6 re f 187.07 281.4 0.48 21.6 re f 270.702 281.4 0.48 21.6 re f 441.687 281.4 0.48 21.6 re f 515.24 281.4 0.479 21.6 re f BT 9.9991 0 0 10 86.3994 264.96 Tm [(Ghang)-28.7(z)20(hou)-7987.7(2338)-6247.6(4611)-6595.5(664)-5999.8(1074)]TJ ET 80.16 281.04 275.734 0.48 re f 356.855 281.04 0.48 0.48 re f 355.895 281.04 0.48 0.48 re f 357.335 281.04 158.385 0.48 re f 80.16 259.44 0.48 21.6 re f 187.07 259.44 0.48 21.6 re f 270.702 259.44 0.48 21.6 re f 441.687 259.44 0.48 21.6 re f 515.24 259.44 0.479 21.6 re f BT 9.9991 0 0 10 86.3994 242.88 Tm [(Chong)13.7(qing)-8340.8(2090)-6248(2479)-6595.9(753)-6276(502)]TJ ET 80.16 258.96 275.734 0.48 re f 356.855 258.96 0.48 0.48 re f 355.895 258.96 0.48 0.48 re f 357.335 258.96 158.385 0.48 re f 80.16 237.36 0.48 21.6 re f 187.07 237.36 0.48 21.6 re f 270.702 237.36 0.48 21.6 re f 441.687 237.36 0.48 21.6 re f 515.24 237.36 0.479 21.6 re f BT 9.9991 0 0 10 86.3994 220.92 Tm -0.0004 Tc [(Cheng)75.6(du)-9188.4(1408)-6248(1618)-6596(288)-6276.1(293)]TJ ET 80.16 236.88 275.734 0.48 re f 356.855 236.88 0.48 0.48 re f 355.895 236.88 0.48 0.48 re f 357.335 236.88 158.385 0.48 re f 80.16 215.28 0.48 21.6 re f 187.07 215.28 0.48 21.6 re f 270.702 215.28 0.48 21.6 re f 441.687 215.28 0.48 21.6 re f 515.24 215.28 0.479 21.6 re f BT 9.9991 0 0 10 86.3994 198.8399 Tm 0 Tc [(X)-137(i)-78(an)-11222.4(871)-6528.4(1418)-6596.6(355)-6276.5(299)]TJ ET 80.16 214.92 275.734 0.48 re f 356.855 214.92 0.48 0.48 re f 355.895 214.92 0.48 0.48 re f 355.835 214.92 159.885 0.48 re f 80.16 193.32 0.48 21.6 re f 187.07 193.32 0.48 21.6 re f 270.702 125.658 0.48 89.262 re f 441.687 193.32 0.48 21.6 re f 515.24 193.32 0.479 21.6 re f BT 9.9991 0 0 10 86.3994 175.6798 Tm 0.001 Tc [(T)28(o)-82.9(ta)48.1(l of 1)-47.5(2)-95( Ci)-88.3(tie)-36.8(s)-5078.9(31475)-5690.9(52269)-5762.9(14156)-5162.9(11667)]TJ ET 80.16 191.76 0.48 1.561 re f 80.64 192.84 106.43 0.481 re f 80.64 191.88 106.43 0.48 re f 187.07 191.76 0.48 0.12 re f 187.07 192.84 1.44 0.481 re f 187.07 191.88 1.44 0.48 re f 188.51 192.84 82.192 0.481 re f 188.51 191.88 82.192 0.48 re f 270.702 191.76 0.48 0.12 re f 270.702 192.84 1.44 0.481 re f 270.702 191.88 1.44 0.48 re f 272.143 192.84 83.752 0.481 re f 272.143 191.88 83.752 0.48 re f 355.895 192.84 0.48 0.481 re f 355.895 191.88 0.48 0.48 re f 356.223 192.84 1.112 0.481 re f 357.335 192.84 84.352 0.481 re f 356.267 191.88 85.42 0.48 re f 441.687 191.76 0.48 0.12 re f 441.687 192.84 1.44 0.481 re f 441.687 191.88 1.44 0.48 re f 443.127 192.84 72.114 0.481 re f 443.127 191.88 72.114 0.48 re f 515.24 191.76 0.479 1.561 re f 80.16 170.28 0.48 21.479 re f 187.07 170.28 0.48 21.479 re f 441.687 170.28 0.48 21.479 re f 515.24 170.28 0.479 21.479 re f BT 9.9991 0 0 10 86.3994 153.7198 Tm 0 Tc [(Av)29.5(erag)11.8(e of 12 Ci)-100.7(tie)-38.7(s)-4052(2623)-6249.3(4356)-6321.2(1180)-5997.4(972)]TJ ET 80.16 169.8 275.734 0.48 re f 356.855 169.8 0.48 0.48 re f 355.895 169.8 0.48 0.48 re f 355.46 169.8 160.26 0.48 re f 80.16 148.2 0.48 21.6 re f 187.07 148.2 0.48 21.6 re f 441.687 148.2 0.48 21.6 re f 515.24 148.2 0.479 21.6 re f BT 9.9991 0 0 10 86.3994 131.6397 Tm 0.001 Tc [(T)-72(o)-82.9(ta)-51.7(l of 6)53.2(66 Ci)-79.6(ti)-105.7(es)-4460.9(88606)-5414(168566)-5481.7(27259)-5162.1(27348)]TJ ET 80.16 147.72 275.734 0.481 re f 356.855 147.72 0.48 0.481 re f 355.895 147.72 0.48 0.481 re f 355.085 147.72 160.635 0.481 re f 80.16 125.64 0.48 22.08 re f 80.64 125.64 106.43 0.48 re f 187.07 125.64 0.48 22.08 re f 187.55 125.64 83.152 0.48 re f 271.182 125.64 84.712 0.48 re f 355.895 125.64 85.792 0.48 re f 441.687 125.64 0.48 22.08 re f 442.167 125.64 73.073 0.48 re f 515.24 125.64 0.479 22.08 re f BT /F11 1 Tf 9.9094 0 0 10 210.6534 513.587 Tm 0 Tc (Number of Public Transit)Tj 0.4715 -1.2 TD (Vehicles \(Standardized)Tj 0.611 -1.2 TD (Vehicle Equivalents\))Tj 15.5833 2.4666 TD (Total Passengers Carried)Tj 3.8355 -1.2 TD (\(Millions\))Tj ET 356.168 125.898 0.48 66.298 re f 187.074 528.914 0.48 -70.356 re f 356.188 458.788 0.48 21.827 re f 356.085 481.729 0.48 47.327 re f EMC BT /F8 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 225 173.4 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs (,)Tj -0.036 -4.428 TD (,)Tj 8.484 4.368 TD (,)Tj 0.3 -4.404 TD (,)Tj 8.316 4.464 TD (,)Tj -0.228 -4.404 TD (,)Tj 8.016 4.416 TD (,)Tj -0.048 -4.392 TD (,)Tj ET endstream endobj 8 0 obj << /Title (article 4-3 graphs.eps) /Creator (Adobe Illustrator\(R\) 8.0) /Author (Karin Mueller) >> endobj 9 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 157 0 R /Resources 10 0 R /Contents 11 0 R /Thumb 114 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 10 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 197 0 R /F4 177 0 R /F6 181 0 R /F8 194 0 R /F9 192 0 R /F10 199 0 R /F11 198 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 211 0 R /GS2 212 0 R /GS4 94 0 R >> /Properties << /MC4 12 0 R >> >> endobj 11 0 obj << /Length 13004 >> stream 1 0 0.027 RG 0 J 0 j 0.48 w 10 M []0 d /GS1 gs 1 i 72 42.96 m 558 42.96 l 72 39.48 m 558 39.48 l S BT /F4 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 72 25.08 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (C)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 78.48 25.08 Tm 0.0439 Tc (HINA)Tj 9 0 0 9 95.76 25.08 Tm 0.045 Tc ( E)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 104.04 25.08 Tm 0.0425 Tc [(NVIR)42.5(ONMENT)]TJ 9 0 0 9 150.36 25.08 Tm 0.041 Tc ( S)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 157.92 25.08 Tm 0.0458 Tc (ERIES)Tj 9 0 0 9 176.16 25.08 Tm 0.0451 Tc [( )14.3( I)]TJ 6.3 0 0 6.3 192.96 25.08 Tm 0.0481 Tc (SSUE)Tj 9 0 0 9 208.8 25.08 Tm 0.0483 Tc ( 3)Tj 37.7733 0.08 TD 0.0067 Tc (31)Tj ET 0.9 0.9 0.9 rg 0.9 0.9 0.9 RG 0.96 w 1000 M /GS1 gs 72.48 356.72 485.04 -290.99 re B* BT /F6 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 72 729.2401 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs -0.0034 Tc -0.0622 Tw [(operating with a rich air fuel mixtur)7.5(e,)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0335 Tc 0.1258 Tw [(which while pr)11.7(oducing relativ)11.7(ely)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0306 Tw [(good driv)11.4(ability and lo)11.4(w NO)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 197.28 699.12 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 200.04 702.84 Tm 0.0005 Tc 0.0318 Tw [( emis-)]TJ -11.64 -1.2 TD -0.0019 Tc -0.0627 Tw (sions, leads to high fuel consumption)Tj T* -0.0021 Tc [(and ex)19.7(cessive CO and HC emissions.)]TJ T* 0 Tc -0.0015 Tw [(F)25.3(u)4(r)-10.9(thermor)10.9(e, the vehicle technology)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.1217 Tw (being produced tends to be prima-)Tj T* 0.0146 Tc 0.1257 Tw [(rily carbur)14.6(etor-equipped with me-)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0817 Tw (chanical rather than electronic con-)Tj T* 0.0152 Tc 0.1258 Tw (trols. Recently collected emissions)Tj T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0401 Tw [(data in China sho)11.3(w that curr)11.3(ent ve)7.3(-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0637 Tw [(hicles ar)11.1(e typical of the cars used in)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc 0.1142 Tw [(the U)33.4(nited S)33.4(tates in the late 1960/)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0182 Tw (early 1970s.)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 123.24 561.24 Tm -0.0063 Tc 0 Tw (12)Tj 11 0 0 11 90 544.4401 Tm -0.001 Tc -0.063 Tw [(I)9.7(n)0.6( light of the abo)20.8(v)5.5(e)-0.8( information)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0106 Tc 0.125 Tw [(on car tr)10.6(ends in China, it appears)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.072 Tw [(likely that the gro)17(wth in the o)21.9(v)-4.3(erall)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc -0.0164 Tw [(v)7.1(ehicle population will continue at a)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.1 Tw [(high rate for the for)11(eseeable futur)11(e.)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc -0.0007 Tw [(As noted in a r)11.4(ecent study)98.7(,)]TJ 10 0 0 10 103.56 452.16 Tm -0.0003 Tc 0.125 Tw [(C)11.7(r)7.7(edit facilities and install-)]TJ -1.8 -1.32 TD 0.0144 Tc [(ment payments, which China)86.4()81.4(s)]TJ T* -0.0009 Tc -0.0622 Tw [(commer)11.1(cial banks have promised)]TJ T* -0.0067 Tc -0.0619 Tw [(to intr)5.3(oduce, ar)5.3(e expected to push)]TJ T* -0.001 Tc 0.0653 Tw [(for)-25(war)11(d the car-buying momen-)]TJ T* -0.0004 Tc -0.0012 Tw [(tum. A sur)-12.4(vey conducted among)]TJ T* -0.0006 Tc 0.036 Tw [(600 urban families in Beijing b)11.4(y)]TJ 16.596 22.428 TD 0.0341 Tc 0.125 Tw (the China Economic Climate)Tj 0 -1.32 TD -0.0063 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(M)17.7(onitoring Center says that w)5.7(ell-)]TJ T* -0.0004 Tc 0.006 Tw (to-do families account for eleven)Tj T* -0.0011 Tc 0.0578 Tw (percent of the population, fami-)Tj T* -0.0126 Tc -0.0618 Tw [(lies that enjo)11.4(y a relativ)11.4(ely comfor)-12.6(t-)]TJ T* -0.001 Tc 0.0852 Tw [(able standar)11(d of living r)11(epresent)]TJ T* -0.0029 Tc -0.0623 Tw [(fifty-three per)9.1(cent, and those that)]TJ T* -0.0006 Tc -0.0486 Tw (have adequate food and clothing,)Tj T* -0.0011 Tc -0.0123 Tw [(thir)-13.1(ty-four percent. )47.1(The first cat-)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0199 Tw [(egor)-24.3(y has put car pur)11.7(chases high)]TJ T* 0.0053 Tc 0.125 Tw (on their consumer agenda, and)Tj T* 0.0139 Tc 0.1251 Tw (the second is expected to have)Tj T* -0.0049 Tc -0.0625 Tw (similar lifestyles and hopes within)Tj T* -0.0014 Tc -0.0619 Tw [(five to ten y)10.6(ears. )46.8(This will spur on)]TJ T* -0.0008 Tc -0.0033 Tw [(the private car sector)71.2(.)]TJ 5.8 0 0 5.8 332.88 415.8 Tm -0.0069 Tc 0 Tw (13)Tj 11 0 0 11 255.96 386.04 Tm 0.0006 Tc 0.056 Tw [(E)6.4(conomic gro)17.5(wth and consum-)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0337 Tw [(ers)43.7( desires ar)11(e pushing the gro)17(wth of)]TJ 15.0982 20.4 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.0955 Tw [(v)6.9(ehicle population at a much faster)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD -0.0052 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(rate than r)5.7(oads ar)5.7(e being constr)-5.2(ucted.)]TJ T* 0.0093 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(The number of r)9.3(oads appr)9.3(oaching)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0554 Tw [(saturation will likely incr)11.2(ease and the)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0014 Tw [(period of time when these r)11.1(oads will)]TJ T* 0.0018 Tc 0.1246 Tw [(be o)12.7(v)8.3(erloaded will lengthen, which)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0797 Tw [(will r)22(esult in more fr)11.1(equent and se-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0044 Tw [(v)6.9(e)-2.5(r)11.3(e)0( air quality peaks in localiz)11.3(ed ar-)]TJ T* 0.0583 Tw [(eas. )55.1(This congestion means that na-)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.009 Tw [(tional air quality standar)22.3(ds for NO)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 552.48 474.72 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 555.2401 478.44 Tm (,)Tj -13.7455 -1.2 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.0899 Tw [(CO, and oz)11.3(one will incr)11.3(easingly be)]TJ 0 -1.2109 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.0337 Tw [(ex)22.4(ceeded in many cities. I)22.4(n)-0.3( addition,)]TJ T* 0.0182 Tc 0.1256 Tw [(r)12(oadside particulate problems will)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0282 Tc 0.125 Tw [(likely incr)17.3(ease, leading to serious)]TJ 0 -1.2109 TD -0.0003 Tc 0.0464 Tw [(health problems. B)10.6(ased on data col-)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0514 Tw [(lected in the )22.3(W)87.9(orld B)11.5(ank pr)11.5(oject, it)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0143 Tw [(is clear that with the incr)22.1(ease in die-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0874 Tw [(sel v)11.1(ehicles par)-10.7(ticulate matter \(PM\))]TJ ET 0 0 0 RG 2.04 w 10 M /GS1 gs 72 358.38 m 558 358.38 l 72 64.38 m 558 64.38 l S BT /F9 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 88.08 336.36 Tm /GS2 gs -0.0012 Tc -0.0386 Tw [(T)97.1(a)-1.5(b)20.6(le 4.)42.4( P)31.5(a)20.3(ved Road Length and P)31.5(er Capita P)31.5(a)20.3(ved Road Area of Shanghai \(1991-1997\))]TJ /F1 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 97.56 96.84 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F8 1 Tf 0.336 0 TD 0.0062 Tc 0.1377 Tw [(Str)6.2(ategy f)36.2(or Sustainab)36.2(le De)36.2(v)26.2(elopment of Urban )51.4(T)137.2(r)9.2(anspor)-38.8(tation and En)21.2(vironment)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 36.7648 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F8 1 Tf 1.0062 0 TD 0.0065 Tc 0.1375 Tw [(f)36.5(or a Metropolis with Coordinating)]TJ -38.107 -1.2 TD -0.0007 Tc 0.0533 Tw [(De)29.3(v)34.3(elopment of )44.2(T)130.3(r)17.3(anspor)-45.7(tation and En)29.3(vironment to)29.3(w)16.3(ard the 21st Centur)-45.7(y)124.3(,)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 32.64 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F8 1 Tf 0.285 0 TD -0.0005 Tc 0.0535 Tw [( Shanghai Municipal Go)29.5(v)19.5(e)3.5(r)-30.5(nment, J)29.5(a)1.5(nuar)-45.5(y 10,)]TJ -32.925 -1.2 TD 0.0007 Tc 0 Tw (1999.)Tj ET 1 0 0.027 RG /GS1 gs 237.96 735.66 m 558 735.66 l 237.96 621.06 m 558 621.06 l S BT /F4 1 Tf 45.6 0 0 45.6 251.52 692.64 Tm 0 Tc (O)Tj 16 0 0 16 287.88 711.84 Tm /GS2 gs -0.0021 Tc 0.1269 Tw [(n av)5.4(erage, mobile sour)5.4(ces ar)20.4(e curr)20.4(ently)]TJ -0.0225 -1.2 TD -0.0088 Tc 0.1185 Tw [(contr)6.2(ibuting appr)6.2(o)10.7(ximately for)-16.3(ty-fiv)6.2(e to)]TJ -2.25 -1.2 TD -0.009 Tc 0.0758 Tw [(sixty per)6(cent of the NO)]TJ 9.3 0 0 9.3 403.32 668.04 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 16 0 0 16 407.4 673.44 Tm -0.0087 Tc 0.076 Tw [( emissions and about)]TJ -9.7425 -1.2 TD 0.0142 Tc 0.1264 Tw [(eighty-fiv)6.7(e percent of the CO emissions in)]TJ T* -0.009 Tc 0.0125 Tw (typical Chinese cities.)Tj ET /EmbeddedDocument /MC4 BDC BT /F11 1 Tf 10.0028 0 0 10.0037 117.6973 300.5261 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS4 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw [(Year)-3269(Length of Paved Road)]TJ 9.4306 -1.263 TD (\(Km\))Tj 8.4803 1.263 TD (Area of Paved Road)Tj 2.8628 -1.263 TD (\(10)Tj 7.002 0 0 7.0026 340.2921 293.3062 Tm (4)Tj 10.0028 0 0 10.0037 343.7813 287.8916 Tm ( m)Tj 7.002 0 0 7.0026 355.8136 293.3062 Tm (2)Tj 10.0028 0 0 10.0037 359.1817 287.8916 Tm (\))Tj 5.2085 1.263 TD (Per Capita Road Area)Tj 4.2462 -1.263 TD (\(m)Tj 7.002 0 0 7.0026 466.7491 293.3062 Tm (2)Tj 10.0028 0 0 10.0037 470.2393 287.8916 Tm (\))Tj ET 3.175 i 97.604 318.335 0.481 -0.481 re f 97.604 318.335 0.481 -0.481 re f 98.085 318.335 62.206 -0.481 re f 160.291 318.335 0.481 -0.481 re f 160.772 318.335 127.421 -0.481 re f 288.193 318.335 0.481 -0.481 re f 288.674 318.335 111.297 -0.481 re f 399.972 318.335 0.48 -0.481 re f 400.452 318.335 126.94 -0.481 re f 527.392 318.335 0.481 -0.481 re f 527.392 318.335 0.481 -0.481 re f 97.604 317.854 0.481 -34.294 re f 288.193 317.854 0.481 -34.294 re f 399.972 317.854 0.48 -34.294 re f 527.392 317.854 0.481 -34.294 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 10.0028 0 0 10.0037 118.2989 264.6672 Tm [(1991)-6893.8(4817.6)-8886.6(6004.8)-9464(4.67)]TJ ET 97.604 283.439 0.481 -1.564 re f 98.132 283.439 62.956 -0.482 re f 98.085 282.477 62.79 -0.481 re f 161.254 283.439 0.481 -0.482 re f 160.938 283.439 127.255 -0.482 re f 160.641 282.477 127.552 -0.481 re f 288.193 281.995 0.481 -0.12 re f 288.193 283.439 1.444 -0.482 re f 288.193 282.477 1.444 -0.481 re f 289.637 283.439 110.335 -0.482 re f 289.637 282.477 110.335 -0.481 re f 399.972 281.995 0.48 -0.12 re f 399.972 283.439 1.443 -0.482 re f 399.972 282.477 1.443 -0.481 re f 401.415 283.439 125.977 -0.482 re f 401.415 282.477 125.977 -0.481 re f 527.392 283.439 0.481 -1.564 re f 97.604 281.875 0.481 -21.54 re f 288.193 281.875 0.481 -21.54 re f 399.972 281.875 0.48 -21.54 re f 527.392 281.875 0.481 -21.54 re f BT 10.0028 0 0 10.0037 118.2989 242.6469 Tm [(1992)-6893.8(5043.2)-8886.6(6386.7)-9464(4.95)]TJ ET 97.604 260.336 0.481 -0.482 re f 98.085 260.336 62.722 -0.482 re f 161.115 260.336 127.078 -0.482 re f 288.193 260.336 0.481 -0.482 re f 288.674 260.336 111.297 -0.482 re f 399.972 260.336 0.48 -0.482 re f 400.452 260.336 126.94 -0.482 re f 527.392 260.336 0.481 -0.482 re f 97.604 259.854 0.481 -21.659 re f 288.193 259.854 0.481 -21.659 re f 399.972 259.854 0.48 -21.659 re f 527.392 259.854 0.481 -21.659 re f BT 10.0028 0 0 10.0037 118.2989 220.5064 Tm [(1993)-6893.8(5105.3)-8886.6(6569.2)-9464(5.07)]TJ ET 97.604 238.315 0.481 -0.482 re f 98.085 238.315 62.769 -0.482 re f 161.032 238.315 127.161 -0.482 re f 288.193 238.315 0.481 -0.482 re f 288.674 238.315 111.297 -0.482 re f 399.972 238.315 0.48 -0.482 re f 400.452 238.315 126.94 -0.482 re f 527.392 238.315 0.481 -0.482 re f 97.604 237.834 0.481 -21.66 re f 288.193 237.834 0.481 -21.66 re f 399.972 237.834 0.48 -21.66 re f 527.392 237.834 0.481 -21.66 re f BT 10.0028 0 0 10.0037 118.2989 198.3644 Tm [(1994)-6893.8(5192.3)-8886.6(6862.2)-9464(5.28)]TJ ET 97.604 216.174 0.481 -0.482 re f 98.085 216.174 62.659 -0.482 re f 161.079 216.174 127.114 -0.482 re f 288.193 216.174 0.481 -0.482 re f 288.674 216.174 111.297 -0.482 re f 399.972 216.174 0.48 -0.482 re f 400.452 216.174 126.94 -0.482 re f 527.392 216.174 0.481 -0.482 re f 97.604 215.692 0.481 -21.659 re f 288.193 215.692 0.481 -21.659 re f 399.972 215.692 0.48 -21.659 re f 527.392 215.692 0.481 -21.659 re f BT 10.0028 0 0 10.0037 118.2989 176.3436 Tm [(1995)-6893.8(5420.3)-8886.6(7399.9)-9464(5.69)]TJ ET 97.604 194.033 0.481 -0.482 re f 98.085 194.033 62.972 -0.482 re f 161.032 194.033 127.161 -0.482 re f 288.193 194.033 0.481 -0.482 re f 288.674 194.033 111.297 -0.482 re f 399.972 194.033 0.48 -0.482 re f 400.452 194.033 126.94 -0.482 re f 527.392 194.033 0.481 -0.482 re f 97.604 193.551 0.481 -21.659 re f 288.193 193.551 0.481 -21.659 re f 399.972 193.551 0.48 -21.659 re f 527.392 193.551 0.481 -21.659 re f BT 10.0028 0 0 10.0037 118.2989 154.2027 Tm [(1996)-6893.8(5599.3)-8886.6(8058.5)-9464(6.17)]TJ ET 97.604 171.892 0.481 -0.482 re f 98.085 171.892 62.816 -0.482 re f 161.254 171.892 0.481 -0.482 re f 160.291 171.892 0.481 -0.482 re f 160.938 171.892 127.255 -0.482 re f 288.193 171.892 0.481 -0.482 re f 288.674 171.892 111.297 -0.482 re f 399.972 171.892 0.48 -0.482 re f 400.452 171.892 126.94 -0.482 re f 527.392 171.892 0.481 -0.482 re f 97.604 171.41 0.481 -21.659 re f 288.193 171.41 0.481 -21.659 re f 399.972 171.41 0.48 -21.659 re f 527.392 171.41 0.481 -21.659 re f BT 10.0028 0 0 10.0037 118.2989 132.0617 Tm [(1997)-6893.8(5712.7)-8886.6(8503.2)-9464(6.51)]TJ ET 97.604 149.871 0.481 -0.482 re f 98.085 149.871 62.206 -0.482 re f 160.291 149.871 0.481 -0.482 re f 161.032 149.871 127.161 -0.482 re f 288.193 149.871 0.481 -0.482 re f 288.674 149.871 111.297 -0.482 re f 399.972 149.871 0.48 -0.482 re f 400.452 149.871 126.94 -0.482 re f 527.392 149.871 0.481 -0.482 re f 97.604 149.389 0.481 -21.66 re f 97.604 127.729 0.481 -0.481 re f 97.604 127.729 0.481 -0.481 re f 98.085 127.729 62.206 -0.481 re f 160.291 127.729 0.481 -0.481 re f 160.772 127.729 127.421 -0.481 re f 288.193 149.389 0.481 -21.66 re f 288.193 127.729 0.481 -0.481 re f 288.674 127.729 111.297 -0.481 re f 399.972 149.389 0.48 -21.66 re f 399.972 127.729 0.48 -0.481 re f 400.452 127.729 126.94 -0.481 re f 527.392 149.389 0.481 -21.66 re f 527.392 127.729 0.481 -0.481 re f 527.392 127.729 0.481 -0.481 re f 160.669 318.053 0.482 -34.945 re f 160.693 282.093 0.481 -154.572 re f EMC 0 0 0 RG 0.96 w /GS1 gs 1 i 96.72 112.32 m 526.44 112.32 l S endstream endobj 12 0 obj << /Title (article 4-4 graphs.eps) /Creator (Adobe Illustrator\(R\) 8.0) /Author (Karin Mueller) >> endobj 13 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 157 0 R /Resources 14 0 R /Contents 15 0 R /Thumb 116 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 14 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F4 177 0 R /F6 181 0 R /F9 192 0 R /F11 198 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 211 0 R /GS2 212 0 R /GS3 213 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs9 95 0 R >> /Properties << /MC5 16 0 R >> >> endobj 15 0 obj << /Length 15638 >> stream BT /F4 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 56.28 26.4 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs 0.0067 Tc 0 Tw (32)Tj ET 1 0 0.027 RG 0 J 0 j 0.48 w 10 M []0 d /GS1 gs 1 i 55.08 42.96 m 541.08 42.96 l 55.08 39.48 m 541.08 39.48 l S BT 9 0 0 9 396.96 25.08 Tm /GS2 gs 0 Tc (C)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 403.56 25.08 Tm 0.0439 Tc (HINA)Tj 9 0 0 9 420.84 25.08 Tm 0.045 Tc ( E)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 429 25.08 Tm 0.0425 Tc [(NVIR)42.5(ONMENT)]TJ 9 0 0 9 475.44 25.08 Tm 0.041 Tc ( S)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 482.88 25.08 Tm 0.0458 Tc (ERIES)Tj 9 0 0 9 501.12 25.08 Tm 0.0451 Tc [( )14.3( I)]TJ 6.3 0 0 6.3 517.92 25.08 Tm 0.0481 Tc (SSUE)Tj 9 0 0 9 533.76 25.08 Tm 0.0483 Tc ( 3)Tj ET 0 0 0 RG 0.96 w 1000 M /GS1 gs 54.48 737.52 319.04 -37.29 re B* BT /F9 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 64.5599 721.4401 Tm /Cs9 cs 0 scn -0.001 Tc 0.0057 Tw [(Figure 1.)53.5( Elements of a Comprehensive )97.2(V)55.1(ehic)20.8(le P)42.6(ollution)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0137 Tw [(Contr)20.7(ol Strategy)]TJ ET 54.48 737.52 319.04 -233.04 re S BT /F6 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 53.9999 479.4 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs 0.001 Tc 0.1 Tw (and NO)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 91.08 475.8 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 93.84 479.4 Tm -0.0002 Tc 0.1035 Tw [( will also rise. S)10.7(ince diesel)]TJ -3.6218 -1.2109 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.0135 Tw [(par)-10.3(ticulates have been identified as a)]TJ T* -0.01 Tc -0.0626 Tw (likely human carcinogen, this risk will)Tj T* -0.0072 Tc -0.0615 Tw [(increase as well. )58.9(The )15.2(W)91(orld B)14.6(ank data)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD -0.0098 Tc -0.0622 Tw [(str)12(ess that based on the v)12(ehicle gro)18(wth)]TJ 0 -1.2109 TD 0.0007 Tc -0.0191 Tw (projections, it can be concluded that)Tj T* 0.0117 Tc 0.1255 Tw [(a successful program to r)22.6(educe air)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.1057 Tw [(pollution and its local and r)11.3(egional)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0243 Tw (effects will depend on the success in)Tj 0 -1.2 TD 0.0629 Tc 0.5999 Tw (controlling mobile emissions)Tj 0 -1.2109 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(sour)10.8(ces.)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 87.24 350.04 Tm -0.0063 Tc (14)Tj 11 0 0 11 93.5999 346.44 Tm 0.0001 Tc -0.023 Tw [( I)11(n)-0.1( light of these danger)11(ous)]TJ -3.6 -1.2109 TD 0.0009 Tc 0.0155 Tw [(pollution trends, the N)44.5(ational Envi)11.8(-)]TJ T* 0.0198 Tc 0.125 Tw [(ronmental P)41.6(r)2.7(otection A)8.9(dministra-)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD -0.0029 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(tionno)8(w upgraded to the S)29.8(tate E)8(n)2.1(-)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0724 Tw [(vir)11.4(onmental P)22.3(r)5.2(otection A)11.4(dministra-)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0646 Tw [(tion \(SEP)44.2(A\)undertook a study of)]TJ T* -0.0021 Tc -0.0627 Tw (national and local plans, which could)Tj T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0521 Tw [(help alleviate the gr)11.3(o)6.4(wing emissions)]TJ T* -0.0098 Tc -0.063 Tw [(from mobile sources. )55.4(The SEP)44.7(A study)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc -0.0188 Tw [(and its conclusions are pr)22.3(esented be-)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.028 Tw [(lo)11(w)81.9(.)2.8( )43.9(This article then concludes with)]TJ T* -0.0056 Tc -0.062 Tw [(examples of recent municipal go)16.2(vern-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0543 Tw [(ment actions to control v)11.2(ehicle emis-)]TJ T* 0.0036 Tc 0 Tw (sions.)Tj /F4 1 Tf 1.7564 -3.6 TD -0.0022 Tc 0.0398 Tw [(SEP)85.1(A T)]TJ 7.7 0 0 7.7 108.36 135 Tm -0.0007 Tc 0 Tw (ECHNICAL)Tj 11 0 0 11 147.6 135 Tm -0.0139 Tc ( P)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 156.72 135 Tm 0.0166 Tc [(LA)21(N)]TJ 11 0 0 11 171.96 135 Tm 0.0395 Tc ( T)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 182.76 135 Tm 0 Tc (O)Tj 11 0 0 11 69.72 121.8 Tm (A)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 76.56 121.8 Tm 0.0012 Tc (DDRESS)Tj 11 0 0 11 105.96 121.8 Tm -0.0477 Tc ( V)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 115.32 121.8 Tm 0.0009 Tc (EHICLE)Tj 11 0 0 11 142.92 121.8 Tm -0.003 Tc ( P)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 152.16 121.8 Tm -0.0022 Tc [(OLL)29(UTION)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 71.9999 95.4 Tm 0.0075 Tc 0.1257 Tw [(Generally)94.8(, the goal of a motor)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.0317 Tw [(v)6.9(ehicle pollution control pr)11.3(ogram is)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0609 Tw [(to r)11.4(educe emissions fr)11.4(om motor ve)7.4(-)]TJ 15.0873 37.3309 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0491 Tw [(hicles in-use to the degree necessar)-21.9(y)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0234 Tw (to achieve healthy air quality as rap-)Tj T* -0.0012 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(idly as possible or)64.3(, failing that for rea-)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.06 Tw [(sons of impracticality)87.8(, to the practi-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.1148 Tw (cal limits of effective technological,)Tj T* 0.0469 Tc 0.1258 Tw [(economic, and social feasibility)90.5(.)]TJ T* 0.0092 Tc 0.1248 Tw [(A)10.4(chiev)9.2(ement of this goal generally)]TJ T* 0.0237 Tc 0.1252 Tw [(r)6.6(equir)12.8(es a compr)12.8(ehensive strategy)]TJ T* -0.0102 Tc -0.0622 Tw (encompassing emissions standards for)Tj T* 0.0077 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(ne)-14.1(w v)7.7(ehicles, clean fuels, and pr)7.7(o-)]TJ T* -0.0041 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(grams designed to assur)6.8(e that v)6.8(ehicles)]TJ T* -0.0127 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(are maintained in a manner that mini-)]TJ T* -0.0096 Tc -0.0629 Tw [(mizes their emissions. F)44.9(inally)99.5(, to com-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0103 Tw [(plete this compr)11.1(ehensive strategy)98.4(, an)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0471 Tw (effective program for traffic and de-)Tj T* 0.0122 Tc 0.125 Tw (mand management that limits the)Tj T* 0.0058 Tc 0.1253 Tw [(demand for and use of all v)-5.1(ehicles)]TJ T* 0.0114 Tc 0.1257 Tw [(must be formulated. I)22.3(deally)87.8(, to be)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0489 Tw [(politically feasible, these emission r)11.2(e)7.2(-)]TJ T* 0.0528 Tw (duction goals should be achieved in)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0812 Tw [(the least costly manner)65.3(. F)32.5(igur)10.7(e 1 il-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.12 Tw [(lustrates the elements of a compr)11.2(e)7.2(-)]TJ T* 0.0324 Tc 0.1254 Tw (hensive vehicle pollution control)Tj T* -0.0011 Tc 0 Tw [(strategy)86.2(.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.1258 Tw [(S)19.8(tandar)10.8(ds for permissible lev)10.8(els)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0352 Tw (of exhaust and evaporative emissions)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0235 Tw (from motor vehicles should be based)Tj T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0008 Tw (on a realistic assessment of costs and)Tj T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0517 Tw [(benefits keeping in vie)-10.3(w the techni-)]TJ T* 0.0016 Tc 0.125 Tw (cal and administrative feasibility of)Tj T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0821 Tw [(proposed countermeasur)11.1(es. )44.1(T)136.6(echno-)]TJ T* 0 Tc -0.0083 Tw (logical approaches to achieve the de-)Tj 15.0982 59.8909 TD -0.0004 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(sir)10.5(ed emission standar)10.5(ds may include)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0141 Tc 0.1251 Tw (fitting new vehicles with emission)Tj T* -0.0013 Tc -0.0629 Tw [(contr)9.6(ol devices, such as catalytic con-)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc -0.0273 Tw [(v)7.2(e)-2.2(rters or par)-10.2(ticulate traps, r)11.6(equiring)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0817 Tw [(such devices to be r)11.1(etrofitted to ex-)]TJ T* 0.1147 Tw (isting vehicles, and modifying fuels)Tj T* 0.0006 Tc -0.0379 Tw [(or r)11.5(equiring the use of alternativ)11.5(e fu-)]TJ T* -0.0006 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(els in cer)-11.5(tain vehicles. E)10.3(m)-0.4(issions may)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.1026 Tw [(also be r)11.3(educed thr)11.3(ough traffic and)]TJ T* 0.0667 Tw (demand management strategies and)Tj T* 0.0115 Tc 0.125 Tw (policy instruments, such as higher)Tj T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0484 Tw [(tax)22(es for vehicles that will be driv)11.1(e)-6.1(n)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.1044 Tw [(in high pollution ar)11.3(eas during r)-10.5(ush)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc -0.0017 Tw [(hours. H)21.6(o)5.8(w)5.3(e)-1.3(v)10.7(e)-3.1(r)65.3(,)-0.2( many of the poten-)]TJ T* -0.0025 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(tial benefits of these countermeasur)8.4(e)7.4(s)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.03 Tw [(will be squander)11(ed if r)11(egulator)-21.7(y and)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0251 Tw [(economic instr)-10.4(uments do not cr)11.4(eate)]TJ T* 0.023 Tc 0.1253 Tw [(the incentiv)12.1(es for vehicle o)12.1(wners,)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0338 Tw [(manufactur)11.4(ers, and fuel suppliers to)]TJ T* 0.0577 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(comply with the standar)14.1(ds and)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0245 Tw [(change their behavior to achiev)11.1(e the)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.1074 Tw [(desir)10.8(ed goals. A key element of the)]TJ T* -0.0022 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(o)14.7(v)15.3(erall strategy)85.1(, ther)8.7(efor)8.7(e, must be ef-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0523 Tw [(fective enfor)11.3(cement to ensur)11.3(e maxi-)]TJ T* 0.0122 Tw [(mum compliance with standar)22.2(ds.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.005 Tc -0.0628 Tw [(T)142.3(o)1.2( dev)5.9(elop a national strategy for)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.1044 Tw [(addr)11(essing vehicle pollution, SEP)43.7(A,)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0453 Tw [(with support from the )10.8(W)87.3(orld B)10.9(ank,)]TJ T* -0.0106 Tc -0.0623 Tw [(pulled together a team of exper)-10.6(ts fr)11.2(om)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.04 Tw [(a v)11.3(ariety of go)11.3(v)6.9(ernment agencies and)]TJ T* -0.0068 Tc -0.0624 Tw (technical institutes and universities to)Tj T* 0.0175 Tc 0.1248 Tw [(study the v)6.6(ehicle pollution issues.)]TJ T* 0.015 Tc 0.1251 Tw [(T)129.5(aking Beijing and G)25.9(uangzhou as)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0336 Tw (typical cities, the study analyzed the)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0409 Tw [(main r)11(easons for the serious vehicu-)]TJ T* 0.0166 Tc 0.1255 Tw [(lar pollution in China. )60.3(The study)]TJ T* -0.0083 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(determined the av)13.5(erage emission rates)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.103 Tw (for the existing vehicle fleet and its)Tj T* 0.0008 Tc 0.1103 Tw (contribution to urban air pollution)Tj T* -0.0067 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(and pr)15.1(edicted the future v)15.1(ehicular de-)]TJ T* 0.0112 Tc 0.1257 Tw [(v)6.8(elopment and pollution. Another)]TJ T* 0.0024 Tc 0.125 Tw [(impor)-8.5(tant component of the study)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc -0.0363 Tw [(was a comparativ)11.4(e analysis of for)11.4(eign)]TJ T* 0.0186 Tc 0.1257 Tw [(experiences on contr)7.7(olling v)7.7(ehicle)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc -0.051 Tw [(emission pollution and ev)11.5(aluated the)]TJ T* 0.0118 Tc 0.1257 Tw [(feasibility and cost-effectiv)11.8(eness of)]TJ T* 0.0192 Tc 0.125 Tw (implementing the internationally-)Tj T* 0 Tc 0.0546 Tw (advanced technologies and manage-)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0818 Tw [(ment systems in China. F)32.8(inally)98.3(, the)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0114 Tw [(study defined the v)11.3(ehicular emission)]TJ T* 0.0196 Tc 0.1256 Tw [(contr)8.7(ol targets and corr)8.7(esponding)]TJ ET /EmbeddedDocument /MC5 BDC 1 g 0 G 0.46 w 1 M /GS3 gs 1.46 i 183.514 691.9 m 232.502 691.883 l 256.988 668.421 l 232.486 644.976 l 183.497 644.994 l 159.012 668.456 l 183.514 691.9 l b 108.905 622.655 m 157.893 622.637 l 182.379 599.176 l 157.877 575.731 l 108.888 575.748 l 84.402 599.21 l 108.905 622.655 l b 189.848 559.297 m 238.836 559.279 l 263.323 535.818 l 238.82 512.373 l 189.831 512.39 l 165.346 535.852 l 189.848 559.297 l b 266.4 621.4 m 315.388 621.382 l 339.874 597.921 l 315.371 574.476 l 266.383 574.494 l 241.897 597.955 l 266.4 621.4 l b 161 537.403 m 142.175 535.521 133.391 552.458 133.391 568.141 c f 0 0 0 1 k 138.72 554.856 m 141.501 555.92 l 140.039 557.293 138.664 558.905 137.419 560.691 c 136.173 562.478 135.054 564.44 134.092 566.54 c 133.301 564.371 132.676 562.077 132.254 559.675 c 131.833 557.273 131.615 554.763 131.669 552.157 c 134.55 553.26 l 135.718 547.819 138.224 542.203 142.925 537.808 c 147.567 533.348 154.416 530.913 160.96 530.645 c 157.899 532.817 155.301 535.406 153.53 538.225 c 156.465 540.261 158.604 542.826 160.185 545.544 c 156.355 544.31 152.49 544.059 148.677 545.62 c 144.859 547.131 141.288 550.538 138.72 554.856 c f 0 1 1 0.1 k 0 0 0 1 K 0.38 w 4 M 137.304 555.417 m 140.116 556.396 l 138.661 557.884 137.319 559.601 136.113 561.482 c 134.907 563.364 133.835 565.41 132.929 567.592 c 132.081 565.387 131.401 563.051 130.924 560.603 c 130.447 558.155 130.17 555.595 130.174 552.933 c 133.087 553.948 l 134.132 548.318 136.521 542.461 141.191 537.68 c 145.792 532.83 152.85 529.909 159.675 529.416 c 156.17 531.749 153.239 534.659 151.354 537.794 c 154.667 539.441 157.17 541.762 159.041 544.322 c 155.124 543.293 151.052 543.366 147.151 545.324 c 143.251 547.234 139.759 550.938 137.304 555.417 c b 1 g 295.458 569.63 m 300.715 551.462 285.642 539.76 270.214 536.923 c f 0 0 0 1 k 282.319 544.566 m 280.77 547.108 l 279.683 545.422 278.346 543.779 276.814 542.231 c 275.282 540.683 273.555 539.228 271.663 537.902 c 273.939 537.517 276.31 537.317 278.748 537.337 c 281.187 537.358 283.695 537.597 286.25 538.121 c 284.644 540.755 l 289.785 542.887 294.856 546.368 298.329 551.785 c 301.878 557.156 303.033 564.331 302.113 570.814 c 300.53 567.411 298.453 564.388 296.001 562.137 c 293.467 564.654 290.557 566.293 287.597 567.357 c 289.504 563.813 290.449 560.059 289.604 556.027 c 288.808 552 286.102 547.872 282.319 544.566 c f 0 1 1 0.1 k 282.024 543.072 m 280.552 545.66 l 279.351 543.961 277.905 542.331 276.273 540.805 c 274.64 539.278 272.82 537.854 270.838 536.568 c 273.161 536.133 275.582 535.888 278.076 535.861 c 280.57 535.835 283.139 536.026 285.757 536.511 c 284.232 539.192 l 289.58 541.238 294.911 544.647 298.769 550.103 c 302.708 555.504 304.304 562.972 303.555 569.772 c 301.894 565.904 299.562 562.496 296.819 560.075 c 294.599 563.035 291.863 565.076 289.006 566.453 c 290.727 562.787 291.392 558.771 290.171 554.58 c 288.998 550.4 285.985 546.296 282.024 543.072 c b 1 g 258.461 652.641 m 276.69 657.698 288.229 642.502 290.899 627.049 c f 0 0 0 1 k 283.386 639.233 m 280.827 637.711 l 282.501 636.607 284.13 635.253 285.662 633.705 c 287.194 632.156 288.63 630.413 289.935 628.507 c 290.346 630.779 290.571 633.147 290.578 635.584 c 290.583 638.023 290.372 640.533 289.875 643.092 c 287.223 641.516 l 285.146 646.678 281.721 651.786 276.34 655.317 c 271.007 658.922 263.843 660.156 257.35 659.307 c 260.736 657.687 263.736 655.578 265.961 653.102 c 263.416 650.596 261.744 647.705 260.649 644.758 c 264.213 646.626 267.979 647.53 272.002 646.641 c 276.022 645.801 280.121 643.051 283.386 639.233 c f 0 1 1 0.1 k 284.877 638.922 m 282.273 637.478 l 283.959 636.26 285.574 634.796 287.082 633.148 c 288.592 631.499 289.996 629.664 291.261 627.668 c 291.721 629.986 291.993 632.404 292.047 634.896 c 292.1 637.39 291.937 639.96 291.48 642.582 c 288.782 641.086 l 286.794 646.456 283.443 651.822 278.028 655.738 c 272.668 659.734 265.216 661.412 258.407 660.737 c 262.258 659.034 265.641 656.666 268.032 653.897 c 265.048 651.71 262.976 648.997 261.568 646.156 c 265.254 647.837 269.278 648.458 273.456 647.192 c 277.624 645.973 281.695 642.917 284.877 638.922 c b 1 g 131.84 630.618 m 131.661 649.531 149.325 656.751 164.948 655.338 c f 0 0 0 1 k 151.233 651.229 m 152.043 648.365 l 153.543 649.696 155.272 650.92 157.164 651.999 c 159.056 653.078 161.111 654.016 163.289 654.784 c 161.2 655.767 158.971 656.596 156.616 657.233 c 154.262 657.868 151.781 658.312 149.18 658.493 c 150.019 655.525 l 144.493 654.852 138.673 652.863 133.872 648.578 c 129.01 644.358 125.968 637.758 125.111 631.266 c 127.551 634.119 130.364 636.472 133.331 637.982 c 135.095 634.876 137.458 632.515 140.022 630.695 c 139.138 634.621 139.237 638.491 141.135 642.147 c 142.985 645.812 146.701 649.061 151.233 651.229 c f 0 1 1 0.1 k 151.92 652.589 m 152.642 649.701 l 154.255 651.015 156.086 652.196 158.068 653.227 c 160.052 654.259 162.187 655.142 164.443 655.848 c 162.322 656.89 160.056 657.778 157.661 658.474 c 155.266 659.169 152.74 659.676 150.088 659.911 c 150.836 656.919 l 145.134 656.386 139.083 654.535 133.901 650.317 c 128.654 646.172 125.109 639.408 124.002 632.657 c 126.643 635.937 129.805 638.592 133.098 640.187 c 134.44 636.74 136.527 634.038 138.908 631.945 c 138.237 635.938 138.676 639.985 140.978 643.694 c 143.232 647.405 147.237 650.548 151.92 652.589 c b BT /F11 1 Tf 8.2794 0 0 8.2773 193.2535 677.8049 Tm 0 g 0 Tc 0 Tw (CLEAN)Tj -0.445 -1.1944 TD (VEHICLE)Tj -1.361 -1.1944 TD (TECHNOLOGY)Tj 11.4451 -6.1667 TD (TRAFFIC)Tj -0.5555 -1.1944 TD (& DEMAND)Tj -1.0835 -1.1945 TD ( MANAGEMENT)Tj -8.9447 -6.5 TD (CLEAN FUELS)Tj -10.1115 8.2778 TD (APPROPRIATE)Tj -0.0825 -1.1944 TD (MAINTENANCE)Tj ET EMC endstream endobj 16 0 obj << /Title (article 4-1 figure.eps) /Creator (Adobe Illustrator\(R\) 8.0) /Author (Karin Mueller) >> endobj 17 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 157 0 R /Resources 18 0 R /Contents 19 0 R /Thumb 118 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 18 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 197 0 R /F4 177 0 R /F6 181 0 R /F8 194 0 R /F9 192 0 R /F10 199 0 R /F11 198 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 211 0 R /GS2 212 0 R /GS4 94 0 R >> /Properties << /MC6 20 0 R >> >> endobj 19 0 obj << /Length 21183 >> stream 1 0 0.027 RG 0 J 0 j 0.48 w 10 M []0 d /GS1 gs 1 i 72 42.96 m 558 42.96 l 72 39.48 m 558 39.48 l S BT /F4 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 72 25.08 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (C)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 78.48 25.08 Tm 0.0439 Tc (HINA)Tj 9 0 0 9 95.76 25.08 Tm 0.045 Tc ( E)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 104.04 25.08 Tm 0.0425 Tc [(NVIR)42.5(ONMENT)]TJ 9 0 0 9 150.36 25.08 Tm 0.041 Tc ( S)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 157.92 25.08 Tm 0.0458 Tc (ERIES)Tj 9 0 0 9 176.16 25.08 Tm 0.0451 Tc [( )14.3( I)]TJ 6.3 0 0 6.3 192.96 25.08 Tm 0.0481 Tc (SSUE)Tj 9 0 0 9 208.8 25.08 Tm 0.0483 Tc ( 3)Tj 37.7733 0.08 TD 0.0067 Tc (33)Tj /F6 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 72 729.2401 Tm -0.0098 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(technology and management strategy)99.3(.)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 2.0073 -3.6 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (E)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 100.44 689.64 Tm 0.0013 Tc (MISSIONS)Tj 11 0 0 11 136.92 689.64 Tm -0.0281 Tc ( S)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 144.96 689.64 Tm 0.0011 Tc [(T)106.5(ANDARDS)]TJ 11 0 0 11 186.12 689.64 Tm 0 Tc ( )Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 188.64 689.64 Tm -0.0009 Tc (FOR)Tj 11 0 0 11 118.32 676.4401 Tm 0 Tc (N)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 126.96 676.4401 Tm -0.019 Tc (EW)Tj 11 0 0 11 138.72 676.4401 Tm -0.0477 Tc ( V)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 148.2 676.4401 Tm -0.0001 Tc (EHICLES)Tj /F6 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 90 650.04 Tm 0.0246 Tc 0.1259 Tw [(T)139.1(o)-0.1( determine the appropriate)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0059 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(national emissions standar)15.9(ds to adopt)]TJ T* 0.0127 Tc 0.1255 Tw [(in China, estimates we)9.8(re made b)12.7(y)]TJ T* 0.0014 Tc [(W)88.7(orld B)23.2(ank and SEP)45(A analysts r)12.3(e)8.3(-)]TJ T* 0.007 Tc 0.1248 Tw [(gar)17.9(ding the potential emissions r)17.9(e)3(-)]TJ T* 0.0036 Tc 0.125 Tw [(ductions that such standar)14.5(ds could)]TJ T* 0 Tc -0.0405 Tw [(achieve. )44(The costs and cost-effectiv)10.9(e)6.9(-)]TJ T* -0.0057 Tc -0.0633 Tw [(ness of these standar)16.1(ds w)5.2(e)2.3(r)5.2(e)2.9( ev)-5.7(aluated)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.073 Tw [(and compar)10.7(ed. )43.7(The costs of various)]TJ T* 0.0219 Tc 0.1237 Tw [(standar)21.9(ds to reduce NO)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 183.48 527.52 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 186.36 531.24 Tm 0.0223 Tc 0.127 Tw [( are pr)11.4(e)7.4(-)]TJ 4.6909 18 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.024 Tw [(sented in )55.2(T)115.1(able 5. M)33.3(ost of the strate-)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0 Tc -0.0444 Tw [(gies considered for new vehicles wer)21.8(e)]TJ T* 0.0013 Tc 0.1248 Tw [(based on E)12.2(u)-5.6(r)12.2(opean regulations, for)]TJ T* 0.0135 Tc 0.125 Tw (China had previously adopted the)Tj T* 0.0101 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(first generation of E)10.1(u)3.2(ropean emis-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0861 Tw [(sions standar)11.3(ds. M)33.1(o)0.2(reo)22.2(v)6.9(er)76.8(, the larg-)]TJ T* 0.0069 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(est car manufactur)6.9(er in China is a)]TJ T* 0.0211 Tc 0.1273 Tw [(E)16(u)3.3(ropean companyV)108.4(olkswagen.)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc -0.0317 Tw [(The impor)-10.3(tant ex)11.5(ception was the in-)]TJ T* 0.0133 Tc 0.125 Tw [(clusion of J)35.1(apanese and )46(T)127.8(aiwanese)]TJ T* -0.0105 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(strategies for motor)-10.5(c)9.3(y)11.3(cles. )54.8(These strat-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.05 Tw [(egies w)11.1(e)-2.7(r)11.1(e)-0.2( consider)11.1(ed, because most)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.1157 Tw [(motorcy)22.2(cles in China ar)11.3(e manufac-)]TJ T* 0.0014 Tc 0.0028 Tw [(tur)12.3(ed in J)34.1(apan and )44.4(T)126.9(aiwan.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0471 Tw [(I)21.9(t)0( can be seen that all but the last)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0062 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(three strategies consider)15.6(ed would cost)]TJ 15.0982 18 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0272 Tw (less than U.S. $2000 per ton of NO)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 555.2401 725.52 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 404.04 716.04 Tm 0.0006 Tc 0.0216 Tw [(r)16.2(educed. K)11.5(eeping emission costs be-)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0582 Tw [(lo)22.1(w U.S. $2000 indicates a ver)-10.6(y)0.3( cost-)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0014 Tw [(effectiv)11(e level based on international)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0477 Tw [(experience. F)44(r)5.1(om this br)11.3(oad analysis,)]TJ T* -0.0058 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(sev)5.1(eral potential scenarios w)5.1(e)2.2(r)16(e)-0.2( dev)5.1(el-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0408 Tw [(oped in the )22.1(W)87.5(orld B)11.1(ank/SEP)43.8(A study)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0514 Tw [(to r)22.2(epresent packages of measur)11.3(es for)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0658 Tw [(all categories of new vehicles. I)21.6(n)0.7( se-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0282 Tw (lecting strategies to be adopted, sev-)Tj T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0135 Tw [(eral factors w)11.5(e)-2.3(r)11.5(e)-0.5( taken into account,)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.016 Tw [(including the follo)22(wing:)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 0.8182 -1.2 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F6 1 Tf 1.0145 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0046 Tw (Air quality need;)Tj /F4 1 Tf -1.0145 -1.2 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F6 1 Tf 1.0145 0 TD 0.0306 Tc 0.1255 Tw [(P)56(otential effectiveness of the)]TJ -0.1964 -1.2 TD -0.0014 Tc 0 Tw [(measur)9.5(e;)]TJ /F4 1 Tf -0.8182 -1.2 TD 0 Tc ()Tj /F6 1 Tf 1.0145 0 TD 0.0003 Tc 0.068 Tw (Cost of the measure, including)Tj ET 0.9 0.9 0.9 rg 0.9 0.9 0.9 RG 0.96 w 1000 M /GS1 gs 72.48 518.07 485.04 -449.29 re B* 0 0 0 RG 2.04 w 10 M 72 517.74 m 558 517.74 l 72 67.26 m 558 67.26 l S BT /F9 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 94.2 498.84 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs -0.0009 Tc 0.0106 Tw [(T)97.4(a)-1.2(b)20.9(le 5.)42.7( Cost Eff)10(ectiveness of )97.3(V)66.1(arious Ne)20.9(w)7.5( )86.4(V)66.1(ehic)20.9(le Emission Strategies)]TJ /F8 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 99 107.16 Tm 0.0007 Tc 0 Tw [(Source:)60.7( )]TJ /F1 1 Tf 3.66 0 TD 0 Tc ()Tj /F8 1 Tf 0.3352 0 TD 0.0022 Tc (China)Tj /F1 1 Tf 2.6228 0 TD 0 Tc ()Tj /F8 1 Tf 0.162 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0371 Tw [(s Str)14.9(ategies f)29.9(or Controlling Motor )59.5(V)96.9(ehicle Emissions)14.9(,)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 23.16 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F8 1 Tf 0.285 0 TD -0.0011 Tc 0.0374 Tw [( Summar)-46.1(y Repor)-46.1(t, December 1997.)]TJ 4.7 0 0 4.7 99 100.2 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (a)Tj 8 0 0 8 101.64 97.56 Tm -0.0006 Tc 0.0784 Tw [(Relativ)29.4(e to current requirements)14.4(.)82.4( )7.6( )]TJ 4.7 0 0 4.7 224.04 100.2 Tm -0.0148 Tc 0 Tw (b )Tj 8 0 0 8 228.36 97.56 Tm -0.0008 Tc 0.0798 Tw [(In making this estimate)29.2(, all other benefits of the standards w)14.2(ere ignored.)59.2( )57(The entire)]TJ -16.17 -1.2 TD -0.0004 Tc -0.0343 Tw [(costs w)14.6(ere ascr)-15.4(ibed to NO)]TJ 4.7 0 0 4.7 191.64 87 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 8 0 0 8 194.04 87.96 Tm -0.0005 Tc -0.0347 Tw [( control e)44.5(v)19.5(en though in most cases)14.5(, substantial CO and/or HC reductions w)14.5(ould also occur)59.5(.)67.5( HD-)]TJ -11.88 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0195 Tw [(Hea)15.1(vy )-60.1(Duty)135.1(, )-60(LD-Light )-60(Duty)120.1(, )-60.7(D)75.1(V)97.1(-Diesel V)97.1(ehicle)15.1(, )-59.5(GV)105.1(-Gas V)82.1(ehicle)30.1(, )-60.2(GT2-Hea)30.1(vy )-59(Duty )-59(Gas V)82.1(ehicle;)60.1( )-59.6(MC-Motorcycle)]TJ ET /EmbeddedDocument /MC6 BDC BT /F11 1 Tf 10.463 0 0 10.0011 113.2518 471.164 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS4 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw [(Vehicle Type)-3548.1(Strategy)-2636.9(Tons NO)]TJ 7.3241 0 0 7.0008 327.3947 468.8824 Tm (x)Tj 10.463 0 0 10.0011 284.6014 457.7064 Tm (Reduced)Tj 7.3241 0 0 7.0008 329.456 462.8065 Tm (a)Tj 10.463 0 0 10.0011 366.2543 471.164 Tm [(Cost)-3134.5(Cost Effectiveness)]TJ 7.3241 0 0 7.0008 516.6272 475.9311 Tm (b)Tj 10.463 0 0 10.0011 444.6892 457.7064 Tm (\(US$/Ton\))Tj ET 3.174 i 96.224 486.286 0.536 -0.513 re f 96.224 486.286 0.536 -0.513 re f 96.76 486.286 101.362 -0.513 re f 198.122 486.286 0.536 -0.513 re f 198.659 486.286 75.351 -0.513 re f 274.009 486.286 0.537 -0.513 re f 274.546 486.286 69.853 -0.513 re f 344.399 486.286 0.537 -0.513 re f 344.936 486.286 66.636 -0.513 re f 411.572 486.286 0.537 -0.513 re f 412.109 486.286 120.132 -0.513 re f 532.242 486.286 0.535 -0.513 re f 532.242 486.286 0.535 -0.513 re f 96.224 485.773 0.536 -29.604 re f 274.009 485.773 0.537 -29.604 re f 344.399 485.773 0.537 -29.604 re f 411.572 485.773 0.537 -29.604 re f 532.242 485.773 0.535 -29.604 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 10.463 0 0 10.0011 123.4419 428.9991 Tm [(HDDV)-6073(EU2)-5269.5(2.2487)-4002.8($946)-6156.5($421)]TJ ET 96.224 456.169 0.536 -1.666 re f 96.76 456.169 101.111 -0.513 re f 96.76 455.144 101.362 -0.513 re f 197.85 456.169 76.16 -0.513 re f 198.017 455.144 75.992 -0.513 re f 274.009 454.631 0.537 -0.128 re f 274.009 456.169 1.609 -0.513 re f 274.009 455.144 1.609 -0.513 re f 275.618 456.169 68.781 -0.513 re f 275.618 455.144 68.781 -0.513 re f 344.399 454.631 0.537 -0.128 re f 344.399 456.169 1.609 -0.513 re f 344.399 455.144 1.609 -0.513 re f 346.008 456.169 65.564 -0.513 re f 346.008 455.144 65.564 -0.513 re f 411.572 454.631 0.537 -0.128 re f 411.572 456.169 1.609 -0.513 re f 411.572 455.144 1.609 -0.513 re f 413.181 456.169 119.06 -0.513 re f 413.181 455.144 119.06 -0.513 re f 532.242 456.169 0.535 -1.666 re f 96.224 454.503 0.536 -26.913 re f 274.009 454.503 0.537 -26.913 re f 344.399 454.503 0.537 -26.913 re f 411.572 454.503 0.537 -26.913 re f 532.242 454.503 0.535 -26.913 re f BT 10.463 0 0 10.0011 122.3693 412.4671 Tm [( Jeep)-6562.5(96/69)-4712.5(0.8602)-4297.5($42)-6417.8($49)]TJ ET 96.224 427.461 0.536 -0.512 re f 96.76 427.461 101.362 -0.512 re f 198.122 427.461 0.536 -0.512 re f 198.978 427.461 75.157 -0.512 re f 274.009 427.461 0.537 -0.512 re f 274.546 427.461 69.853 -0.512 re f 344.399 427.461 0.537 -0.512 re f 344.936 427.461 66.636 -0.512 re f 411.572 427.461 0.537 -0.512 re f 412.109 427.461 120.132 -0.512 re f 532.242 427.461 0.535 -0.512 re f 96.224 426.949 0.536 -16.148 re f 274.009 426.949 0.537 -16.148 re f 344.399 426.949 0.537 -16.148 re f 411.572 426.949 0.537 -16.148 re f 532.242 426.949 0.535 -16.148 re f BT 10.463 0 0 10.0011 122.3693 395.806 Tm [(LDDV)-6341.5(94/12)-4712.5(0.7694)-4002.8($396)-6156.5($515)]TJ ET 96.224 410.929 0.536 -0.512 re f 96.76 410.929 101.362 -0.512 re f 198.122 410.929 0.536 -0.512 re f 198.769 410.929 75.24 -0.512 re f 274.009 410.929 0.537 -0.512 re f 274.546 410.929 69.853 -0.512 re f 344.399 410.929 0.537 -0.512 re f 344.936 410.929 66.636 -0.512 re f 411.572 410.929 0.537 -0.512 re f 412.109 410.929 120.132 -0.512 re f 532.242 410.929 0.535 -0.512 re f 96.224 410.417 0.536 -16.148 re f 274.009 410.417 0.537 -16.148 re f 344.399 410.417 0.537 -16.148 re f 411.572 410.417 0.537 -16.148 re f 532.242 410.417 0.535 -16.148 re f BT 10.463 0 0 10.0011 122.3693 379.2739 Tm [(LDGV)-6285.5(94/12)-4712.5(0.704)-4558.8($382)-6156.5($543)]TJ ET 96.224 394.269 0.536 -0.513 re f 96.76 394.269 101.362 -0.513 re f 198.122 394.269 0.536 -0.513 re f 198.853 394.269 75.157 -0.513 re f 274.009 394.269 0.537 -0.513 re f 274.546 394.269 69.853 -0.513 re f 344.399 394.269 0.537 -0.513 re f 344.936 394.269 66.636 -0.513 re f 411.572 394.269 0.537 -0.513 re f 412.109 394.269 120.132 -0.513 re f 532.242 394.269 0.535 -0.513 re f 96.224 393.756 0.536 -16.147 re f 274.009 393.756 0.537 -16.147 re f 344.399 393.756 0.537 -16.147 re f 411.572 393.756 0.537 -16.147 re f 532.242 393.756 0.535 -16.147 re f BT 10.463 0 0 10.0011 122.3693 362.6138 Tm [(Jeep)-6840.5(93/59)-4712.5(0.6993)-4002.8($139)-6156.5($199)]TJ ET 96.224 377.736 0.536 -0.512 re f 96.76 377.736 101.362 -0.512 re f 198.122 377.736 0.536 -0.512 re f 198.853 377.736 75.157 -0.512 re f 274.009 377.736 0.537 -0.512 re f 274.546 377.736 69.853 -0.512 re f 344.399 377.736 0.537 -0.512 re f 344.936 377.736 66.636 -0.512 re f 411.572 377.736 0.537 -0.512 re f 412.109 377.736 120.132 -0.512 re f 532.242 377.736 0.535 -0.512 re f 96.224 377.224 0.536 -16.148 re f 274.009 377.224 0.537 -16.148 re f 344.399 377.224 0.537 -16.148 re f 411.572 377.224 0.537 -16.148 re f 532.242 377.224 0.535 -16.148 re f BT 10.463 0 0 10.0011 122.3693 346.0806 Tm [(LDDV)-6341.5(91/441)-4156.5(0.6239)-4002.8($100)-6156.5($160)]TJ ET 96.224 361.076 0.536 -0.513 re f 96.76 361.076 101.362 -0.513 re f 198.122 361.076 0.536 -0.513 re f 198.978 361.076 75.031 -0.513 re f 274.009 361.076 0.537 -0.513 re f 274.546 361.076 69.853 -0.513 re f 344.399 361.076 0.537 -0.513 re f 344.936 361.076 66.636 -0.513 re f 411.572 361.076 0.537 -0.513 re f 412.109 361.076 120.132 -0.513 re f 532.242 361.076 0.535 -0.513 re f 96.224 360.563 0.536 -16.147 re f 274.009 360.563 0.537 -16.147 re f 344.399 360.563 0.537 -16.147 re f 411.572 360.563 0.537 -16.147 re f 532.242 360.563 0.535 -16.147 re f BT 10.463 0 0 10.0011 122.3693 329.4206 Tm [(LDGT2)-5785.5(96/69)-4712.5(0.5859)-4002.8($370)-6156.5($632)]TJ ET 96.224 344.415 0.536 -0.513 re f 96.76 344.415 101.362 -0.513 re f 198.122 344.415 0.536 -0.513 re f 198.727 344.415 75.282 -0.513 re f 274.009 344.415 0.537 -0.513 re f 274.546 344.415 69.853 -0.513 re f 344.399 344.415 0.537 -0.513 re f 344.936 344.415 66.636 -0.513 re f 411.572 344.415 0.537 -0.513 re f 412.109 344.415 120.132 -0.513 re f 532.242 344.415 0.535 -0.513 re f 96.224 343.903 0.536 -16.148 re f 274.009 343.903 0.537 -16.148 re f 344.399 343.903 0.537 -16.148 re f 411.572 343.903 0.537 -16.148 re f 532.242 343.903 0.535 -16.148 re f BT 10.463 0 0 10.0011 122.3693 312.7596 Tm [(LDGV)-6285.5(91/441)-4156.5(0.5714)-4002.8($394)-6156.5($690)]TJ ET 96.224 327.883 0.536 -0.514 re f 96.76 327.883 101.362 -0.514 re f 198.122 327.883 0.536 -0.514 re f 198.853 327.883 75.157 -0.514 re f 274.009 327.883 0.537 -0.514 re f 274.546 327.883 69.853 -0.514 re f 344.399 327.883 0.537 -0.514 re f 344.936 327.883 66.636 -0.514 re f 411.572 327.883 0.537 -0.514 re f 412.109 327.883 120.132 -0.514 re f 532.242 327.883 0.535 -0.514 re f 96.224 327.37 0.536 -16.147 re f 274.009 327.37 0.537 -16.147 re f 344.399 327.37 0.537 -16.147 re f 411.572 327.37 0.537 -16.147 re f 532.242 327.37 0.535 -16.147 re f BT 10.463 0 0 10.0011 122.3693 296.2275 Tm [(LDDT)-6397.5(96/69)-4712.5(0.5037)-4002.8($370)-6156.5($734)]TJ ET 96.224 311.222 0.536 -0.513 re f 96.76 311.222 101.362 -0.513 re f 198.122 311.222 0.536 -0.513 re f 199.23 311.222 74.78 -0.513 re f 274.009 311.222 0.537 -0.513 re f 274.546 311.222 69.853 -0.513 re f 344.399 311.222 0.537 -0.513 re f 344.936 311.222 66.636 -0.513 re f 411.572 311.222 0.537 -0.513 re f 412.109 311.222 120.132 -0.513 re f 532.242 311.222 0.535 -0.513 re f 96.224 310.71 0.536 -16.148 re f 274.009 310.71 0.537 -16.148 re f 344.399 310.71 0.537 -16.148 re f 411.572 310.71 0.537 -16.148 re f 532.242 310.71 0.535 -16.148 re f BT 10.463 0 0 10.0011 122.3693 279.5669 Tm [(HDDV)-6175.5(EU1)-5269.5(0.4814)-4002.8($721)-6156.5($1,498)]TJ ET 96.224 294.689 0.536 -0.512 re f 96.76 294.689 101.362 -0.512 re f 198.122 294.689 0.536 -0.512 re f 199.104 294.689 74.905 -0.512 re f 274.009 294.689 0.537 -0.512 re f 274.546 294.689 69.853 -0.512 re f 344.399 294.689 0.537 -0.512 re f 344.936 294.689 66.636 -0.512 re f 411.572 294.689 0.537 -0.512 re f 412.109 294.689 120.132 -0.512 re f 532.242 294.689 0.535 -0.512 re f 96.224 294.177 0.536 -16.148 re f 274.009 294.177 0.537 -16.148 re f 344.399 294.177 0.537 -16.148 re f 411.572 294.177 0.537 -16.148 re f 532.242 294.177 0.535 -16.148 re f BT 10.463 0 0 10.0011 122.3693 263.0339 Tm [(Mini Vehicle)-3618.5(96/69)-4712.5(0.4468)-4002.8($316)-6156.5($706)]TJ ET 96.224 278.03 0.536 -0.514 re f 96.76 278.03 101.362 -0.514 re f 198.122 278.03 0.536 -0.514 re f 198.937 278.03 75.073 -0.514 re f 274.009 278.03 0.537 -0.514 re f 274.546 278.03 69.853 -0.514 re f 344.399 278.03 0.537 -0.514 re f 344.936 278.03 66.636 -0.514 re f 411.572 278.03 0.537 -0.514 re f 412.109 278.03 120.132 -0.514 re f 532.242 278.03 0.535 -0.514 re f 96.224 277.516 0.536 -16.148 re f 274.009 277.516 0.537 -16.148 re f 344.399 277.516 0.537 -16.148 re f 411.572 277.516 0.537 -16.148 re f 532.242 277.516 0.535 -16.148 re f BT 10.463 0 0 10.0011 122.3693 246.3737 Tm [(LDGT2)-5785.5(93/59)-4712.5(0.4449)-4002.8($385)-6156.5($866)]TJ ET 96.224 261.497 0.536 -0.512 re f 96.76 261.497 101.362 -0.512 re f 198.122 261.497 0.536 -0.512 re f 198.979 261.497 75.031 -0.512 re f 274.009 261.497 0.537 -0.512 re f 274.546 261.497 69.853 -0.512 re f 344.399 261.497 0.537 -0.512 re f 344.936 261.497 66.636 -0.512 re f 411.572 261.497 0.537 -0.512 re f 412.109 261.497 120.132 -0.512 re f 532.242 261.497 0.535 -0.512 re f 96.224 260.985 0.536 -16.148 re f 274.009 260.985 0.537 -16.148 re f 344.399 260.985 0.537 -16.148 re f 411.572 260.985 0.537 -16.148 re f 532.242 260.985 0.535 -16.148 re f BT 10.463 0 0 10.0011 122.3693 229.8407 Tm [(LDDT)-6397.5(93/59)-4712.5(0.4061)-4002.8($100)-6156.5($246)]TJ ET 96.224 244.836 0.536 -0.514 re f 96.76 244.836 101.362 -0.514 re f 198.122 244.836 0.536 -0.514 re f 198.853 244.836 75.156 -0.514 re f 274.009 244.836 0.537 -0.514 re f 274.546 244.836 69.853 -0.514 re f 344.399 244.836 0.537 -0.514 re f 344.936 244.836 66.636 -0.514 re f 411.572 244.836 0.537 -0.514 re f 412.109 244.836 120.132 -0.514 re f 532.242 244.836 0.535 -0.514 re f 96.224 244.323 0.536 -16.146 re f 274.009 244.323 0.537 -16.146 re f 344.399 244.323 0.537 -16.146 re f 411.572 244.323 0.537 -16.146 re f 532.242 244.323 0.535 -16.146 re f BT 10.463 0 0 10.0011 122.3693 213.1806 Tm [(Mini Vehicle)-3618.5(93/59)-4712.5(0.347)-4558.8($344)-6156.5($992)]TJ ET 96.224 228.176 0.536 -0.514 re f 96.76 228.176 101.362 -0.514 re f 198.122 228.176 0.536 -0.514 re f 198.979 228.176 75.031 -0.514 re f 274.009 228.176 0.537 -0.514 re f 274.546 228.176 69.853 -0.514 re f 344.399 228.176 0.537 -0.514 re f 344.936 228.176 66.636 -0.514 re f 411.572 228.176 0.537 -0.514 re f 412.109 228.176 120.132 -0.514 re f 532.242 228.176 0.535 -0.514 re f 96.224 227.663 0.536 -16.148 re f 274.009 227.663 0.537 -16.148 re f 344.399 227.663 0.537 -16.148 re f 411.572 227.663 0.537 -16.148 re f 532.242 227.663 0.535 -16.148 re f BT 10.463 0 0 10.0011 122.3693 196.5206 Tm [(MC)-7453.5(Japan)-4490.5(0.1893)-4002.8($216)-6156.5($1,142)]TJ ET 96.224 211.643 0.536 -0.514 re f 96.76 211.643 101.362 -0.514 re f 198.122 211.643 0.536 -0.514 re f 198.853 211.643 75.156 -0.514 re f 274.009 211.643 0.537 -0.514 re f 274.546 211.643 69.853 -0.514 re f 344.399 211.643 0.537 -0.514 re f 344.936 211.643 66.636 -0.514 re f 411.572 211.643 0.537 -0.514 re f 412.109 211.643 120.132 -0.514 re f 532.242 211.643 0.535 -0.514 re f 96.224 211.13 0.536 -16.148 re f 274.009 211.13 0.537 -16.148 re f 344.399 211.13 0.537 -16.148 re f 411.572 211.13 0.537 -16.148 re f 532.242 211.13 0.535 -16.148 re f BT 10.463 0 0 10.0011 122.3693 179.9874 Tm [(MC)-7453.5(Taiwan 91)-2601.5(0.1884)-4002.8($224)-6156.5($1,190)]TJ ET 96.224 194.981 0.536 -0.512 re f 96.76 194.981 101.362 -0.512 re f 198.122 194.981 0.536 -0.512 re f 198.853 194.981 75.157 -0.512 re f 274.009 194.981 0.537 -0.512 re f 274.546 194.981 69.853 -0.512 re f 344.399 194.981 0.537 -0.512 re f 344.936 194.981 66.636 -0.512 re f 411.572 194.981 0.537 -0.512 re f 412.109 194.981 120.132 -0.512 re f 532.242 194.981 0.535 -0.512 re f 96.224 194.47 0.536 -16.148 re f 274.009 194.47 0.537 -16.148 re f 344.399 194.47 0.537 -16.148 re f 411.572 194.47 0.537 -16.148 re f 532.242 194.47 0.535 -16.148 re f BT 10.463 0 0 10.0011 122.3693 163.3274 Tm [(HDGV)-6119.5(EU2)-5269.5(0.1183)-4002.8($322)-6156.5($2,726)]TJ ET 96.224 178.45 0.536 -0.512 re f 96.76 178.45 101.362 -0.512 re f 198.122 178.45 0.536 -0.512 re f 198.853 178.45 75.157 -0.512 re f 274.009 178.45 0.537 -0.512 re f 274.546 178.45 69.853 -0.512 re f 344.399 178.45 0.537 -0.512 re f 344.936 178.45 66.636 -0.512 re f 411.572 178.45 0.537 -0.512 re f 412.109 178.45 120.132 -0.512 re f 532.242 178.45 0.535 -0.512 re f 96.224 177.938 0.536 -16.148 re f 274.009 177.938 0.537 -16.148 re f 344.399 177.938 0.537 -16.148 re f 411.572 177.938 0.537 -16.148 re f 532.242 177.938 0.535 -16.148 re f BT 10.463 0 0 10.0011 122.3693 146.7943 Tm [(MC)-7453.5(Taiwan 94)-2601.5(0.0658)-4002.8($309)-6156.5($4,699)]TJ ET 96.224 161.79 0.536 -0.514 re f 96.76 161.79 101.362 -0.514 re f 198.122 161.79 0.536 -0.514 re f 198.853 161.79 75.157 -0.514 re f 274.009 161.79 0.537 -0.514 re f 274.546 161.79 69.853 -0.514 re f 344.399 161.79 0.537 -0.514 re f 344.936 161.79 66.636 -0.514 re f 411.572 161.79 0.537 -0.514 re f 412.109 161.79 120.132 -0.514 re f 532.242 161.79 0.535 -0.514 re f 96.224 161.276 0.536 -16.146 re f 274.009 161.276 0.537 -16.146 re f 344.399 161.276 0.537 -16.146 re f 411.572 161.276 0.537 -16.146 re f 532.242 161.276 0.535 -16.146 re f BT 10.463 0 0 10.0011 122.3693 130.1343 Tm [(HDGV)-6119.5(EU1)-5269.5(0.0219)-4002.8($416)-6156.5($18,995)]TJ ET 96.224 145.257 0.536 -0.514 re f 96.76 145.257 101.362 -0.514 re f 198.122 145.257 0.536 -0.514 re f 198.937 145.257 75.073 -0.514 re f 274.009 145.257 0.537 -0.514 re f 274.546 145.257 69.853 -0.514 re f 344.399 145.257 0.537 -0.514 re f 344.936 145.257 66.636 -0.514 re f 411.572 145.257 0.537 -0.514 re f 412.109 145.257 120.132 -0.514 re f 532.242 145.257 0.535 -0.514 re f 96.224 144.743 0.536 -16.146 re f 96.224 128.597 0.536 -0.514 re f 96.224 128.597 0.536 -0.514 re f 96.76 128.597 101.362 -0.514 re f 198.122 128.597 0.536 -0.514 re f 198.659 128.597 75.351 -0.514 re f 274.009 144.743 0.537 -16.146 re f 274.009 128.597 0.537 -0.514 re f 274.546 128.597 69.853 -0.514 re f 344.399 144.743 0.537 -16.146 re f 344.399 128.597 0.537 -0.514 re f 344.936 128.597 66.636 -0.514 re f 411.572 144.743 0.537 -16.146 re f 411.572 128.597 0.537 -0.514 re f 412.109 128.597 120.132 -0.514 re f 532.242 144.743 0.535 -16.146 re f 532.242 128.597 0.535 -0.514 re f 532.242 128.597 0.535 -0.514 re f 198.616 486.128 0.537 -30.403 re f 198.603 454.809 0.536 -326.474 re f EMC 0.96 w /GS1 gs 1 i 96.72 119.16 m 529.32 119.16 l S endstream endobj 20 0 obj << /Title (article 4-5 graphs.eps) /Creator (Adobe Illustrator\(R\) 8.0) /Author (Karin Mueller) >> endobj 21 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 157 0 R /Resources 22 0 R /Contents 23 0 R /Thumb 120 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 22 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 197 0 R /F4 177 0 R /F6 181 0 R /F8 194 0 R /F9 192 0 R /F10 199 0 R /F11 198 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 211 0 R /GS2 212 0 R /GS4 94 0 R >> /Properties << /MC7 24 0 R >> >> endobj 23 0 obj << /Length 17945 >> stream BT /F4 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 56.28 26.4 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs 0.0067 Tc 0 Tw (34)Tj ET 1 0 0.027 RG 0 J 0 j 0.48 w 10 M []0 d /GS1 gs 1 i 55.08 42.96 m 541.08 42.96 l 55.08 39.48 m 541.08 39.48 l S BT 9 0 0 9 396.96 25.08 Tm /GS2 gs 0 Tc (C)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 403.56 25.08 Tm 0.0439 Tc (HINA)Tj 9 0 0 9 420.84 25.08 Tm 0.045 Tc ( E)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 429 25.08 Tm 0.0425 Tc [(NVIR)42.5(ONMENT)]TJ 9 0 0 9 475.44 25.08 Tm 0.041 Tc ( S)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 482.88 25.08 Tm 0.0458 Tc (ERIES)Tj 9 0 0 9 501.12 25.08 Tm 0.0451 Tc [( )14.3( I)]TJ 6.3 0 0 6.3 517.92 25.08 Tm 0.0481 Tc (SSUE)Tj 9 0 0 9 533.76 25.08 Tm 0.0483 Tc ( 3)Tj /F6 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 71.9999 729.2401 Tm -0.0016 Tc -0.0618 Tw [(har)9.3(dwar)9.3(e, maintenance, and fuel)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0009 Tc 0 Tw (economy;)Tj /F4 1 Tf -0.8182 -1.2 TD 0 Tc ()Tj /F6 1 Tf 1.0255 0 TD 0.0006 Tc 0.009 Tw [(O)5.8(v)0.6(erall cost effectiv)11.5(eness; and,)]TJ /F4 1 Tf -1.0255 -1.2 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F6 1 Tf 1.0255 0 TD 0.0006 Tc 0.0318 Tw [(T)137(echnical feasibility)98.8(.)]TJ -0.2073 -2.4 TD 0.0071 Tc 0.1252 Tw [(Considering each of the abo)18(ve)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.0681 Tw [(factors, the choice of standar)11.1(ds that)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0445 Tw [(promote the lo)11.3(w)5.9(est emissions in new)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0435 Tw [(v)6.6(ehicles w)11(e)-2.8(r)11(e)0.6( narro)17(w)5.6(ed do)11(wn to the)]TJ T* -0.0025 Tc -0.0628 Tw [(two scenarios summarized in )52(T)123(able 6.)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.1193 Tw (The options for final consideration)Tj T* -0.0055 Tc 0 Tw [(we)-8.4(r)5.4(e)-3.1(:)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0004 Tc -0.0341 Tw ( Scenario 2:)Tj /F6 1 Tf 4.9745 0 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0354 Tw [( A)22.2(dopting the stan-)]TJ -6.6109 -1.2 TD 0 Tc 0.0308 Tw [(dar)10.9(ds which wer)10.9(e)0.7( introduced in E)21.8(u)2.9(-)]TJ T* -0.0035 Tc -0.0618 Tw [(rope in 1992 follo)18.3(wed four y)7.4(ears later)]TJ T* -0.0008 Tc -0.0628 Tw [(by the new 1996 E)21(u)3.2(ropean standar)10.1(ds)]TJ T* 0.0465 Tc 0.1258 Tw [(and completing enfor)-8.1(cement b)13.8(y)]TJ T* -0.0007 Tc 0 Tw (2000.)Tj /F4 1 Tf 1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0004 Tc -0.0341 Tw ( Scenario 4:)Tj /F6 1 Tf 4.9745 0 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0354 Tw [( A)22.2(dopting the stan-)]TJ -6.6109 -1.2 TD 0.0007 Tc 0.0165 Tw [(dar)11.6(ds intr)11.6(oduced in E)11.6(u)4.7(rope in 1996)]TJ T* 0.0465 Tc 0.1258 Tw [(and completing enfor)-8.1(cement b)13.8(y)]TJ T* -0.0007 Tc 0 Tw (2002.)Tj 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0278 Tc 0.1258 Tw [(Analysts at SEP)49.6(A determined)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0005 Tc 0.075 Tw [(that both scenarios ar)11.4(e v)11.4(e)-2.4(r)-21.3(y)0.4( cost ef-)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0172 Tw [(fective \(S)10.9(ee )54.5(T)125.5(able 7\). After consider-)]TJ T* -0.0121 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(ing all these factors, as w)9.7(ell as the tech-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0772 Tw (nological capability of the domestic)Tj T* 0.0008 Tc 0.107 Tw [(v)7.3(ehicle industr)-21(y)100.6(,)1.8( SEP)44.4(A and its sup-)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc 0.0372 Tw [(por)-10.2(t team r)11.6(ecommended Scenario 2)]TJ T* -0.0068 Tc -0.0622 Tw [(as the minimum requirement for ne)-6.8(w)]TJ T* 0.009 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(vehicles. H)19.9(o)15(wev)9(e)6.1(r)52.6(,)-2( SEP)52.6(A will con-)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc -0.037 Tw (sider Scenario 4 as an alternative and)Tj T* -0.002 Tc -0.0628 Tw [(pr)8.9(o)14.9(vide fiscal incentives to encourage)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.1164 Tw [(Scenario 4 v)11.3(ehicles and engines. I)11.3(n)]TJ T* -0.0086 Tc -0.0625 Tw (addition to these emission regulations)Tj T* 0.0002 Tc -0.016 Tw [(for new vehicles, the r)11.1(epor)-10.7(t specified)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.1124 Tw [(some regulations that SEP)43.7(A should)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0464 Tw (issue for limiting emissions in exist-)Tj T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0151 Tw [(ing v)11.3(ehicles.)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 2.2145 -3.2945 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (P)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 84.72 191.4 Tm 0.0024 Tc [(R)35(OPOSED)]TJ 11 0 0 11 120.72 191.4 Tm -0.0087 Tc ( M)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 133.4399 191.4 Tm 0.0021 Tc (EASURES)Tj 11 0 0 11 165.84 191.4 Tm 0 Tc ( )Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 168.48 191.4 Tm -0.0009 Tc (FOR)Tj 11 0 0 11 95.64 178.2 Tm 0 Tc (I)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 99.6 178.2 Tm (N)Tj 11 0 0 11 105.6 178.2 Tm -0.0058 Tc (-U)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 117.2399 178.2 Tm 0.0069 Tc (SE)Tj 11 0 0 11 125.64 178.2 Tm -0.0586 Tc ( V)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 134.9999 178.2 Tm -0.0001 Tc (EHICLES)Tj /F6 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 71.9999 155.04 Tm 0.002 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(I)12.7(n)0( addition to setting emission)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0141 Tc 0.1257 Tw [(standar)14.1(ds for new cars, the )14.3(W)79.6(orld)]TJ T* 0.0073 Tc [(B)12.3(ank/SEP)50.9(A study highlighted four)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0307 Tw [(main ar)11.5(eas for controlling emissions)]TJ T* 0.0097 Tw [(in existing v)11.6(ehicles:)]TJ 1.6364 -2.2909 TD 0.0029 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj /F4 1 Tf 0.7636 0 TD 0.0021 Tc 0.1295 Tw [(I)7(nspection and M)13(aintenance)]TJ /F6 1 Tf -2.4 -1.2 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.0341 Tw (\(I/M\): Analysis indicated that creat-)Tj 15.0873 31.1018 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.0225 Tw (ing a well-functioning I/M program)Tj 0 -1.2 TD 0 Tc 0.0356 Tw (could be one of the most cost-effec-)Tj T* 0.0008 Tc -0.011 Tw [(tive options consider)11.7(ed and one that)]TJ T* 0.0308 Tc 0.1254 Tw (could have a rapid impact. After)Tj T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0155 Tw [(2002, a loaded mode test procedur)11.2(e,)]TJ T* 0.0121 Tc 0.125 Tw (the ASM test, will be adopted for)Tj T* 0.0074 Tc 0.1257 Tw (catalyst-equipped vehicles and 100)Tj T* -0.0118 Tc -0.062 Tw [(percent of the v)10(ehicles will be r)10(e)1.2(quired)]TJ T* -0.0073 Tc -0.0623 Tw (to be tested and 100 percent will need)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0157 Tw [(to pass the test in or)11(der to be driven.)]TJ T* 0.0251 Tc 0.1251 Tw [(I)14(n)-0.3( combination with ne)-7.6(w vehicle)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(standar)10.6(ds, this I/M program will bet-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.1035 Tw [(ter enable the national NO)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 339.6 243.96 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 342.36 247.56 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0.1046 Tw [( targets)]TJ -11.1273 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0068 Tw (to be met.)Tj /F4 1 Tf 1.6364 -2.2909 TD -0.0007 Tc 0.0583 Tw [( Retr)10.2(ofit P)32(r)10.1(ograms:)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 8.1382 0 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.0116 Tw [( The )-47.5(study)]TJ -9.7745 -1.2 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.0386 Tw [(also concluded that national retr)11.3(ofit)]TJ T* 0.0291 Tw [(r)5.1(egulations should be issued for two)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(primar)-22(y reasons: 1\) to assur)10.7(e that r)10.7(et-)]TJ T* 0.0415 Tc 0.1255 Tw [(rofit programs being intr)8.8(oduced)]TJ T* 0.0082 Tc 0.1248 Tw [(around the countr)-24.5(y ar)8.2(e adequately)]TJ T* -0.0041 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(considering impor)-15(tant factors such as)]TJ T* -0.0027 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(fuel quality and v)8.2(ehicle maintenance;)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0593 Tw [(and 2\) to assure that r)11.2(etrofits actually)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.1177 Tw [(achieve the claims made by retr)10.7(ofit)]TJ T* 0.0008 Tc 0.0858 Tw [(companies. )45(The final r)22.6(epor)-10.1(t r)11.7(ecom-)]TJ 15.0982 29.88 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.0865 Tw [(mends that a performance standar)11.3(d)]TJ 0 -1.1891 TD 0 Tc 0.0402 Tw [(be used as a basis for appro)16.9(v)0.6(ing sys-)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD -0.0003 Tc 0 Tw (tems.)Tj /F4 1 Tf 1.6364 -2.2909 TD -0.0072 Tc -0.0605 Tw [( F)25.5(uel P)36.4(r)14.5(ograms:)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 6.3927 0 TD -0.007 Tc -0.0636 Tw [( )48.5(The study team)]TJ -8.0291 -1.2 TD -0.0017 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(also r)9.2(ecommended that SEP)41.9(A should)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0328 Tw [(issue r)11.4(e)-0.3(gulations r)11.4(egar)22.3(ding the qual-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0376 Tw (ity of fuels and fuel additives and en-)Tj T* 0.0015 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(for)12.4(ce these standar)12.4(ds and specifica-)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc -0.0028 Tw (tions in the fuel distribution system.)Tj /F4 1 Tf 1.6364 -2.2909 TD 0.0072 Tc 0.1292 Tw [( N)39.9(on-T)127.2(echnical M)29(easur)29(es:)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 11.1164 0 TD 0 Tc 0.132 Tw [( In)]TJ -12.7527 -1.2 TD 0.0005 Tc 0.0988 Tw [(addition to technical measur)11.4(es out-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0591 Tw [(lined abo)11.1(v)6.7(e, cost-effectiv)11.1(e, non-tech-)]TJ T* -0.0089 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(nical measur)12.9(es, such as traffic controls)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0392 Tw [(or tax incentiv)11.1(es for cleaner vehicles)]TJ T* 0.0143 Tc 0.1253 Tw [(or fuels should also be dev)14.3(eloped.)]TJ T* 0.0038 Tc 0.1255 Tw (These types of measures should be)Tj T* 0.0072 Tc 0.1253 Tw [(implemented locally)105.4(. H)7.2(o)13.2(we)6.1(v)7.2(e)4.3(r)61.7(,)-1.4( na-)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc 0.0273 Tw [(tional suppor)-10.2(t thr)11.6(ough technical in-)]TJ T* -0.0039 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(v)13.6(estigations, financing, and necessar)-25.7(y)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0518 Tw (legislation will be needed to facilitate)Tj T* 0 Tc 0.0426 Tw [(cooperation at the local level. N)32.7(ota-)]TJ T* 0.0635 Tc 0.2477 Tw [(bly)107.1(, local r)8.9(epr)8.9(esentativ)19.9(es fro)5.6(m)]TJ T* 0.0143 Tc 0.1255 Tw [(G)19.5(uangzhou and Beijing wer)14.3(e)-0.6( ver)-18.4(y)]TJ T* 0.012 Tc 0.1247 Tw [(inv)12(olv)12(ed in designing this compo-)]TJ T* -0.0044 Tc 0 Tw (nent.)Tj ET 0.9 0.9 0.9 rg 0.9 0.9 0.9 RG 0.96 w 1000 M /GS1 gs 220.08 735.72 319.04 -304.74 re B* 0 0 0 RG 2.04 w 10 M 219.6 736.98 m 539.64 736.98 l 219.6 429.54 m 539.64 429.54 l S BT /F9 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 228.96 715.5601 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs -0.001 Tc 0.0075 Tw [(T)97.3(a)-1.3(b)9.9(le 6.)53.5( Pr)9.9(oposed Scenarios f)31.7(or Ne)20.8(w )86.7(V)55.1(ehic)20.8(les in China)]TJ /F8 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 228.6 452.28 Tm 0.0182 Tc 0 Tw [(Source:)63.2( )]TJ /F1 1 Tf 3.9 0 TD 0 Tc ()Tj /F8 1 Tf 0.3552 0 TD 0.0222 Tc (China)Tj /F1 1 Tf 2.7228 0 TD 0 Tc ()Tj /F8 1 Tf 0.192 0 TD 0.0187 Tc 0.1373 Tw [(s Str)18.7(ategies f)48.7(or Controlling Motor )48.5(V)85.7(ehicle Emissions)18.7(,)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 24.765 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F8 1 Tf 0.3 0 TD 0.0188 Tc 0.0932 Tw [( W)32.8(o)7.8(r)-26.2(l)0.1(d )-44.2(Bank)]TJ -32.235 -1.2 TD -0.0006 Tc 0.0373 Tw [(Summar)-30.6(y Repor)-45.6(t, December 1997.)]TJ ET /EmbeddedDocument /MC7 BDC BT /F11 1 Tf 9.87 0 0 9.6987 232.2953 685.5059 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS4 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw [(Scenario)-2694.8(Vehicle Type)-4198(2000)-3226.8(2002)-2408.5(2005)]TJ ET 3.08 i 225.407 703.01 0.831 -0.817 re f 225.407 703.01 0.831 -0.817 re f 226.239 703.01 52.374 -0.817 re f 278.613 703.01 0.831 -0.817 re f 279.444 703.01 102.967 -0.817 re f 382.411 703.01 0.83 -0.817 re f 383.242 703.01 59.975 -0.817 re f 443.216 703.01 0.831 -0.817 re f 444.047 703.01 46.08 -0.817 re f 490.127 703.01 0.832 -0.817 re f 490.959 703.01 43.706 -0.817 re f 534.665 703.01 0.831 -0.817 re f 534.665 703.01 0.831 -0.817 re f 225.407 702.193 0.831 -21.005 re f 278.613 702.193 0.476 -21.005 re f 279.563 702.193 0.475 -21.005 re f 382.411 702.193 0.83 -21.005 re f 443.216 702.193 0.831 -21.005 re f 490.127 702.193 0.832 -21.005 re f 534.665 702.193 0.831 -21.005 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 9.87 0 0 9.6987 285.2633 662.982 Tm [(Passenger Cars)-4249.9(91/441)-7314.3(94/12)]TJ ET 225.407 681.305 0.831 -1.518 re f 226.239 681.305 52.374 -0.467 re f 226.239 680.371 52.374 -0.467 re f 278.613 679.903 0.476 -0.116 re f 279.563 679.903 0.475 -0.116 re f 278.613 681.305 0.476 -0.467 re f 278.613 680.371 0.476 -0.467 re f 279.563 681.305 0.475 -0.467 re f 279.563 680.371 0.475 -0.467 re f 280.037 681.305 102.374 -0.467 re f 280.037 680.371 102.374 -0.467 re f 382.411 679.903 0.83 -0.116 re f 382.411 681.305 1.424 -0.467 re f 382.411 680.371 1.424 -0.467 re f 383.836 681.305 59.381 -0.467 re f 383.836 680.371 59.381 -0.467 re f 443.216 679.903 0.831 -0.116 re f 443.216 681.305 1.425 -0.467 re f 443.216 680.371 1.425 -0.467 re f 444.641 681.305 45.486 -0.467 re f 444.641 680.371 45.486 -0.467 re f 490.127 679.903 0.832 -0.116 re f 490.127 681.305 1.426 -0.467 re f 490.127 680.371 1.426 -0.467 re f 491.553 681.305 43.112 -0.467 re f 491.553 680.371 43.112 -0.467 re f 534.665 681.305 0.831 -1.518 re f 225.407 679.787 0.831 -20.89 re f 278.613 679.787 0.476 -20.89 re f 279.563 679.787 0.475 -20.89 re f 382.411 679.787 0.83 -20.89 re f 443.216 679.787 0.831 -20.89 re f 490.127 679.787 0.832 -20.89 re f 534.665 679.787 0.831 -20.89 re f BT 9.87 0 0 9.6987 285.2633 641.2759 Tm [(Light Duty Vehicles)-3136.8(93/59)-7593.4(96/69)]TJ ET 225.407 658.781 0.831 -0.817 re f 279.563 658.781 0.475 -0.817 re f 278.613 658.781 0.476 -0.817 re f 280.037 658.781 102.374 -0.817 re f 382.411 658.781 0.83 -0.817 re f 383.242 658.781 59.975 -0.817 re f 443.216 658.781 0.831 -0.817 re f 444.047 658.781 46.08 -0.817 re f 490.127 658.781 0.832 -0.817 re f 490.959 658.781 43.706 -0.817 re f 534.665 658.781 0.831 -0.817 re f 225.407 657.964 0.831 -21.006 re f 278.613 657.964 0.476 -21.006 re f 279.563 657.964 0.475 -21.006 re f 382.411 657.964 0.83 -21.006 re f 443.216 657.964 0.831 -21.006 re f 490.127 657.964 0.832 -21.006 re f 534.665 657.964 0.831 -21.006 re f BT 9.87 0 0 9.6987 285.2633 619.4534 Tm (Heavy Duty)Tj 0 -1.2635 TD (Vehicles)Tj 11.4671 1.2635 TD [(Euro 1)-7149.4(Euro 2)]TJ ET 225.407 637.075 0.831 -0.817 re f 279.563 637.075 0.475 -0.817 re f 278.613 637.075 0.476 -0.817 re f 280.037 637.075 102.374 -0.817 re f 382.411 637.075 0.83 -0.817 re f 383.242 637.075 59.975 -0.817 re f 443.216 637.075 0.831 -0.817 re f 444.047 637.075 46.08 -0.817 re f 490.127 637.075 0.832 -0.817 re f 490.959 637.075 43.706 -0.817 re f 534.665 637.075 0.831 -0.817 re f 225.407 636.258 0.831 -33.261 re f 278.613 636.258 0.476 -33.261 re f 279.563 636.258 0.475 -33.261 re f 382.411 636.258 0.83 -33.261 re f 443.216 636.258 0.831 -33.261 re f 490.127 636.258 0.832 -33.261 re f 534.665 636.258 0.831 -33.261 re f BT 9.87 0 0 9.6987 249.8722 615.1344 Tm (2)Tj 3.5857 -2.9358 TD (Motorcycles)Tj 10.5406 -0.1325 TD [(ECE 40.01)-6414.5(Japan)]TJ ET 225.407 602.998 0.831 -0.816 re f 279.563 602.998 0.475 -0.816 re f 278.613 602.998 0.476 -0.816 re f 280.037 602.998 102.374 -0.816 re f 382.411 602.998 0.83 -0.816 re f 383.242 602.998 59.975 -0.816 re f 443.216 602.998 0.831 -0.816 re f 444.047 602.998 46.08 -0.816 re f 490.127 602.998 0.832 -0.816 re f 490.959 602.998 43.706 -0.816 re f 534.665 602.998 0.831 -0.816 re f 225.407 602.181 0.831 -21.473 re f 278.613 602.181 0.476 -21.473 re f 279.563 602.181 0.475 -21.473 re f 382.411 602.181 0.83 -21.473 re f 443.216 602.181 0.831 -21.473 re f 490.127 602.181 0.832 -21.473 re f 534.665 602.181 0.831 -21.473 re f BT 9.87 0 0 9.6987 285.2633 562.3862 Tm [(Passenger Cars)-9989.5(94/12)]TJ ET 225.407 580.592 0.831 -1.517 re f 226.239 580.592 52.374 -0.468 re f 226.239 579.657 52.374 -0.465 re f 278.613 579.192 0.476 -0.117 re f 279.563 579.192 0.475 -0.117 re f 278.613 580.592 0.476 -0.468 re f 278.613 579.657 0.476 -0.465 re f 279.563 580.592 0.475 -0.468 re f 279.563 579.657 0.475 -0.465 re f 280.037 580.592 102.374 -0.468 re f 280.037 579.657 102.374 -0.465 re f 382.411 579.192 0.83 -0.117 re f 382.411 580.592 1.424 -0.468 re f 382.411 579.657 1.424 -0.465 re f 383.836 580.592 59.381 -0.468 re f 383.836 579.657 59.381 -0.465 re f 443.216 579.192 0.831 -0.117 re f 443.216 580.592 1.425 -0.468 re f 443.216 579.657 1.425 -0.465 re f 444.641 580.592 45.486 -0.468 re f 444.641 579.657 45.486 -0.465 re f 490.127 579.192 0.832 -0.117 re f 490.127 580.592 1.426 -0.468 re f 490.127 579.657 1.426 -0.465 re f 491.553 580.592 43.112 -0.468 re f 491.553 579.657 43.112 -0.465 re f 534.665 580.592 0.831 -1.517 re f 225.407 579.075 0.831 -20.89 re f 278.613 579.075 0.476 -20.89 re f 279.563 579.075 0.475 -20.89 re f 382.411 579.075 0.83 -20.89 re f 443.216 579.075 0.831 -20.89 re f 490.127 579.075 0.832 -20.89 re f 534.665 579.075 0.831 -20.89 re f BT 9.87 0 0 9.6987 285.2633 540.6798 Tm [(Light Duty Vehicles)-8599.5(96/69)]TJ ET 225.407 558.185 0.831 -0.816 re f 279.563 558.185 0.475 -0.816 re f 278.613 558.185 0.476 -0.816 re f 280.037 558.185 102.374 -0.816 re f 382.411 558.185 0.83 -0.816 re f 383.242 558.185 59.975 -0.816 re f 443.216 558.185 0.831 -0.816 re f 444.047 558.185 46.08 -0.816 re f 490.127 558.185 0.832 -0.816 re f 490.959 558.185 43.706 -0.816 re f 534.665 558.185 0.831 -0.816 re f 225.407 557.368 0.831 -21.007 re f 278.613 557.368 0.476 -21.007 re f 279.563 557.368 0.475 -21.007 re f 382.411 557.368 0.83 -21.007 re f 443.216 557.368 0.831 -21.007 re f 490.127 557.368 0.832 -21.007 re f 534.665 557.368 0.831 -21.007 re f BT 9.87 0 0 9.6987 285.2633 518.8577 Tm (Heavy Duty)Tj 0 -1.2635 TD (Vehicles)Tj 16.93 1.2635 TD (Euro 2)Tj ET 225.407 536.478 0.831 -0.816 re f 279.563 536.478 0.475 -0.816 re f 278.613 536.478 0.476 -0.816 re f 280.037 536.478 102.374 -0.816 re f 382.411 536.478 0.83 -0.816 re f 383.242 536.478 59.975 -0.816 re f 443.216 536.478 0.831 -0.816 re f 444.047 536.478 46.08 -0.816 re f 490.127 536.478 0.832 -0.816 re f 490.959 536.478 43.706 -0.816 re f 534.665 536.478 0.831 -0.816 re f 225.407 535.662 0.831 -33.26 re f 278.613 535.662 0.476 -33.26 re f 279.563 535.662 0.475 -33.26 re f 382.411 535.662 0.83 -33.26 re f 443.216 535.662 0.831 -33.26 re f 490.127 535.662 0.832 -33.26 re f 534.665 535.662 0.831 -33.26 re f BT 9.87 0 0 9.6987 249.8722 530.178 Tm (4)Tj 3.5857 -4.6808 TD [(Motorcycles)-11824.4(Japan)]TJ ET 225.407 502.402 0.831 -0.816 re f 279.563 502.402 0.475 -0.816 re f 278.613 502.402 0.476 -0.816 re f 280.037 502.402 102.374 -0.816 re f 382.411 502.402 0.83 -0.816 re f 383.242 502.402 59.975 -0.816 re f 443.216 502.402 0.831 -0.816 re f 444.047 502.402 46.08 -0.816 re f 490.127 502.402 0.832 -0.816 re f 490.959 502.402 43.706 -0.816 re f 534.665 502.402 0.831 -0.816 re f 225.407 501.586 0.831 -21.006 re f 225.407 480.58 0.831 -0.817 re f 225.407 480.58 0.831 -0.817 re f 226.239 480.58 52.374 -0.817 re f 278.613 501.586 0.476 -21.006 re f 279.563 501.586 0.475 -21.006 re f 278.613 480.58 0.831 -0.817 re f 279.444 480.58 102.967 -0.817 re f 382.411 501.586 0.83 -21.006 re f 382.411 480.58 0.83 -0.817 re f 383.242 480.58 59.975 -0.817 re f 443.216 501.586 0.831 -21.006 re f 443.216 480.58 0.831 -0.817 re f 444.047 480.58 46.08 -0.817 re f 490.127 501.586 0.832 -21.006 re f 490.127 480.58 0.832 -0.817 re f 490.959 480.58 43.706 -0.817 re f 534.665 501.586 0.831 -21.006 re f 534.665 480.58 0.831 -0.817 re f 534.665 480.58 0.831 -0.817 re f EMC 0.96 w /GS1 gs 1 i 226.92 467.52 m 533.04 467.52 l S endstream endobj 24 0 obj << /Title (article 4-6 graphs.eps) /Creator (Adobe Illustrator\(R\) 8.0) /Author (Karin Mueller) >> endobj 25 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 157 0 R /Resources 26 0 R /Contents 27 0 R /Thumb 122 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 26 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 197 0 R /F4 177 0 R /F6 181 0 R /F8 194 0 R /F9 192 0 R /F10 199 0 R /F11 198 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 211 0 R /GS2 212 0 R /GS4 94 0 R >> /Properties << /MC8 28 0 R /MC9 29 0 R >> >> endobj 27 0 obj << /Length 18842 >> stream 1 0 0.027 RG 0 J 0 j 0.48 w 10 M []0 d /GS1 gs 1 i 72 42.96 m 558 42.96 l 72 39.48 m 558 39.48 l S BT /F4 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 72 25.08 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (C)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 78.48 25.08 Tm 0.0439 Tc (HINA)Tj 9 0 0 9 95.76 25.08 Tm 0.045 Tc ( E)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 104.04 25.08 Tm 0.0425 Tc [(NVIR)42.5(ONMENT)]TJ 9 0 0 9 150.36 25.08 Tm 0.041 Tc ( S)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 157.92 25.08 Tm 0.0458 Tc (ERIES)Tj 9 0 0 9 176.16 25.08 Tm 0.0451 Tc [( )14.3( I)]TJ 6.3 0 0 6.3 192.96 25.08 Tm 0.0481 Tc (SSUE)Tj 9 0 0 9 208.8 25.08 Tm 0.0483 Tc ( 3)Tj 37.7733 0.08 TD 0.0067 Tc (35)Tj /F6 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 404.04 729.2401 Tm 0.0182 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(jected o)29.1(v)2.9(erall v)7.3(ehicle emissions in)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD -0.0085 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(2010 as summariz)13.3(ed in )46.1(T)127.9(able 8 abo)13.3(ve.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0006 Tc 0.1117 Tw [(B)16.5(ased on the data pr)11.5(esented in)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0074 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(T)129(able 8, it is clear that light duty gaso-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0363 Tw (line fueled cars and trucks will need)Tj T* 0.0005 Tc -0.0076 Tw [(to r)11.4(emain a primar)-10.4(y focus of control)]TJ T* 0.0009 Tc -0.0364 Tw [(efforts in the futur)11.8(e. I)22.7(n)-0.3( this r)11.8(egar)11.8(d, it)]TJ T* 0.0008 Tc -0.0082 Tw (is important for Chinese planners to)Tj T* 0.0006 Tc 0.125 Tw [(r)16.2(emain abreast of technological ad-)]TJ T* 0.0576 Tc 0.1257 Tw [(v)9.6(ances and other developments)]TJ T* -0.0087 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(ar)13.1(ound the world. )45.9(Ther)13.1(efor)13.1(e, after the)]TJ T* 0.0151 Tc 0.125 Tw [(standar)15.1(ds contained in the A)15.1(ction)]TJ T* -0.003 Tc -0.062 Tw [(P)11.5(lan ar)7.9(e implemented, it will be v)7.9(alu-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.05 Tw [(able for SEP)54.7(A to analyze the poten-)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.1023 Tw [(tial feasibility and cost effectiv)11.5(eness)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0791 Tw [(of utilizing the ev)11.3(en mor)11.3(e stringent)]TJ T* 0.0639 Tw [(E)27.9(u)4.3(ro 3 requir)11.2(ements in China. N)33(o)-1(-)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0405 Tw [(tably)98.3(, these E)21.9(u)4.1(ro 3 r)11(equir)11(ements are)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0068 Tw [(going to be intr)11.5(oduced in E)22.4(u)4.6(r)-10.3(ope in)]TJ T* -0.0007 Tc -0.0046 Tw [(the y)10.2(ear 2000.)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 0.6982 -3.2945 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (P)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 418.08 442.2 Tm -0.0015 Tc [(R)31.1(OGRESS)]TJ 11 0 0 11 452.04 442.2 Tm 0 Tc ( )Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 454.92 442.2 Tm 0.002 Tc (ON)Tj 11 0 0 11 467.04 442.2 Tm 0.0128 Tc ( I)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 473.88 442.2 Tm -0.0008 Tc (MPLEMENTING)Tj 11 0 0 11 531.48 442.2 Tm 0 Tc ( )Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 534.36 442.2 Tm -0.0006 Tc (THE)Tj 11 0 0 11 424.2 429 Tm 0 Tc (A)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 431.04 429 Tm 0.0005 Tc (CTION)Tj 11 0 0 11 456.48 429 Tm -0.003 Tc ( P)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 465.84 429 Tm 0.001 Tc [(LA)5.4(N)]TJ 11 0 0 11 481.08 429 Tm -0.001 Tc (M)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 502.2001 429 Tm 0.0006 Tc [(UNICIP)78.5(AL)]TJ 11 0 0 11 426.72 415.8 Tm 0 Tc (G)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 434.88 415.8 Tm -0.0004 Tc [(O)28(VERNMENT)]TJ 11 0 0 11 484.08 415.8 Tm 0.0032 Tc ( L)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 492.9601 415.8 Tm 0.0001 Tc (EADERSHIP)Tj /F6 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 422.04 391.08 Tm 0.0196 Tc 0.1251 Tw [(China has mo)30.5(ved rapidly and)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0606 Tw [(aggr)11.3(essiv)11.3(ely to implement the A)11.3(ction)]TJ T* 0.011 Tc 0.1257 Tw [(P)14.5(lan strategy)87.4(. )22.2(What is striking has)]TJ T* -0.0071 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(been the str)14.7(ong push b)-7.1(y)0.1( large munici-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0101 Tw [(pal go)22.2(v)6.9(ernments to implement these)]TJ T* 0.0052 Tc 0.1255 Tw (strategies ahead of schedule and at)Tj T* 0.0055 Tc 0.125 Tw [(times adopt standar)16.4(ds stricter than)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0328 Tw [(those in the A)11.1(ction P)11.1(lan. Belo)11.1(w is an)]TJ T* 0.0537 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(o)27(v)5.7(er)-22.7(view of fiv)10.1(e ar)10.1(eas in which)]TJ T* 0.0023 Tc 0.1253 Tw [(progr)13.2(ess is being made at both the)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0076 Tw [(national and municipal lev)11.5(el.)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 1.6364 -2.2909 TD -0.0006 Tc 0.0225 Tw [( U)43(nleaded Gasoline:)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 8.4218 0 TD 0.0007 Tc 0.0228 Tw [( I)22.5(n)-0.8( M)11.6(a)5.8(rch)]TJ -10.0582 -1.2 TD -0.0049 Tc -0.0622 Tw (1997, the decision was made to phase)Tj T* -0.0006 Tc (out the production and sale of leaded)Tj T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0034 Tw [(gasoline across the entir)22.1(e countr)-21.5(y by)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.1228 Tw [(1 J)55(uly 2000. B)22.3(y)0.2( J)44.1(uly 1997, Beijing)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(had alr)11.1(eady stopped sales of leaded)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0506 Tw [(fuel in the city center and b)11.5(y)4.1( Octo-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0652 Tw [(ber the ban had spr)11.1(ead to S)11.1(hanghai)]TJ T* 0.0013 Tc 0.0138 Tw [(and G)23.1(uangzhou.)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 1.6364 -2.1491 TD 0.034 Tc 0.1294 Tw [( N)44.9(ew )47(V)116.7(ehicle S)34(tandar)23.1(ds:)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 11.0618 0 TD 0.0327 Tc 0.1211 Tw [( In)]TJ -12.6982 -1.2 TD 0.0005 Tc 0.0999 Tw [(1998, the S)33.2(tate Council decided to)]TJ T* 0.04 Tc 0.1251 Tw [(intr)7.3(oduce E)29.1(u)0.4(ro 1, catalyst-based)]TJ T* 0.0026 Tc 0.1252 Tw [(emission standar)13.5(ds for all ne)-8.3(w cars)]TJ /F4 1 Tf -29.3673 14.3018 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (P)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 87.36 222.36 Tm 0.0009 Tc [(O)44.8(TENTIAL)]TJ 11 0 0 11 126 222.36 Tm -0.009 Tc ( I)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 132.6 222.36 Tm 0.0027 Tc [(MP)80.6(A)21.9(C)7.3(T)]TJ 11 0 0 11 159 222.36 Tm 0 Tc ( )Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 161.76 222.36 Tm -0.0003 Tc (OF)Tj 11 0 0 11 171.96 222.36 Tm -0.003 Tc ( P)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 181.2 222.36 Tm 0.0024 Tc [(R)50.6(OPOSED)]TJ 11 0 0 11 92.64 209.16 Tm 0 Tc (S)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 98.16 209.16 Tm 0.0011 Tc [(T)106.5(ANDARDS)]TJ 11 0 0 11 139.44 209.16 Tm 0 Tc ( )Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 141.96 209.16 Tm 0.0032 Tc (AND)Tj 11 0 0 11 158.88 209.16 Tm -0.0248 Tc ( P)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 167.88 209.16 Tm -0.0008 Tc [(R)31.8(OGRAMS)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 90 182.76 Tm 0.0007 Tc 0.0818 Tw [(E)39.2(v)-3.7(en after adoption of the new)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.0193 Tw (and in-use management and techni-)Tj T* -0.0021 Tc -0.0619 Tw [(cal measur)8.8(es noted abo)19.7(ve, the air pol-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0582 Tw [(lution problems in China)76.8()93.6(s)0.2( major cit-)]TJ T* 0.0205 Tc 0.1252 Tw (ies will not be completely solved.)Tj T* 0.0329 Tc 0.125 Tw (While emissions would be much)Tj T* -0.0076 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(l)5.4(o)3.3(w)8.8(er without controls, ambient NO)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 223.2 99.96 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 72 90.36 Tm 0.0147 Tc 0.1256 Tw [(levels are still pr)14.7(ojected to r)14.7(emain)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0843 Tw [(higher than the targets. S)21.8(pecifically)98.2(,)]TJ T* -0.0046 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(while ar)17.2(ea-wide CO problems should)]TJ 15.0873 16.8 TD -0.0033 Tc -0.062 Tw [(be eliminated, it is expected that ev)7.6(en)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD -0.0008 Tc -0.0625 Tw (with the implementation of emission)Tj T* -0.0005 Tc 0.118 Tw [(standards, lev)10.4(els near roadways will)]TJ T* -0.0125 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(still be unhealthy)96.6(. F)20.2(u)2.4(r)-12.5(thermor)9.3(e, ozone)]TJ T* -0.0043 Tc -0.0619 Tw [(and PM lev)6.6(els will likely worsen fr)6.6(om)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0052 Tw [(today)33()93.5(s)2.1( levels without focused effor)-21.5(ts)]TJ T* -0.0065 Tc -0.0623 Tw (to address their emissions and precur-)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.1008 Tw [(sors. I)11(n)-0.9( the futur)11(e, to address these)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc -0.0628 Tw [(r)5.3(emaining pr)11.5(oblems it will be impor-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0491 Tw (tant to focus on those vehicle catego-)Tj T* -0.0081 Tc -0.0626 Tw (ries for which additional control mea-)Tj T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0466 Tw (sures appear feasible and potentially)Tj T* -0.0416 Tw [(effective. I)11.3(n)-0.7( this r)11.3(egar)22.2(d, it is useful to)]TJ T* -0.007 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(understand the r)14.8(elative impor)-17.9(tance of)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0073 Tw [(the various v)11.2(ehicle categories to pro-)]TJ ET 0.9 0.9 0.9 rg 0.9 0.9 0.9 RG 0.96 w 1000 M /GS1 gs 72.48 542.22 319.04 -267.49 re B* 0 0 0 RG 2.04 w 10 M 72 543.3 m 392.04 543.3 l 72 273.54 m 392.04 273.54 l S BT /F9 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 78.84 523.32 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs -0.0013 Tc 0.0116 Tw [(T)97(a)-1.6(b)9.6(le 8.)42.3( Pr)20.5(ojected Overall )96.8(V)54.8(ehic)20.5(le Emissions in 2010)]TJ /F8 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 81.48 296.88 Tm 0.0157 Tc 0 Tw [(Source:)60.7( )]TJ /F1 1 Tf 3.87 0 TD 0 Tc ()Tj /F8 1 Tf 0.3502 0 TD 0.0172 Tc (China)Tj /F1 1 Tf 2.6978 0 TD 0 Tc ()Tj /F8 1 Tf 0.177 0 TD 0.0152 Tc 0.1372 Tw [(s Str)15.2(ategies f)30.2(or Controlling Motor )59.9(V)97.2(ehicle Emissions)15.2(,)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 24.57 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F8 1 Tf 0.3 0 TD 0.0163 Tc 0.0957 Tw [( W)45.3(o)5.3(r)-28.7(l)0.1(d )-41.7(Bank)]TJ -31.965 -1.29 TD -0.0003 Tc 0.0143 Tw [(Summar)-30.3(y Repor)-45.3(t, December 1997.)]TJ ET 0.96 w /GS1 gs 79.92 311.16 m 385.08 311.16 l S 0.9 0.9 0.9 rg 0.9 0.9 0.9 RG 1000 M 72.53 735.82 319.04 -174.24 re B* 0 0 0 RG 2.04 w 10 M 72 736.26 m 392.04 736.26 l 72 560.94 m 392.04 560.94 l S BT /F9 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 78.84 715.8 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs -0.0012 Tc 0.0099 Tw [(T)97.1(a)-1.5(b)20.6(le 7.)42.4( Cost Eff)20.6(ectiveness of the Scenarios)]TJ /F8 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 79.8 580.92 Tm 0.0157 Tc 0 Tw [(Source:)45.7( )]TJ /F1 1 Tf 3.9 0 TD 0 Tc ()Tj /F8 1 Tf 0.3502 0 TD 0.0172 Tc (China)Tj /F1 1 Tf 2.6978 0 TD 0 Tc ()Tj /F8 1 Tf 0.192 0 TD 0.0168 Tc 0.1371 Tw [(s Str)16.8(ategies f)31.8(or Controlling Motor )61.4(V)98.8(ehicle Emissions)16.8(,)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 24.66 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F8 1 Tf 0.3 0 TD 0.0163 Tc 0.0957 Tw [( W)45.3(o)5.3(r)-28.7(l)0.1(d )-41.7(Bank)]TJ -32.1 -1.2 TD -0.0006 Tc 0.0373 Tw [(Summar)-30.6(y Repor)-45.6(t, December 1997.)]TJ ET /EmbeddedDocument /MC8 BDC BT /F11 1 Tf 9.8618 0 0 9.9 86.7635 682.5549 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS4 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw [(Scenario)-1889.4(Cumulative NO)]TJ 7.8894 0 0 7.92 217.7416 682.5549 Tm (x)Tj 9.8618 0 0 9.9 162.5888 670.0537 Tm (Reduction)Tj 0.2044 -1.2747 TD (\(10)Tj 6.9032 0 0 6.93 179.1922 662.7911 Tm (4)Tj 9.8618 0 0 9.9 182.632 657.4337 Tm ( tons\))Tj 6.0971 2.5375 TD (Cumulative)Tj 1.4673 -1.2627 TD (Costs)Tj -0.2166 -1.2747 TD (\(10)Tj 6.9032 0 0 6.93 269.6824 662.7911 Tm (6)Tj 9.8618 0 0 9.9 273.1217 657.4337 Tm ( $\))Tj 6.0971 2.5375 TD (Cost-)Tj -1.8158 -1.2627 TD (Effectiveness)Tj 1.3228 -1.2747 TD (\($/Ton\))Tj ET 3.144 i 77.08 700.532 0.831 -0.834 re f 77.08 700.532 0.831 -0.834 re f 77.91 700.532 60.01 -0.834 re f 137.921 700.532 0.83 -0.834 re f 138.75 700.532 95.234 -0.834 re f 233.984 700.532 0.831 -0.834 re f 234.815 700.532 70.328 -0.834 re f 305.143 700.532 0.83 -0.834 re f 305.973 700.532 79.223 -0.834 re f 385.196 700.532 0.831 -0.834 re f 385.196 700.532 0.831 -0.834 re f 77.08 699.698 0.831 -46.431 re f 137.921 699.698 0.474 -46.431 re f 138.869 699.698 0.475 -46.431 re f 233.984 699.698 0.831 -46.431 re f 305.143 699.698 0.83 -46.431 re f 385.196 699.698 0.831 -46.431 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 9.8618 0 0 9.9 105.3061 634.5736 Tm [(2)-7128.6(9)0(7)-7077.7(441)-5992.6(450)]TJ ET 77.08 653.147 0.831 -1.547 re f 77.91 653.147 60.01 -0.476 re f 77.91 652.195 60.01 -0.476 re f 137.921 651.718 0.474 -0.119 re f 138.869 651.718 0.475 -0.119 re f 137.921 653.147 0.474 -0.476 re f 137.921 652.195 0.474 -0.476 re f 138.869 653.147 0.475 -0.476 re f 138.869 652.195 0.475 -0.476 re f 139.344 653.147 94.64 -0.476 re f 139.344 652.195 94.64 -0.476 re f 233.984 651.718 0.831 -0.119 re f 233.984 653.147 1.424 -0.476 re f 233.984 652.195 1.424 -0.476 re f 235.408 653.147 69.735 -0.476 re f 235.408 652.195 69.735 -0.476 re f 305.143 651.718 0.83 -0.119 re f 305.143 653.147 1.423 -0.476 re f 305.143 652.195 1.423 -0.476 re f 306.566 653.147 78.63 -0.476 re f 306.566 652.195 78.63 -0.476 re f 385.196 653.147 0.831 -1.547 re f 77.08 651.599 0.831 -21.311 re f 137.921 651.599 0.474 -21.311 re f 138.869 651.599 0.475 -21.311 re f 233.984 651.599 0.831 -21.311 re f 305.143 651.599 0.83 -21.311 re f 385.196 651.599 0.831 -21.311 re f BT 9.8618 0 0 9.9 105.3061 612.3107 Tm [(4)-6852(120)-6798.3(389)-5992.6(320)]TJ ET 77.08 630.288 0.831 -0.834 re f 77.91 630.288 60.01 -0.834 re f 138.869 630.288 0.475 -0.834 re f 137.921 630.288 0.474 -0.834 re f 139.344 630.288 94.64 -0.834 re f 233.984 630.288 0.831 -0.834 re f 234.815 630.288 70.328 -0.834 re f 305.143 630.288 0.83 -0.834 re f 305.973 630.288 79.223 -0.834 re f 385.196 630.288 0.831 -0.834 re f 77.08 629.454 0.831 -21.43 re f 77.08 608.024 0.831 -0.832 re f 77.08 608.024 0.831 -0.832 re f 77.91 608.024 60.01 -0.832 re f 137.921 629.454 0.474 -21.43 re f 138.869 629.454 0.475 -21.43 re f 137.921 608.024 0.83 -0.832 re f 138.75 608.024 95.234 -0.832 re f 233.984 629.454 0.831 -21.43 re f 233.984 608.024 0.831 -0.832 re f 234.815 608.024 70.328 -0.832 re f 305.143 629.454 0.83 -21.43 re f 305.143 608.024 0.83 -0.832 re f 305.973 608.024 79.223 -0.832 re f 385.196 629.454 0.831 -21.43 re f 385.196 608.024 0.831 -0.832 re f 385.196 608.024 0.831 -0.832 re f EMC /EmbeddedDocument /MC9 BDC BT /F11 1 Tf 9.9199 0 0 10.0022 95.9664 489.1791 Tm [(Vehicle Category)-4170.7(HC)-5120.6(CO)-4582.1(NO)]TJ 6.9439 0 0 7.0015 359.7994 487.9724 Tm (X)Tj ET 3.176 i 79.806 507.405 0.838 -0.845 re f 79.806 507.405 0.838 -0.845 re f 80.644 507.405 111.088 -0.845 re f 191.732 507.405 0.838 -0.845 re f 192.57 507.405 66.797 -0.845 re f 259.367 507.405 0.838 -0.845 re f 260.205 507.405 62.008 -0.845 re f 322.212 507.405 0.838 -0.845 re f 323.051 507.405 62.007 -0.845 re f 385.058 507.405 0.838 -0.845 re f 385.058 507.405 0.838 -0.845 re f 79.806 506.56 0.838 -21.726 re f 191.732 506.56 0.479 -21.726 re f 192.69 506.56 0.479 -21.726 re f 259.367 506.56 0.838 -21.726 re f 322.212 506.56 0.838 -21.726 re f 385.058 506.56 0.838 -21.726 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 9.9199 0 0 10.0022 120.506 465.884 Tm [(LDGV)-6484.5(36.8%)-3729.7(52.1%)-3500.3(47.1%)]TJ ET 79.806 484.834 0.838 -1.569 re f 80.644 484.834 111.088 -0.483 re f 80.644 483.869 111.088 -0.484 re f 191.732 483.385 0.479 -0.12 re f 192.69 483.385 0.479 -0.12 re f 191.732 484.834 0.479 -0.483 re f 191.732 483.869 0.479 -0.484 re f 192.69 484.834 0.479 -0.483 re f 192.69 483.869 0.479 -0.484 re f 193.169 484.834 66.198 -0.483 re f 193.169 483.869 66.198 -0.484 re f 259.367 483.385 0.838 -0.12 re f 259.367 484.834 1.437 -0.483 re f 259.367 483.869 1.437 -0.484 re f 260.804 484.834 61.409 -0.483 re f 260.804 483.869 61.409 -0.484 re f 322.212 483.385 0.838 -0.12 re f 322.212 484.834 1.436 -0.483 re f 322.212 483.869 1.436 -0.484 re f 323.648 484.834 61.41 -0.483 re f 323.648 483.869 61.41 -0.484 re f 385.058 484.834 0.838 -1.569 re f 79.806 483.265 0.838 -21.606 re f 191.732 483.265 0.479 -21.606 re f 192.69 483.265 0.479 -21.606 re f 259.367 483.265 0.838 -21.606 re f 322.212 483.265 0.838 -21.606 re f 385.058 483.265 0.838 -21.606 re f BT 9.9199 0 0 10.0022 118.1123 443.4337 Tm [(LDGT1)-6225.8(13.5%)-3729.7(17.2%)-3500.3(15.3%)]TJ ET 79.806 461.659 0.838 -0.844 re f 80.644 461.659 111.088 -0.844 re f 192.69 461.659 0.479 -0.844 re f 191.732 461.659 0.479 -0.844 re f 193.169 461.659 66.198 -0.844 re f 259.367 461.659 0.838 -0.844 re f 260.205 461.659 62.008 -0.844 re f 322.212 461.659 0.838 -0.844 re f 323.051 461.659 62.007 -0.844 re f 385.058 461.659 0.838 -0.844 re f 79.806 460.815 0.838 -21.726 re f 191.732 460.815 0.479 -21.726 re f 192.69 460.815 0.479 -21.726 re f 259.367 460.815 0.838 -21.726 re f 322.212 460.815 0.838 -21.726 re f 385.058 460.815 0.838 -21.726 re f BT 9.9199 0 0 10.0022 118.1123 420.9835 Tm [(LDGT2)-6225.8(10.7%)-3729.7(13.5%)-3500.3(13.4%)]TJ ET 79.806 439.089 0.838 -0.845 re f 80.644 439.089 111.088 -0.845 re f 192.69 439.089 0.479 -0.845 re f 191.732 439.089 0.479 -0.845 re f 193.169 439.089 66.198 -0.845 re f 259.367 439.089 0.838 -0.845 re f 260.205 439.089 62.008 -0.845 re f 322.212 439.089 0.838 -0.845 re f 323.051 439.089 62.007 -0.845 re f 385.058 439.089 0.838 -0.845 re f 79.806 438.244 0.838 -21.727 re f 191.732 438.244 0.479 -21.727 re f 192.69 438.244 0.479 -21.727 re f 259.367 438.244 0.838 -21.727 re f 322.212 438.244 0.838 -21.727 re f 385.058 438.244 0.838 -21.727 re f BT 9.9199 0 0 10.0022 119.9077 398.4131 Tm [(HDGV)-6656.3(2.9%)-4285.6(3.3%)-4056.4(6.6%)]TJ ET 79.806 416.638 0.838 -0.845 re f 80.644 416.638 111.088 -0.845 re f 192.69 416.638 0.479 -0.845 re f 191.732 416.638 0.479 -0.845 re f 193.169 416.638 66.198 -0.845 re f 259.367 416.638 0.838 -0.845 re f 260.205 416.638 62.008 -0.845 re f 322.212 416.638 0.838 -0.845 re f 323.051 416.638 62.007 -0.845 re f 385.058 416.638 0.838 -0.845 re f 79.806 415.793 0.838 -21.727 re f 191.732 415.793 0.479 -21.727 re f 192.69 415.793 0.479 -21.727 re f 259.367 415.793 0.838 -21.727 re f 322.212 415.793 0.838 -21.727 re f 385.058 415.793 0.838 -21.727 re f BT 9.9199 0 0 10.0022 120.2667 375.8417 Tm [(HDDV)-6676.1(1.8%)-4285.6(1.0%)-3778.8(11.9%)]TJ ET 79.806 394.066 0.838 -0.844 re f 80.644 394.066 111.088 -0.844 re f 192.69 394.066 0.479 -0.844 re f 191.732 394.066 0.479 -0.844 re f 193.169 394.066 66.198 -0.844 re f 259.367 394.066 0.838 -0.844 re f 260.205 394.066 62.008 -0.844 re f 322.212 394.066 0.838 -0.844 re f 323.051 394.066 62.007 -0.844 re f 385.058 394.066 0.838 -0.844 re f 79.806 393.223 0.838 -21.725 re f 191.732 393.223 0.479 -21.725 re f 192.69 393.223 0.479 -21.725 re f 259.367 393.223 0.838 -21.725 re f 322.212 393.223 0.838 -21.725 re f 385.058 393.223 0.838 -21.725 re f BT 9.9199 0 0 10.0022 127.2104 353.3915 Tm [(MC)-6976.6(30.4%)-4007.2(7.9%)-4056.4(0.8%)]TJ ET 79.806 371.497 0.838 -0.846 re f 80.644 371.497 111.088 -0.846 re f 192.69 371.497 0.479 -0.846 re f 191.732 371.497 0.479 -0.846 re f 193.169 371.497 66.198 -0.846 re f 259.367 371.497 0.838 -0.846 re f 260.205 371.497 62.008 -0.846 re f 322.212 371.497 0.838 -0.846 re f 323.051 371.497 62.007 -0.846 re f 385.058 371.497 0.838 -0.846 re f 79.806 370.651 0.838 -21.725 re f 191.732 370.651 0.479 -21.725 re f 192.69 370.651 0.479 -21.725 re f 259.367 370.651 0.838 -21.725 re f 322.212 370.651 0.838 -21.725 re f 385.058 370.651 0.838 -21.725 re f BT 9.9199 0 0 10.0022 123.0204 330.8201 Tm [(JEEP)-6730.5(3.8%)-4285.6(5.0%)-4056.4(4.8%)]TJ ET 79.806 349.047 0.838 -0.846 re f 80.644 349.047 111.088 -0.846 re f 192.69 349.047 0.479 -0.846 re f 191.732 349.047 0.479 -0.846 re f 193.169 349.047 66.198 -0.846 re f 259.367 349.047 0.838 -0.846 re f 260.205 349.047 62.008 -0.846 re f 322.212 349.047 0.838 -0.846 re f 323.051 349.047 62.007 -0.846 re f 385.058 349.047 0.838 -0.846 re f 79.806 348.201 0.838 -21.725 re f 79.806 326.475 0.838 -0.844 re f 79.806 326.475 0.838 -0.844 re f 80.644 326.475 111.088 -0.844 re f 191.732 348.201 0.479 -21.725 re f 192.69 348.201 0.479 -21.725 re f 191.732 326.475 0.838 -0.844 re f 192.57 326.475 66.797 -0.844 re f 259.367 348.201 0.838 -21.725 re f 259.367 326.475 0.838 -0.844 re f 260.205 326.475 62.008 -0.844 re f 322.212 348.201 0.838 -21.725 re f 322.212 326.475 0.838 -0.844 re f 323.051 326.475 62.007 -0.844 re f 385.058 348.201 0.838 -21.725 re f 385.058 326.475 0.838 -0.844 re f 385.058 326.475 0.838 -0.844 re f EMC 0.96 w /GS1 gs 1 i 78.72 594.96 m 384.72 594.96 l S endstream endobj 28 0 obj << /Title (article 4-7 graphs.eps) /Creator (Adobe Illustrator\(R\) 8.0) /Author (Karin Mueller) >> endobj 29 0 obj << /Title (article 4-8 graphs.eps) /Creator (Adobe Illustrator\(R\) 8.0) /Author (Karin Mueller) >> endobj 30 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 157 0 R /Resources 31 0 R /Contents 32 0 R /Thumb 124 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 31 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F4 177 0 R /F6 181 0 R /F8 194 0 R /F9 192 0 R /F10 199 0 R /F11 198 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 211 0 R /GS2 212 0 R /GS4 94 0 R >> /Properties << /MC10 33 0 R >> >> endobj 32 0 obj << /Length 13493 >> stream BT /F4 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 56.28 26.4 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs 0.0067 Tc 0 Tw (36)Tj ET 1 0 0.027 RG 0 J 0 j 0.48 w 10 M []0 d /GS1 gs 1 i 55.08 42.96 m 541.08 42.96 l 55.08 39.48 m 541.08 39.48 l S BT 9 0 0 9 396.96 25.08 Tm /GS2 gs 0 Tc (C)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 403.56 25.08 Tm 0.0439 Tc (HINA)Tj 9 0 0 9 420.84 25.08 Tm 0.045 Tc ( E)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 429 25.08 Tm 0.0425 Tc [(NVIR)42.5(ONMENT)]TJ 9 0 0 9 475.44 25.08 Tm 0.041 Tc ( S)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 482.88 25.08 Tm 0.0458 Tc (ERIES)Tj 9 0 0 9 501.12 25.08 Tm 0.0451 Tc [( )14.3( I)]TJ 6.3 0 0 6.3 517.92 25.08 Tm 0.0481 Tc (SSUE)Tj 9 0 0 9 533.76 25.08 Tm 0.0483 Tc ( 3)Tj /F6 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 53.9999 729.2401 Tm -0.0077 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(sold in the countr)-18.6(y as of 1 A)14.1(pril 2000.)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0305 Tw [(Beijing again took the lead by phas-)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc -0.0543 Tw [(ing in these E)22.3(u)4.5(ropean auto standar)11.4(ds)]TJ T* 0.0627 Tc 0.1247 Tw [(that r)8.1(equir)8.2(e all new cars to be)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc -0.0108 Tw [(equipped with catalysts as of 1 J)33.4(anu-)]TJ T* -0.0005 Tc 0.0522 Tw [(ar)-22.3(y 1999, one year ahead of the na-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0672 Tw (tional schedule. Of the 64,000 new)Tj T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0188 Tw [(v)6.9(ehicles sold in Beijing since the be-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.1063 Tw (ginning of 1999, 46,000 cars com-)Tj T* -0.0036 Tc -0.0623 Tw [(ply with the E)18.2(u)0.4(r)7.3(o)-0.5( 1 standar)18.2(ds and the)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0408 Tw (remaining 18,000 vehicles not meet-)Tj T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0623 Tw [(ing these standar)11.1(ds are motor)11.1(cy)11.1(cles,)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.108 Tw [(agricultural tractors, and tr)-10.6(ucks. )44(T)136.7(o)]TJ T* 0.0047 Tc 0.125 Tw [(r)9.4(egulate these v)-6.2(ehicles, Beijing will)]TJ T* 0.0117 Tc 0.1258 Tw (implement more stringent exhaust)Tj T* 0.0028 Tc 0.125 Tw [(standar)13.7(ds \(E)13.7(uro 1\) for both H)13.7(eavy)]TJ T* 0.013 Tc 0.1257 Tw [(D)7.5(uty Gas Engines \(HDGE\))]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 180.96 521.64 Tm 0.0125 Tc 0 Tw (15)Tj 11 0 0 11 187.56 518.04 Tm 0.0167 Tc 0.1273 Tw [( and)]TJ -12.1418 -1.2 TD -0.0081 Tc -0.0623 Tw [(H)23.4(eavy D)13.7(uty D)13.7(iesel Engines \(HDDE\))]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0391 Tw (with steady state mode test methods,)Tj T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0356 Tw [(and to agricultural transpor)-10.7(t vehicles)]TJ T* -0.0034 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(using the fr)7.5(ee acceleration mode. )51.5(The)]TJ T* -0.0018 Tc -0.0628 Tw [(standar)9.1(ds w)9.1(e)-4.7(r)9.1(e)-1.1( put in for)20(ce by 1 J)41.8(une)]TJ T* -0.0007 Tc 0 Tw (1999.)Tj 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.05 Tw [(F)25.7(u)4.4(r)-10.5(thermor)11.3(e, the go)11.3(v)6.9(ernment of)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0302 Tw [(B)5.4(eijing has a plan to retr)11.3(ofit 14,000)]TJ T* 0.017 Tc 0.1257 Tw [(taxis to become dual fuel v)6.1(e)1.2(hicles)]TJ T* -0.0015 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(gasoline \(Liquefied P)53(etr)9.4(oleum Gas)]TJ T* 0.0166 Tc 0.125 Tw (LPG\). Among them, 10,000 taxis)Tj T* 0 Tc -0.0254 Tw [(should be finished befor)10.9(e the middle)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0399 Tw [(of S)11.5(eptember 1999 and the r)11.5(emain-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.085 Tw [(der by the end 1999. )54.4(The city go)10.8(v-)]TJ T* -0.0049 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(ernment also r)6(equir)6(es taxi companies)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0288 Tw [(with mor)11.3(e than 300 taxis must build)]TJ T* 0.0192 Tc 0.1245 Tw [(their o)8.3(wn LPG r)8.3(efueling stations.)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0247 Tw [(N)30.2(otably)98.1(, some public buses will also)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0598 Tw [(be changed to use dual fuel. )43.8(The go)22(v-)]TJ T* 0.0855 Tw (ernment wants to change the diesel)Tj T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0236 Tw [(buses in do)11.5(wnto)22.4(wninside the sec-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0627 Tw (ond circle roadinto gasoline buses,)Tj T* 0.0024 Tc 0.125 Tw (because some national leaders con-)Tj T* -0.0011 Tc -0.0623 Tw (sider the diesel engine to be the worst)Tj T* -0.0058 Tc -0.0622 Tw [(pollutant source. N)26.9(otably)92.4(, the Shang-)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.125 Tw [(hai municipal go)11.4(v)7(ernment and nu-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0964 Tw [(mer)11.2(ous other large cities are pursu-)]TJ T* 0.0137 Tc 0.1258 Tw [(ing r)13.7(etrofit strategies as well. )57.7(This)]TJ T* 0.0052 Tc 0.1247 Tw [(rapid and pr)-5.7(ogr)16.1(essiv)5.2(e wor)5.2(k b)5.2(y)1( city)]TJ T* 0.0269 Tc 0.1257 Tw [(go)26.9(vernments on emission control)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0371 Tw [(standar)11.3(ds is linked to the publicizing)]TJ T* 0.0576 Tw (of air quality data in Chinese cities,)Tj T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0706 Tw [(which has led to public pressur)11.1(e on)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0156 Tw [(local authorities to addr)11.3(ess the prob-)]TJ 15.0873 50.2473 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (lem.)Tj 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.0296 Tw [(N)30.7(ationally)87.7(, SEP)54.9(A is planning to)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0024 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(intr)-8.5(oduce heavy duty standar)13.3(ds ac-)]TJ T* -0.0055 Tc -0.0616 Tw [(cor)5.4(ding to the data pr)16.3(esented in )49.6(T)120(able)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0759 Tw [(9. I)33.3(t)0.2( should be noted that the S)22.4(tate)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.027 Tw [(S)20.1(uper)-21.6(vision B)11.1(u)4.2(reau \(SSB\) is in a dis-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0682 Tw [(pute with SEP)43.9(A o)22.1(v)-4.1(er which organi-)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc -0.0008 Tw [(zation has authority to issue ne)-10.3(w v)11.5(e)7.5(-)]TJ T* -0.0015 Tc -0.0622 Tw [(hicle standar)9.4(ds. )42.7(The SSB would most)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0208 Tw [(likely delay the introduction of E)22.1(u)4.3(ro)]TJ T* 0.0563 Tw [(2 standar)11.2(ds until 2005 for cer)-10.6(tifica-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.008 Tw [(tion and delay production standar)11.1(ds)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0 Tw (until 2006.)Tj /F4 1 Tf 1.6364 -2.4 TD -0.01 Tc -0.0957 Tw [( V)116.4(ehicle )-35(R)11.8(etrofit: )]TJ /F6 1 Tf 6.9055 0 TD -0.0102 Tc -0.0636 Tw [(I)11.4(n)0( early M)11.6(a)-5.1(rch)]TJ -8.5418 -1.2 TD -0.011 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(1999, the B)10.8(eijing Envir)10.8(onmental P)32.6(r)4.6(o)9.5(-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(tection B)11.2(u)4.3(r)11.2(e)0.4(au \(EPB\) had a meeting)]TJ T* 0.0434 Tc 0.1248 Tw [(with car manufacturers from all)]TJ T* 0.0158 Tc 0.1251 Tw [(around the countr)-27.8(y and informed)]TJ T* 0.0049 Tc (them that all manufacturers whose)Tj T* 0.0261 Tc 0.1253 Tw (vehicles had been sold in Beijing)Tj T* 0 Tc 0.0663 Tw [(should be r)10.9(esponsible for the pollu-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0726 Tw [(tion of these vehicles. As a r)11.3(esult of)]TJ T* -0.0126 Tw (the discussions, all domestically pro-)Tj T* -0.0097 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(duced cars sold in Beijing, which w)12.1(e)-1.7(r)12.1(e)]TJ T* 0.032 Tc 0.1252 Tw [(manufactur)10.2(ed between 1995 and)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.037 Tw [(1998, must be r)11.5(etrofitted with a v)11.5(e)7.5(-)]TJ T* 0.0195 Tc 0.1255 Tw [(hicles manufacturer dev)8.6(eloped kit)]TJ T* 0.0073 Tc 0.125 Tw [(designed to meet the E)18.2(u)0.4(r)7.3(o)-0.4( 1 stan-)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.01 Tw [(dar)11(ds. F)32.8(or cars with carbur)11(etors, this)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0555 Tw [(means installing a thr)11.3(ee-way catalyst,)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc -0.0385 Tw [(an oxygen sensor)66(, an air injector)65.9(, and)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc -0.0153 Tw (an electronic control unit to manage)Tj T* -0.0062 Tc -0.062 Tw [(the air-fuel ration at a cost of appro)10.7(xi-)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0836 Tw [(mately $375 per vehicle. )43.4(The scope)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.022 Tw [(of the cars needing to be retr)11.2(ofitted,)]TJ T* 0.0032 Tc 0.1251 Tw [(will be the total cars register)14.1(ed be-)]TJ T* -0.0109 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(tween 1 J)32.7(anuar)-10.9(y 1995 and 31 D)10.9(ecem-)]TJ T* 0.0183 Tc 0.1251 Tw [(ber 1998. M)7.4(anufacturers wer)7.4(e)-2.9( r)7.4(e)3.4(-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0236 Tw [(quir)11.1(ed to finish the work b)11.1(y)2.5( Decem-)]TJ T* -0.0185 Tw [(ber 1999. A)11.1(ppro)6.2(ximately 80,000 v)11.1(e)7.1(-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0514 Tw [(hicles have been r)11.3(etr)11.3(ofitted to date in)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc 0.0272 Tw [(B)5.7(eijing with estimated emissions r)11.6(e)7.6(-)]TJ 15.0982 50.4 TD -0.0082 Tc -0.0623 Tw (ductions averaging about seventy per-)Tj 0 -1.2 TD 0.0372 Tc 0.126 Tw [(cent. )15.6(When completed, approxi-)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0625 Tw [(mately 200,000 vehicles will be r)21.8(et-)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0499 Tw [(r)5.3(ofitted. S)22.4(imilar programs ar)11.5(e going)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.003 Tw (on in other cities.)Tj /F4 1 Tf 1.6364 -2.2909 TD -0.0024 Tc -0.065 Tw [( F)19.4(uel Conversions: )]TJ /F6 1 Tf 7.7782 0 TD -0.0007 Tc -0.0644 Tw [(Or)25.8(ders have)]TJ -9.4145 -1.2 TD 0.0005 Tc 0.08 Tw [(been placed for 300 new C)22.3(ummins)]TJ T* 0.031 Tc 0.1255 Tw [(Compr)9.2(essed N)41.9(atural Gas \(CNG\))]TJ T* 0.0183 Tc (engines to be installed in existing)Tj T* 0.0063 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(buses, r)17.2(eplacing diesel engines. N)39(o)]TJ T* 0.0068 Tc 0.1256 Tw [(mor)6.8(e buses with diesel engines ar)17.7(e)]TJ T* 0.0132 Tc 0.1255 Tw [(planned to be purchased and ne)-8.6(w)]TJ T* -0.0116 Tc -0.0629 Tw [(r)15(egulations will r)10.2(equir)21.1(e that ne)-11.6(w buses)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0967 Tw [(and taxicabs ar)10.8(e fueled by CNG or)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(hav)11.4(e the capacity to be dual-fueled)]TJ T* 0.0098 Tc 0.125 Tw [(\(LPG and unleaded gasoline\). A)20.7(p)-3.2(-)]TJ T* 0.027 Tc 0.1257 Tw [(p)-6.7(r)16.1(oximately 15,000 v)5.2(e)0.4(hicles hav)5.2(e)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0265 Tw (been converted to CNG or dual-fuel)Tj T* 0.0028 Tc 0.1252 Tw [(as of N)35.5(o)19.7(v)9.3(ember 1999 and it is ex-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0381 Tw [(pected that this ex)11.1(ceeded 17,000 b)11.1(y)]TJ T* -0.0036 Tc -0.0622 Tw [(the end of 1999. D)18.2(iesel to CNG con-)]TJ T* 0.0164 Tc 0.1255 Tw [(versions ar)5.5(e estimated to r)16.4(esult in)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc -0.0023 Tw [(about ten to twenty per)11.4(cent less CO)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0388 Tw [(and HC emissions. )54.2(The Beijing En-)]TJ T* 0.0064 Tc 0.1255 Tw [(vir)6.4(onmental P)39.1(r)0.2(otection B)28.2(u)-0.5(r)6.4(eau has)]TJ T* -0.0114 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(also appar)10.4(ently decided to ban the sale)]TJ T* -0.0104 Tc -0.0628 Tw (of diesel vehicles altogether in Beijing.)Tj /F4 1 Tf 1.6364 -2.2909 TD 0.0026 Tc 0.1294 Tw [( O)24.4(ther: )]TJ /F6 1 Tf 3.8182 0 TD 0.0011 Tc 0.1252 Tw [(The B)12(eijing Envir)-9.8(on-)]TJ -5.4545 -1.2 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.0284 Tw [(mental P)33.1(r)5.1(otection B)11.3(u)4.4(r)11.3(eau is actively)]TJ T* -0.0056 Tw (pursuing loaded emission testing ca-)Tj T* 0.0005 Tc 0.047 Tw [(pability for the I/M pr)11.4(ogram, as ar)11.4(e)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0574 Tw [(other cities in China. )55(The I/M pr)11.5(o-)]TJ T* -0.004 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(gram is the primar)-14.9(y enfor)6.9(cement tool)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0453 Tw [(for v)11.2(ehicle r)11.2(etrofits and alternate fuel)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0128 Tw [(conv)11(ersions, as well as for the o)21.9(v)6.6(erall)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0345 Tw [(maintenance of the v)11.3(ehicle fleet. An-)]TJ T* -0.0571 Tw [(other new policy r)11.2(ecently introduced)]TJ T* -0.0061 Tc -0.0623 Tw [(by the Beijing Envir)-6.1(onmental P)26.6(r)9.5(otec-)]TJ T* -0.0043 Tc -0.0629 Tw [(tion B)17.5(u)-0.3(r)6.6(eau \(EPB\) is the r)6.6(equir)6.6(ement)]TJ T* -0.008 Tc -0.0622 Tw [(to for)13.8(ce the r)13.8(etir)13.8(ement of vehicles that)]TJ T* -0.0112 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(hav)10.6(e accumulated more than 500,000)]TJ ET 0.9 0.9 0.9 rg 0.9 0.9 0.9 RG 0.96 w 1000 M /GS1 gs 220.48 736.97 319.04 -94.64 re B* 0 0 0 RG 2.04 w 10 M 219.96 736.98 m 540 736.98 l 219.96 642.3 m 540 642.3 l S BT /F9 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 223.56 717.24 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs -0.0008 Tc -0.0471 Tw [(T)97.5(a)-1.1(b)10.1(le 9.)53.7( SEP)119.2(A)-0.4( Pr)10.1(oposed Sc)10.1(hedule f)31.9(or Hea)10.1(vy Duty Standar)31.9(ds)]TJ ET /EmbeddedDocument /MC10 BDC q 3.175 i 226.56 700.8 306 -42.96 re W n BT /F11 1 Tf 9.5875 0 0 9.9907 345.0327 688.2385 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS4 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw [(Certification)-5286(Production)]TJ ET 226.958 700.431 0.477 -0.498 re f 226.958 700.431 0.477 -0.498 re f 227.435 700.431 98.017 -0.498 re f 325.453 700.431 0.477 -0.498 re f 325.93 700.431 98.018 -0.498 re f 423.948 700.431 0.478 -0.498 re f 424.426 700.431 106.971 -0.498 re f 531.397 700.431 0.478 -0.498 re f 531.397 700.431 0.478 -0.498 re f 226.958 699.934 0.477 -13.187 re f 325.453 699.934 0.477 -13.187 re f 423.948 699.934 0.478 -13.187 re f 531.397 699.934 0.478 -13.187 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 9.5875 0 0 9.9907 238.6581 674.6788 Tm [(Euro 1 Standards)-3761.4(July 1 2000)-5620(July 1 2001)]TJ ET 226.958 686.747 0.477 -0.498 re f 227.435 686.747 98.017 -0.498 re f 325.453 686.747 0.477 -0.498 re f 325.93 686.747 98.018 -0.498 re f 423.948 686.747 0.478 -0.498 re f 424.426 686.747 106.971 -0.498 re f 531.397 686.747 0.478 -0.498 re f 226.958 686.249 0.477 -13.188 re f 325.453 686.249 0.477 -13.188 re f 423.948 686.249 0.478 -13.188 re f 531.397 686.249 0.478 -13.188 re f BT 9.5875 0 0 9.9907 238.6581 660.9934 Tm [(Euro 2 Standards)-2939.5(January 1 2003)-4662.9(July 1 2004)]TJ ET 226.958 673.061 0.477 -0.498 re f 227.435 673.061 98.017 -0.498 re f 325.453 673.061 0.477 -0.498 re f 325.93 673.061 98.018 -0.498 re f 423.948 673.061 0.478 -0.498 re f 424.426 673.061 106.971 -0.498 re f 531.397 673.061 0.478 -0.498 re f 226.958 672.564 0.477 -13.188 re f 226.958 659.376 0.477 -0.497 re f 226.958 659.376 0.477 -0.497 re f 227.435 659.376 98.017 -0.497 re f 325.453 672.564 0.477 -13.188 re f 325.453 659.376 0.477 -0.497 re f 325.93 659.376 98.018 -0.497 re f 423.948 672.564 0.478 -13.188 re f 423.948 659.376 0.478 -0.497 re f 424.426 659.376 106.971 -0.497 re f 531.397 672.564 0.478 -13.188 re f 531.397 659.376 0.478 -0.497 re f 531.397 659.376 0.478 -0.497 re f EMC Q BT /F8 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 373.32 673.92 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (,)Tj 10.212 0.012 TD (,)Tj -9.348 -1.32 TD (,)Tj 9.444 -0.012 TD (,)Tj ET endstream endobj 33 0 obj << /Title (article 4-9 graphs.eps) /Creator (Adobe Illustrator\(R\) 8.0) /Author (Karin Mueller) >> endobj 34 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 157 0 R /Resources 35 0 R /Contents 36 0 R /Thumb 126 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 35 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F4 177 0 R /F6 181 0 R /F12 97 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 211 0 R /GS2 212 0 R >> >> endobj 36 0 obj << /Length 11804 >> stream 1 0 0.027 RG 0 J 0 j 0.48 w 10 M []0 d /GS1 gs 1 i 72 42.96 m 558 42.96 l 72 39.48 m 558 39.48 l S BT /F4 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 72 25.08 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (C)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 78.48 25.08 Tm 0.0439 Tc (HINA)Tj 9 0 0 9 95.76 25.08 Tm 0.045 Tc ( E)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 104.04 25.08 Tm 0.0425 Tc [(NVIR)42.5(ONMENT)]TJ 9 0 0 9 150.36 25.08 Tm 0.041 Tc ( S)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 157.92 25.08 Tm 0.0458 Tc (ERIES)Tj 9 0 0 9 176.16 25.08 Tm 0.0451 Tc [( )14.3( I)]TJ 6.3 0 0 6.3 192.96 25.08 Tm 0.0481 Tc (SSUE)Tj 9 0 0 9 208.8 25.08 Tm 0.0483 Tc ( 3)Tj 37.7733 0.08 TD 0.0067 Tc (37)Tj /F6 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 72 729.2401 Tm 0.0002 Tc 0.0386 Tw [(kilometers in use. )54.7(This policy led to)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.058 Tc 0.1257 Tw (the scrapping of approximately)Tj T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0009 Tw [(58,000 v)11.2(ehicles, mainly taxis, by the)]TJ T* 0.0023 Tw (end of 1999.)Tj 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.006 Tc 0.1259 Tw [(On 1 J)38.7(une 1999, SEP)49.6(A issued)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.0208 Tw [(n)-5.9(e)0.4(w contr)11.3(ol standar)11.3(ds for motor ve)7.3(-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0739 Tw (hicle gasoline designed to minimize)Tj T* 0.0004 Tc 0.1251 Tw [(hazar)11.3(dous risks of benzene, olefins,)]TJ T* 0 Tc -0.0522 Tw [(a)5.1(romatics, lead, and other chemicals.)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0489 Tw [(I)11.2(n)0( addition, detergents which could)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.095 Tw [(clean deposits effectiv)11(ely will be re)7(-)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0258 Tw [(quir)10.9(ed to be added to motor vehicle)]TJ T* -0.0119 Tc -0.0622 Tw [(gasoline. F)31.7(or olefins, the r)9.9(equirements)]TJ T* -0.0028 Tc -0.062 Tw [(we)-5.7(r)19(e)-0.4( implemented in B)8.1(eijing, S)8.1(hang-)]TJ T* -0.0056 Tc -0.0622 Tw [(hai, and G)16.2(uangzhou as of 1 J)38(uly 1999)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0007 Tw [(and will be mandator)-10.3(y for the entir)11.5(e)]TJ T* 0.0051 Tc 0.1252 Tw [(countr)-27.6(y after 1 J)37.8(anuar)-16.7(y 2003. )48.5(The)]TJ T* 0.0047 Tc 0.1251 Tw [(B)9.7(eijing EPB is also tr)-28(ying to work)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0016 Tw [(with the P)65.6(etroleum M)11.1(inistr)-21.6(y on fur-)]TJ T* 0.0122 Tc 0.125 Tw [(ther impro)29.1(v)-3.1(ements of fuel quality)99.5(,)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0427 Tw [(especially as it per)-10.6(tains to detergents.)]TJ T* 0.0009 Tc 0.1253 Tw [(C)20.5(urr)11.8(ently the B)11.8(eijing EPB and the)]TJ T* 0.0071 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(P)54.3(etr)7.1(oleum M)7.1(inistr)-25.6(y ar)7.1(e dev)7.1(eloping)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0431 Tw [(S)31.1(tage I vapor contr)11.2(ols at ser)-21.5(vice sta-)]TJ T* 0.051 Tw [(tions. I)11.2(n)0.6( the year 2000, a pilot pro-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0727 Tw (gram to raise money to fund pollu-)Tj T* 0.0013 Tc 0.0046 Tw [(tion contr)12.2(ol work has been set up in)]TJ T* 0.0229 Tc 0.1257 Tw [(appro)7.1(ximately thir)-9.8(ty major cities.)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0463 Tw [(This pilot project r)11(equir)11(es the levy of)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0419 Tw [(a 300 to 600 R)11.3(enminbi pollution fee)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0363 Tw (on all vehicles and the funds will be)Tj T* -0.0009 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(dispersed to local go)10(v)5.6(ernments to use)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0085 Tw [(as they see fit to r)11(emedy v)11(ehicle pol-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0018 Tw [(lution in their ar)11.3(ea.)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 4.56 -3.1855 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (C)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 129.84 258.6 Tm [(ONCL)31.2(USION)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 90 235.92 Tm -0.0004 Tc -0.0627 Tw (The vehicle population in China)Tj -1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0106 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(has been gro)17.2(wing rapidly o)22.1(v)-4.1(er the past)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0394 Tw (decade and will likely continue to do)Tj T* 0 Tc 0.1064 Tw [(so for the for)10.9(eseeable future. )21.9(W)10.9(ith-)]TJ T* 0.001 Tc -0.0517 Tw [(out significant effor)-9.9(t to constrain the)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0455 Tw [(environmental damage that these ve)7(-)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc 0.1255 Tw [(hicles can cause, alr)11.6(eady serious air)]TJ T* -0.0041 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(pollution pr)6.8(oblems will become criti-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0259 Tw [(cal. )54.8(T)136.8(o)0.5( prev)11.3(ent fur)-10.5(ther sever)11.3(e air pol-)]TJ T* 0.012 Tc 0.1256 Tw [(lution, the Chinese go)22.9(v)7.6(ernment)]TJ T* 0 Tc -0.0098 Tw [(with funding pro)16.9(vided by the )22(W)87.3(orld)]TJ T* -0.0119 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(B)14.9(ankhas developed a national strat-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0792 Tw [(egy for r)11.1(educing motor v)11.1(ehicle pol-)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc -0.0172 Tw [(lution. K)11.5(ey components of the strat-)]TJ 15.0873 60.4473 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.05 Tw (egy include unleaded gasoline, tight)Tj 0 -1.2 TD 0.0144 Tc 0.1257 Tw (standards on all categories of new)Tj T* -0.0056 Tc -0.0625 Tw (vehicles, and a substantially upgraded)Tj T* 0.0007 Tc -0.0516 Tw [(I/M program. I)22.5(nstitutional impro)17.6(v)7.2(e)7.6(-)]TJ T* 0.0087 Tc 0.125 Tw (ments to enable the strategy to be)Tj T* 0.0017 Tc 0.1253 Tw (implemented have also been devel-)Tj T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0584 Tw [(oped. A great deal of additional wor)11.1(k)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0111 Tw [(will be needed but it is believed that)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.1159 Tw (the work carried out to date under)Tj T* 0.021 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(this pr)10.1(oject pr)10.1(o)16.1(vides a good basis)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc 0.1159 Tw [(upon which to build in the futur)11.6(e)3.1(.)]TJ T* 0.0162 Tc 0.1252 Tw [(Sev)5.3(eral impor)-5.6(tant elements of the)]TJ T* -0.001 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(strategy have no)9.9(w been implemented)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0394 Tw (and most notably have been the ad-)Tj T* 0.0005 Tc -0.0523 Tw [(ditional controls that municipal go)11.4(v-)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc -0.0544 Tw [(ernments ar)11.5(e introducing to comple-)]TJ T* -0.0091 Tw [(ment the national strategy)98.9(.)]TJ ET 0.96 w /GS1 gs 250.92 494.16 m 379.2 494.16 l S BT /F12 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 237.96 468.36 Tm /GS2 gs -0.0002 Tc -0.0477 Tw [(M)12(ichael P)207.1(.)-6.1( )76.2(W)114.2(alsh is a technical consult-)]TJ T* -0.0005 Tc -0.0444 Tw [(ant specializing in motor v)10.4(ehicle pollu-)]TJ T* -0.003 Tc -0.062 Tw [(tion contr)7.9(ol issues at the local, national,)]TJ T* -0.0004 Tc 0.031 Tw [(and inter)-11.3(national lev)10.5(el. H)21.4(e)-1.1( has ser)-22.2(ved)]TJ T* 0 Tc -0.005 Tw [(on a )65.6(W)92.5(o)5.2(r)10.9(ld B)10.9(ank advisor)-21.8(y panel to the)]TJ T* 0.029 Tc 0.1256 Tw [(M)19.4(exico C)7.2(ity )61.6(T)128.5(r)31.8(ansport/Air Q)7.2(uality)]TJ T* -0.0008 Tc -0.0551 Tw [(M)11.4(anagement P)21(r)2(ogr)31.9(am and has wor)10.1(ked)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0175 Tw (in a similar capacity with the Chinese)Tj T* -0.0077 Tc -0.0628 Tw [(S)26.9(tate E)14.1(nvir)14.1(onmental P)25(r)6(otection A)14.1(gency)79.6(.)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 5.0182 -3.6873 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (E)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 299.52 322.2 Tm -0.0018 Tc [(NDNO)45(TES)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 5.8 0 0 5.8 246.96 303 Tm (1 )Tj 10 0 0 10 252.12 299.64 Tm 0.0107 Tc 0.1271 Tw [(China)70.7()89.7(s)-1( S)22.7(trategies for Contr)10.7(olling)]TJ -1.416 -1.2 TD -0.0006 Tc 0.0411 Tw [(M)23.4(otor V)111.4(ehicle )-11.8(E)11.4(m)-0.5(issions, W)83.4(orld )-12.5(B)23.4(ank)]TJ T* -0.0009 Tc 0.0013 Tw [(S)20.1(ummar)-12.9(y R)11.1(epor)-12.9(t, December 1997.)]TJ 5.8 0 0 5.8 246.96 267 Tm 0.0086 Tc 0 Tw (2 )Tj 10 0 0 10 251.16 263.64 Tm -0.0003 Tc -0.0367 Tw [()-7.3(P)35.7(riv)11.7(ate Car P)35.7(u)3.7(rchases on the Rise in)]TJ -1.32 -1.2 TD -0.0007 Tc 0 Tw (China, )Tj /F12 1 Tf 3.408 0 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0996 Tw [(China A)24.1(uto)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 4.452 0 TD -0.0005 Tc 0.1022 Tw [(, 9:1 \()-36.5(J)32.5(anuar)-24.5(y/F)47.5(eb-)]TJ -7.86 -1.2 TD 0.0005 Tc 0.0252 Tw [(r)-15.5(uar)-11.5(y 1999\).)]TJ 5.8 0 0 5.8 246.96 231 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (3 )Tj 10 0 0 10 251.16 227.64 Tm -0.001 Tc -0.0272 Tw [()-29(T)131(argeting S)23(ustainable Dev)11(elopment)]TJ -1.32 -1.2 TD -0.0005 Tc 0.0505 Tw [(for U)35.5(rban )47(T)143.5(ransport, W)95.5(u)8.5( )11(Y)105.5(ong, U)35.5(rban)]TJ T* -0.0011 Tc -0.0135 Tw [(Constr)-13.1(uction Depar)-13.1(tment of the M)10.9(inis-)]TJ T* 0.0014 Tc 0.1251 Tw [(tr)-22.6(y of Constr)-22.6(uction, and Li Xiaojiang,)]TJ T* -0.0096 Tc -0.0618 Tw [(Chinese Academy of U)50.4(rban Planning and)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0125 Tw [(Design, A)23.9(pril 1999.)]TJ 5.8 0 0 5.8 246.96 159 Tm -0.0017 Tc 0 Tw (4 )Tj 10 0 0 10 252.12 155.64 Tm 0.0104 Tc 0.127 Tw [(S)10.4(trategy for S)34.4(ustainable Dev)10.4(elop-)]TJ -1.416 -1.2 TD -0.0012 Tc -0.0618 Tw [(ment of U)34.8(rban )35(T)142.8(ranspor)-13.2(tation and E)10.8(nvi-)]TJ T* -0.0008 Tc 0.0712 Tw [(r)7.2(onmentfor a M)23.2(etropolis with Coor-)]TJ T* -0.0029 Tc -0.0618 Tw [(dinating De)9.1(velopment of )45(T)141.1(ranspor)-14.9(tation)]TJ T* -0.0008 Tc 0.0266 Tw [(and Envir)11.2(onment towar)11.2(d the 21st Cen-)]TJ T* -0.0014 Tc -0.0535 Tw [(tur)-25.4(y)88.6(, S)10.6(hanghai M)34.6(unicipal G)10.6(o)16.6(v)10.6(ernment,)]TJ T* -0.0005 Tc 0.0203 Tw [(J)32.5(a)0.7(nuar)-24.5(y 10, 1999.)]TJ 5.8 0 0 5.8 246.96 75 Tm -0.0086 Tc 0 Tw (5 )Tj 10 0 0 10 251.28 71.64 Tm -0.0014 Tc (Ibid.)Tj 5.8 0 0 5.8 413.04 733.3201 Tm -0.0086 Tc (6 )Tj 10 0 0 10 417.24 729.96 Tm -0.0014 Tc (Ibid.)Tj 5.8 0 0 5.8 413.04 721.3201 Tm 0 Tc (7)Tj 10 0 0 10 415.92 717.9601 Tm -0.0009 Tc 0.0201 Tw [( U)35.1(rban )47.2(T)143.1(ranspor)-12.9(t and E)11.1(nvironment)]TJ -1.188 -1.2 TD -0.0008 Tc 0.0224 Tw [(in B)11.2(eijing, Beijing M)35.2(unicipal E)11.2(nviron-)]TJ T* -0.0058 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(ment P)42.2(r)2.2(otection B)18.2(u)-1.8(r)18.2(eau, B)6.2(eijing M)42.2(unici-)]TJ T* -0.0005 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(pal P)35.5(ublic S)23.5(ecurity and )47.6(T)143.5(raffic A)11.5(dminis-)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc -0.0232 Tw [(tration B)23.8(u)3.8(r)11.8(eau, and Beijing U)47.8(rban Plan-)]TJ T* 0.0199 Tc 0.1246 Tw [(ning, D)7.9(esign and R)19.9(esear)7.9(ch A)19.9(cademy)91.9(,)]TJ T* -0.0005 Tc 0.0203 Tw [(J)44.5(anuar)-24.5(y 15, 1999.)]TJ 5.8 0 0 5.8 413.04 637.32 Tm -0.0017 Tc 0 Tw (8 )Tj 10 0 0 10 418.08 633.96 Tm 0.0107 Tc 0.1271 Tw [(China)70.7()89.7(s)-1( S)22.7(trategies for Controlling)]TJ -1.404 -1.2 TD 0.0156 Tc 0.0974 Tw [(M)27.6(otor V)103.6(ehicle )-27.1(Emissions, )-28.2(December)]TJ T* 0.0045 Tc 0 Tw (1997.)Tj 5.8 0 0 5.8 413.04 601.32 Tm -0.0017 Tc (9 )Tj 10 0 0 10 418.08 597.96 Tm 0.0104 Tc 0.127 Tw [(S)10.4(trategy for S)22.4(ustainable D)10.4(evelop-)]TJ -1.404 -1.2 TD -0.0012 Tc -0.0618 Tw [(ment of U)34.8(rban )47(T)142.8(ranspor)-13.2(tation and E)10.8(nvi-)]TJ T* -0.0007 Tc 0.0152 Tw [(r)7.3(onment, J)35.3(anuar)-24.7(y 10, 1999.)]TJ 5.8 0 0 5.8 413.04 565.32 Tm -0.0017 Tc 0 Tw (10 )Tj 10 0 0 10 420.1201 561.96 Tm -0.0004 Tc -0.0291 Tw [(U)47.6(rban )48.5(T)143.6(ranspor)-12.4(t and E)11.6(nvironment)]TJ -1.608 -1.2 TD -0.0005 Tc 0.0077 Tw [(in B)11.5(eijing, J)35.5(anuar)-24.5(y 15, 1999.)]TJ 5.8 0 0 5.8 413.04 541.32 Tm -0.0069 Tc 0 Tw (11)Tj 10 0 0 10 418.8 537.96 Tm -0.001 Tc -0.011 Tw [( Ibid.)]TJ 5.8 0 0 5.8 413.04 529.32 Tm -0.0069 Tc 0 Tw (12)Tj 10 0 0 10 418.8 525.96 Tm -0.0008 Tc 0.1165 Tw [( China)83.2()90.2(s)0.3( S)23.2(trategies for Controlling)]TJ -1.476 -1.2 TD 0.0156 Tc 0.0974 Tw [(M)27.6(otor V)103.6(ehicle )-27.1(Emissions, )-28.2(December)]TJ T* 0.0045 Tc 0 Tw (1997.)Tj 5.8 0 0 5.8 413.04 493.32 Tm 0 Tc (13 )Tj /F12 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 420.24 489.96 Tm 0.0009 Tc -0.0151 Tw [(China A)36.9(uto)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 4.332 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (.)Tj 5.8 0 0 5.8 413.04 481.32 Tm -0.0026 Tc (14 )Tj 10 0 0 10 420.96 477.96 Tm 0.0025 Tc 0.1275 Tw [(China)74.5()93.5(s)-3.2( S)26.5(trategies for Controlling)]TJ -1.692 -1.2 TD -0.0011 Tc 0.0328 Tw [(M)34.9(otor V)110.9(ehicle )-11.4(Emissions, )-11.6()-25.1(W)82.9(orld )-11.9(B)22.9(ank)]TJ T* -0.0007 Tc 0.0055 Tw [(S)32.3(ummar)-24.7(y R)23.3(epor)-12.7(t)30.3(, )3.9(December 1997.)]TJ 5.8 0 0 5.8 413.04 445.32 Tm -0.0052 Tc 0 Tw (15 )Tj 10 0 0 10 420.48 441.96 Tm -0.0003 Tc 0.049 Tw [(S)8.7(ince all heavy-duty engines in E)23.7(u)3.7(-)]TJ -1.644 -1.2 TD -0.0065 Tc -0.062 Tw [(r)13.5(ope ar)5.5(e diesel, the gasoline-fueled engine)]TJ T* -0.0138 Tc -0.0622 Tw [(standar)10.2(ds will be set to U)46.2(nited S)10.2(tates 1982)]TJ T* -0.0022 Tc 0 Tw [(r)17.8(equir)9.8(ements.)]TJ ET endstream endobj 37 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 159 0 R /Resources 38 0 R /Contents 39 0 R /Thumb 128 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 38 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F4 177 0 R /F5 179 0 R /F6 181 0 R /F8 194 0 R /F9 192 0 R /F10 199 0 R /F11 198 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 211 0 R /GS2 212 0 R /GS3 213 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs9 95 0 R >> /Properties << /MC11 40 0 R >> >> endobj 39 0 obj << /Length 14261 >> stream BT /F4 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 56.28 26.4 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs 0.0067 Tc 0 Tw (38)Tj ET 1 0 0.027 RG 0 J 0 j 0.48 w 10 M []0 d /GS1 gs 1 i 55.08 42.96 m 541.08 42.96 l 55.08 39.48 m 541.08 39.48 l S BT 9 0 0 9 396.96 25.08 Tm /GS2 gs 0 Tc (C)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 403.56 25.08 Tm 0.0439 Tc (HINA)Tj 9 0 0 9 420.84 25.08 Tm 0.045 Tc ( E)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 429 25.08 Tm 0.0425 Tc [(NVIR)42.5(ONMENT)]TJ 9 0 0 9 475.44 25.08 Tm 0.041 Tc ( S)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 482.88 25.08 Tm 0.0458 Tc (ERIES)Tj 9 0 0 9 501.12 25.08 Tm 0.0451 Tc [( )14.3( I)]TJ 6.3 0 0 6.3 517.92 25.08 Tm 0.0481 Tc (SSUE)Tj 9 0 0 9 533.76 25.08 Tm 0.0483 Tc ( 3)Tj 18 0 0 18 55.08 721.8 Tm -0.0012 Tc 0.0052 Tw [(P)33.5(r)21.1(esent and F)18.8(utur)25.5(e P)58.8(ollution fr)5.5(om U)38.8(rban)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD -0.0017 Tc 0.0058 Tw [(T)147(ranspor)-15(t in China)]TJ /F5 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 55.08 661.8 Tm 0 Tc 0.0018 Tw [(B)12(y)3.3( H)20(e)-4.2( K)10(e)0(bin and Cheng Chang)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 31.3 0 0 31.3 53.9999 612.48 Tm 1 0 0.027 rg /GS1 gs 0 Tw (F)Tj 11 0 0 11 70.6799 625.6801 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs -0.0034 Tc -0.0623 Tw (or the past twenty years, as China)Tj T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0145 Tw (has shifted away from a planned)Tj -1.5164 -1.2 TD 0.0013 Tc 0.1252 Tw [(economy)88.6(, fr)23.1(ee mar)-9.6(ket r)23.1(eforms have)]TJ T* 0.0116 Tc 0.126 Tw [(cr)11.6(eated dynamic economic gro)6.7(wth)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0189 Tw [(and produced a mor)11(e mobile and af-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0272 Tw [(fluent society)98.5(. China is no)11.2(w a coun-)]TJ T* 0.0008 Tc 0.0746 Tw [(tr)-21(y with a population on the mo)22.6(v)7.3(e)3.2(.)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0506 Tw [(The economic r)11.1(eforms have not only)]TJ T* -0.0047 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(p)-5.7(r)6.2(ompted a huge migration of people)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0893 Tw [(from r)-10.5(ural to urban ar)11.3(eas, but hav)11.3(e)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tw [(also stimulated trade and mo)22.2(v)6.9(ement)]TJ T* 0.0337 Tw [(of goods within and outside China)76.8()82.7(s)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0636 Tw [(bor)11.1(ders. F)43.8(r)4.9(om the late 1980s to the)]TJ T* -0.0059 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(late 1990s, o)15.9(v)11.6(erall trav)5(elling distances)]TJ T* 0.0282 Tc 0.1257 Tw [(\(person/kilometer\) of citiz)6.4(ens in-)]TJ T* -0.0103 Tc -0.0619 Tw [(cr)11.5(eased by mor)11.5(e than 100 percent and)]TJ T* -0.0027 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(average trav)8.2(elling times and distances)]TJ T* 0.0274 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(per capita incr)16.5(eased b)5.6(y)-0.1( fifteen to)]TJ T* 0.001 Tc 0.0003 Tw [(thir)-9.9(ty per)11.9(cent.)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 114.84 391.8 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (1)Tj 11 0 0 11 71.9999 374.88 Tm 0.0004 Tc 0.0429 Tw (The number of vehicles nation-)Tj -1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0025 Tc -0.0628 Tw [(wide has gr)8.4(o)14.4(wn considerably o)19.3(v)4(er the)]TJ T* -0.0007 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(past decade and by 1998 the national)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0223 Tw [(v)6.8(ehicle population gr)11.2(e)-7.3(w)-1( to o)22.1(v)6.8(er thir-)]TJ T* -0.0061 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(teen million, with Beijing and S)15.7(hang-)]TJ T* 0.0266 Tc 0.126 Tw [(hai accounting for appr)-6.1(o)10.8(ximately)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0372 Tw [(14.4 percent of total v)11.3(ehicles nation-)]TJ T* -0.0006 Tc -0.0619 Tw [(wide. I)10.3(n)-1.7( Beijing City)97.6(, the gro)16.3(wth rate)]TJ T* 0.0066 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(of motor vehicles has av)6.6(eraged be-)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc -0.0346 Tw [(tw)11.4(een fifteen and twenty percent per)]TJ T* 0.0345 Tc 0.1256 Tw [(year in the past decade. C)12.7(urr)12.7(ent)]TJ T* -0.008 Tc -0.062 Tw [(tr)13.8(ends indicate that ten to twenty per-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0228 Tw [(cent of this vehicle gr)11.3(o)6.4(wth in China)]TJ T* 0.0206 Tc 0.125 Tw (is in private cars, which not only)Tj T* 0.0002 Tc -0.022 Tw [(thr)11.1(eaten to replace the bicy)11.1(cle as pri-)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0623 Tw [(mar)-10.8(y means of transpor)-10.8(t, but ar)11(e also)]TJ T* -0.0095 Tc (competing strongly with public trans-)Tj T* 0.003 Tc 0 Tw [(por)-18.8(t)-7.3(.)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 75.12 154.2 Tm 0 Tc (2)Tj 11 0 0 11 78.36 150.48 Tm 0.0069 Tc 0.1242 Tw [( P)50.5(olicymakers and citiz)6.9(ens in)]TJ -2.2145 -1.2 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0546 Tw [(China hav)11.2(e become concerned as the)]TJ T* -0.0094 Tc -0.062 Tw [(massive gr)-9.4(o)18.4(wth of vehicles in the large)]TJ T* -0.0058 Tc -0.0625 Tw (cities has considerably exacerbated air)Tj T* 0.0009 Tc 0.0136 Tw (pollution and traffic congestion.)Tj 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.1091 Tw [(I)10.9(n)0.1( this ar)-10.7(ticle w)11.1(e)0( will first out-)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0269 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(line the curr)5.1(ent tr)5.1(ends of v)5.1(ehicle)]TJ 15.0873 50.4 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0117 Tw [(gro)6.3(wth and pollution in Chinese ur-)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0013 Tc 0.1259 Tw [(ban areas. )23.6(W)77.7(e)-0.3( then examine r)12.2(ecent)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.1165 Tw [(r)5.2(esear)11.4(ch linking vehicular pollution)]TJ T* -0.0073 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(to gr)-7.3(o)20.5(wing health problems in China.)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0471 Tw [(The ar)-21.8(ticle concludes with a discus-)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(sion of ho)10.7(w the national and munici-)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc -0.0407 Tw [(pal go)11.4(v)7(ernment policies ar)22.3(e r)11.4(espond-)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc -0.0424 Tw [(ing to this pollution problem and w)11.5(e)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0011 Tw [(outline some proposals for necessar)-21.5(y)]TJ T* 0.0008 Tc 0.0265 Tw [(futur)11.7(e policies.)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 1.9309 -3.6 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (V)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 248.4 467.28 Tm 0.0009 Tc (EHICLE)Tj 11 0 0 11 276 467.28 Tm -0.0139 Tc ( P)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 285.12 467.28 Tm 0.0006 Tc [(R)48.8(ODUCTION)]TJ 11 0 0 11 333.24 467.28 Tm 0 Tc ( )Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 335.88 467.28 Tm 0.0032 Tc (AND)Tj 11 0 0 11 237 454.08 Tm 0 Tc (T)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 244.56 454.08 Tm 0.0017 Tc [(RANSPOR)64(T)]TJ 11 0 0 11 284.76 454.08 Tm -0.009 Tc ( I)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 291.48 454.08 Tm 0.0002 Tc [(NFRASTR)31.4(UCTURE)]TJ -1.8078 -1.7143 TD 0.0037 Tc (IN)Tj 11 0 0 11 286.2 440.88 Tm 0.0001 Tc ( C)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 296.64 440.88 Tm -0.0005 Tc (HINA)Tj /F6 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 237.96 414.48 Tm 0.0209 Tc 0.1248 Tw [(Compar)10(ed with industrialized)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0033 Tc 0.125 Tw (countries, the total pollutant emis-)Tj T* -0.0021 Tc -0.0628 Tw (sions from automobiles in typical cit-)Tj T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0522 Tw [(ies in China is alarming. )43.8(T)136.6(oky)11.1(o had)]TJ T* -0.0109 Tc -0.0621 Tw (four million vehicles in the 1990s, but)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.1191 Tw [(the vehicle emission lev)11(el r)11(emained)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0462 Tw (at 100,000 tons and 50,000 tons of)Tj T* -0.0032 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(carbon monoxide \(CO\) and nitr)7.7(ogen)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0.05 Tw [(o)-5.2(xides \(NO)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 270.6 305.28 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 273.36 308.88 Tm -0.0002 Tc 0.0541 Tw [(\), r)10.7(espectively)98(. I)21.6(n)0.3( 1998,)]TJ 10.2436 38.2145 TD 0.1055 Tw [(a mer)10.7(e 1.31 million motor vehicles)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0008 Tc -0.0154 Tw [(in B)11.7(eijing emitted 129,000 tons and)]TJ T* 0.001 Tc 0.1255 Tw [(115,000 tons of CO and NO)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 518.88 699.12 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 521.64 702.84 Tm 0.0002 Tc 0.1274 Tw [(, re)7.1(-)]TJ -12.3273 -1.2 TD 0.002 Tc 0 Tw [(spectiv)12.9(ely)100.2(.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0 Tc -0.0454 Tw [(While China)76.4()93.2(s)-0.2( vehicle fleet is not)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0544 Tw [(v)6.4(e)-3(r)-11(y)0.2( large, the average emission fac-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0086 Tw [(tor per v)11.3(ehicle is ver)-10.5(y)-0.5( high; in fact it)]TJ T* 0.0028 Tc 0.1255 Tw [(is sev)13.7(eral times higher than vehicle)]TJ T* -0.0005 Tc -0.062 Tw [(emissions in industrializ)10.4(ed countries.)]TJ T* 0.0169 Tc 0.1239 Tw [(China)82.3()88.3(s)3.7( vehicle emission lev)16.9(els ar)6(e)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0469 Tw (comparable with the emission levels)Tj T* -0.0058 Tc -0.0623 Tw [(that existed in E)26.9(u)-1.8(r)5.1(ope and the U)37.8(nited)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0417 Tw [(S)31.3(tates in the 1960s and 1970s. )55.1(This)]TJ T* -0.0081 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(high lev)13.7(el of pollution emissions from)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0455 Tw [(v)6.6(ehicles is mainly due to the under-)]TJ T* 0.1161 Tw (developed manufacturing technolo-)Tj T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0091 Tw [(gies utiliz)11.4(ed in the Chinese automo-)]TJ T* 0.0008 Tc 0.0454 Tw [(bile industr)-10.1(y and poor maintenance)]TJ T* 0.0261 Tc 0.125 Tw [(of automobiles. F)37(or example, the)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0852 Tw [(B)5.4(eijing J)33.1(eep 212 consumes thir)-10.5(teen)]TJ T* 0.0532 Tw [(to fifteen liters of fuel per 100 kilo-)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0.009 Tw [(meters and o)21.5(v)6.2(erall has a weak po)10.6(w)5.2(e)-3.2(r)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0481 Tw [(per)-10.8(formance. )44.1(This fuel consumption)]TJ T* 0.0009 Tc 0.0315 Tw [(rate is betw)11.8(een fifty and100 per)11.8(cent)]TJ T* 0.0086 Tc 0.1251 Tw [(gr)8.6(eater than the same type of jeep)]TJ T* -0.0049 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(manufactur)6(ed in industrializ)6(ed coun-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0256 Tw [(tries. The )-53.4(R)21.7(ed )-52.6(F)10.8(lag )-52(A)10.8(uto, )-55(produced)]TJ T* -0.0048 Tc -0.0628 Tw [(by the F)38.8(irst A)17(utomobile )16.9(W)93.4(o)-5(r)6.1(ks Com-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0583 Tw [(pany)98.6(, r)11.3(epr)11.3(esents another example of)]TJ T* 0.0399 Tc 0.1257 Tw (inefficient and out-dated engine)Tj T* 0.029 Tc 0.125 Tw [(types. )50.8(The most highly polluting)]TJ T* -0.0041 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(types of v)6.8(ehicle in China, par)-15(ticularly)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0106 Tw [(in terms of CO emissions, ar)11(e heavy)]TJ ET 0.9 0.9 0.9 rg 0.9 0.9 0.9 RG 0.96 w 1000 M /GS1 gs 220.48 291.52 319.04 -219.74 re B* 0 0 0 RG 2.04 w 10 M 219.96 292.26 m 540 292.26 l 219.96 70.86 m 540 70.86 l S BT /F9 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 225 272.16 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs -0.0012 Tc 0.0064 Tw [(T)86.2(a)-1.5(b)20.6(le 1.)42.4( Comparison of Urban Road Density)]TJ /F8 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 226.68 104.16 Tm -0.0018 Tc -0.0688 Tw [(Sources:)43.2( China Inter)-31.8(national Cooper)13.2(ation Committee of En)28.2(vironment and De)28.2(v)33.2(elopment,)]TJ 8 0 1.7005 8 226.68 94.56 Tm -0.0005 Tc -0.0272 Tw [(Proceedings of Symposium of Urban )44.6(T)145.5(r)2.5(anspor)-30.5(tation and En)29.5(vironment, )]TJ 8 0 0 8 474.48 94.56 Tm -0.0002 Tc -0.0281 Tw [(\(Apr)-15.2(il 1999\):)59.8( 48-)]TJ -30.975 -1.2 TD -0.0031 Tc 0.0394 Tw [(58;)41.9( and)]TJ 8 0 1.7005 8 253.2 84.96 Tm -0.0004 Tc 0.0375 Tw [( China Statistical )104.6(Y)156.6(earbooks)14.6(,)8.1( )]TJ 8 0 0 8 356.52 84.96 Tm 0.0001 Tc (1978-1998, Beijing.)Tj ET 0.9 0.9 0.9 rg 0.9 0.9 0.9 RG 0.96 w 1000 M /GS1 gs 220.48 288.37 1.24 -159.64 re B* 538.28 277.12 1.24 -159.64 re B* /Cs9 cs 0 scn /Cs9 CS 0 SCN 540.48 274.27 1.64 -159.64 re B* 0 0 0 RG 10 M 226.32 119.04 m 530.64 119.04 l S /Cs9 CS 0 SCN 1000 M 213.68 265.87 5.84 -140.24 re B* /EmbeddedDocument /MC11 BDC BT /F11 1 Tf 9.1006 0 0 9.1 263.6791 245.11 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS3 gs -0.003 Tc 0.0028 Tw [(Ci)-11.7(t)-42(y)-4635(Road De)-25.2(ns)18.6(it)29.5(y)]TJ 7.5 -1.272 TD 0.004 Tc 0 Tw [(\(k)-87(m)-19(/)-30(k)-51.9(m)]TJ 6.3704 0 0 6.37 366.0067 238.2357 Tm 0 Tc (2)Tj 9.1006 0 0 9.1 369.0648 233.535 Tm (\))Tj 3.0719 1.2721 TD 0.003 Tc -0.0028 Tw [(P)-14.1(e)-21(rcen)45.1(t o)41.9(f)]TJ -0.156 -1.2721 TD -0.001 Tc 0 Tw (Road Area)Tj 7.992 1.2721 TD 0 Tc (Road Area)Tj -1.2601 -1.2721 TD 0.005 Tc -0.0073 Tw [(Pe)-27.5(r C)-65.3(a)8.9(p)4.1(i)-17(ta)-26.7( \()-22.3(m)]TJ 6.3704 0 0 6.37 517.5862 238.2357 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (2)Tj 9.1006 0 0 9.1 520.7537 233.535 Tm (\))Tj ET 2.889 i 227.314 254.392 302.395 0.437 re f 227.314 231.351 0.437 23.042 re f 318.174 231.351 0.437 23.042 re f 385.883 231.351 0.436 23.042 re f 451.407 231.351 0.436 23.042 re f 529.271 231.351 0.437 23.042 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 9.1006 0 0 9.1 232.4464 221.8503 Tm 0.001 Tc [(Bei)20.2(jing)-47.8( \(Chin)91.5(a)65(\))-6017.9(6.8)-5928.3(7.1)-6480.3(4.7)]TJ ET 227.314 230.914 302.395 0.437 re f 227.314 218.981 0.437 11.933 re f 318.174 219.339 0.437 11.575 re f 385.883 219.339 0.436 11.575 re f 451.407 219.339 0.436 11.575 re f 529.271 219.339 0.437 11.575 re f BT 9.1006 0 0 9.1 232.4464 209.8385 Tm 0 Tc [(Shang)41.6(h)104(ai \(Ch)-51.4(i)-90(n)0(a)79.6(\))-4767.1(7.6)-5654.6(12.6)-6202.9(5.4)]TJ ET 227.352 220.321 301.639 0.437 re f 227.314 207.436 0.437 11.575 re f 318.174 207.436 0.437 11.575 re f 385.883 207.436 0.436 11.575 re f 451.407 207.436 0.436 11.575 re f 529.271 207.436 0.437 11.575 re f BT 9.1006 0 0 9.1 232.4464 197.9358 Tm [(Guang)70.3(z)19.9(hou \(China\))-3830.2(7.0)-5930.2(7.7)-6482.3(5.2)]TJ ET 227.314 206.999 302.395 0.437 re f 227.314 195.424 0.437 11.575 re f 318.174 195.424 0.437 11.575 re f 385.883 195.424 0.436 11.575 re f 451.407 195.424 0.436 11.575 re f 529.271 195.424 0.437 11.575 re f BT 9.1006 0 0 9.1 232.4464 185.9236 Tm 0.001 Tc [(Dalia)-100.4(n \(Ch)-23.7(i)-89(n)0(a)81.4(\))-5653.9(12.6)-5371.7(6.46)-6199.6(5.7)]TJ ET 227.314 194.987 302.395 0.437 re f 227.314 183.412 0.437 11.575 re f 318.174 183.412 0.437 11.575 re f 385.883 183.412 0.436 11.575 re f 451.407 183.412 0.436 11.575 re f 529.271 183.412 0.437 11.575 re f BT 9.1006 0 0 9.1 232.4464 173.9119 Tm 0 Tc [(T)-73(o)4(k)-40(y)-40(o)4( \()-25(J)56(apan)150.6(\))-5835(18.9)-5375(14.9)-5927(10.9)]TJ ET 227.314 183.084 302.395 0.437 re f 227.314 171.509 0.437 11.575 re f 318.174 171.509 0.437 11.575 re f 385.883 171.509 0.436 11.575 re f 451.407 171.509 0.436 11.575 re f 529.271 171.509 0.437 11.575 re f BT 9.1006 0 0 9.1 232.4464 162.0089 Tm [(Osak)76.4(a \()40.6(J)56(ap)81.6(an\))-5885.8(18.0)-5374.9(17.5)-5926.9(14.4)]TJ ET 227.314 171.072 302.395 0.437 re f 227.314 159.497 0.437 11.575 re f 318.174 159.497 0.437 11.575 re f 385.883 159.497 0.436 11.575 re f 451.407 159.497 0.436 11.575 re f 529.271 159.497 0.437 11.575 re f BT 9.1006 0 0 9.1 232.4464 149.9968 Tm [(London \(U.)-191.3(K)-137(.)14(\))-5654.9(18.1)-5373.6(24.1)-5925.6(28.0)]TJ ET 227.314 159.17 302.395 0.437 re f 227.314 147.594 0.437 11.575 re f 318.174 147.594 0.437 11.575 re f 385.883 147.594 0.436 11.575 re f 451.407 147.594 0.436 11.575 re f 529.271 147.594 0.437 11.575 re f BT 9.1006 0 0 9.1 232.4464 138.0939 Tm -0.001 Tc [(New York)-287.1( \(U.S.A\))-4315.8(8.0)-5655.6(16.6)-5928(26.3)]TJ ET 227.314 147.158 302.395 0.437 re f 227.314 135.146 0.437 12.012 re f 227.75 135.146 90.423 0.437 re f 318.174 135.146 0.437 12.012 re f 318.611 135.146 67.272 0.437 re f 385.883 135.146 0.436 12.012 re f 386.319 135.146 65.088 0.437 re f 451.407 135.146 0.436 12.012 re f 451.843 135.146 77.428 0.437 re f 529.271 135.146 0.437 12.012 re f EMC endstream endobj 40 0 obj << /Title (article 5-1 graphs.eps) /Creator (Adobe Illustrator\(R\) 8.0) /Author (Karin Mueller) >> endobj 41 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 159 0 R /Resources 42 0 R /Contents 43 0 R /Thumb 130 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 42 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F4 177 0 R /F6 181 0 R /F8 194 0 R /F9 192 0 R /F10 199 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 211 0 R /GS2 212 0 R /GS3 213 0 R >> /Properties << /MC12 44 0 R >> >> endobj 43 0 obj << /Length 12025 >> stream 1 0 0.027 RG 0 J 0 j 0.48 w 10 M []0 d /GS1 gs 1 i 72 42.96 m 558 42.96 l 72 39.48 m 558 39.48 l S BT /F4 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 72 25.08 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (C)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 78.48 25.08 Tm 0.0439 Tc (HINA)Tj 9 0 0 9 95.76 25.08 Tm 0.045 Tc ( E)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 104.04 25.08 Tm 0.0425 Tc [(NVIR)42.5(ONMENT)]TJ 9 0 0 9 150.36 25.08 Tm 0.041 Tc ( S)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 157.92 25.08 Tm 0.0458 Tc (ERIES)Tj 9 0 0 9 176.16 25.08 Tm 0.0451 Tc [( )14.3( I)]TJ 6.3 0 0 6.3 192.96 25.08 Tm 0.0481 Tc (SSUE)Tj 9 0 0 9 208.8 25.08 Tm 0.0483 Tc ( 3)Tj 37.7733 0.08 TD 0.0067 Tc (39)Tj /F6 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 72 729.2401 Tm 0.0024 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(and middle duty gas tr)-8.5(ucks, which)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0 Tc 0.0802 Tw (emit 200 grams of CO per kilome-)Tj T* -0.0087 Tc -0.0623 Tw [(ter)67.7(, compared to E)13.1(u)-4.7(r)13.1(opean cars which)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0659 Tw (emit fifty grams of CO per kilome-)Tj T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0832 Tw [(ter)66(. B)11.5(ecause China is in the process)]TJ T* 0.0765 Tw [(of mo)22.4(ving fr)11.5(om a planned to a fre)7.2(e)]TJ T* 0.0145 Tc 0.1252 Tw [(market economy)101.8(, many large auto)]TJ T* 0.0008 Tc 0.1056 Tw [(manufactur)11.7(ers cannot affor)11.7(d to ob-)]TJ T* 0.0112 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(tain the technology to build mor)11.2(e)]TJ T* -0.0004 Tc -0.0531 Tw (advanced and cleaner vehicles. Com-)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0482 Tw [(pounding the alr)11(eady lo)11(w quality au-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0582 Tw (tomobiles is the fact that drivers tend)Tj T* 0.0007 Tc -0.0442 Tw [(to ignor)11.6(e maintenance, which would)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0067 Tw [(help their vehicles run cleaners.)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 205.2 561.24 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (3)Tj 11 0 0 11 90 544.4401 Tm 0.0205 Tc 0.1259 Tw [(Despite r)20.5(ecent investment in-)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0009 Tc 0.1183 Tw [(cr)11.8(eases in transpor)-10(tation infrastruc-)]TJ T* 0.0141 Tc 0.1256 Tw [(ture in Chinese cities, the av)14.1(erage)]TJ T* 0.0253 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(speed of v)14.4(ehicles has actually de-)]TJ 15.0873 20.4 TD -0.0028 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(cr)8.1(eased, especially for public v)8.1(ehicles.)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.0242 Tw [(I)10.9(n)-1.6( rush hour the speed of public ve)7.1(-)]TJ T* -0.0105 Tc -0.0626 Tw (hicles on many lines approaches walk-)Tj T* 0.0006 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(ing speed. )44.2(The punctuality rate for)]TJ T* 0.0351 Tc 0.1252 Tw [(public transpor)-8.5(t v)13.3(e)1(hicles has de-)]TJ T* -0.0004 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(cr)10.5(eased fr)10.5(om sev)10.5(enty percent in 1990)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0721 Tw [(to 8.4 percent in 1996. )44(The gr)22(eater)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.1181 Tw [(number of private vehicles is cr)11.2(eat-)]TJ T* 0.0075 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(ing mor)7.5(e traffic congestion, which)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0955 Tw (has led to the cancellation of thou-)Tj T* 0.0008 Tc -0.0432 Tw [(sands of public transpor)-10.1(tation routes)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0511 Tw [(in cities acr)11.2(oss China. )44.1(This decr)11.2(ease)]TJ T* 0.0093 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(in public transpor)-12.5(t has spurr)9.3(ed an)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0515 Tw [(increase in priv)11.1(ate vehicle pur)11.1(chases)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc -0.0045 Tw [(and taxi ser)-21.3(vices, which, in turn, has)]TJ T* -0.001 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(incr)9.9(eased traffic congestion; a vicious)]TJ T* 0.0018 Tc 0 Tw [(cy)12.7(cle.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0008 Tc 0.0171 Tw [(R)13.1(oad constr)-10.1(uction has not been)]TJ 13.4618 20.4 TD 0.0005 Tc 0.0651 Tw (able to keep up with the significant)Tj 0 -1.2 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.0116 Tw [(gr)11.1(o)6.2(wth in the number of public and)]TJ T* -0.009 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(priv)12.8(ate vehicles. Ov)12.8(er the past decade,)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0764 Tw [(the av)10.8(erage road area per capita has)]TJ T* 0.0202 Tc 0.1252 Tw [(r)14(emained comparativ)9.3(ely lo)20.2(wless)]TJ T* 0.018 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(than six squar)7.1(e meters per capita.)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0444 Tw [(T)125.6(able 1 compar)11(es urban road density)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0733 Tw [(and r)11.5(oad area per capita in cities in)]TJ T* 0.001 Tc 0.1258 Tw (China and industrialized countries.)Tj T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0908 Tw [(The explosion of car pur)11.2(chases and)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0454 Tw (lack of new roads has meant that in)Tj T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0129 Tw [(cities such as B)11.2(eijing, the average v)11.2(e)7.2(-)]TJ T* 0.004 Tc 0.125 Tw [(locity of v)14.9(ehicles on main roads at)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0014 Tw [(r)-5.9(ush hour was only thir)-10.6(teen to nine-)]TJ T* 0.0116 Tc 0.1254 Tw (teen kilometers per hour in 1998.)Tj T* -0.0074 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(Ov)14.4(er the past fe)-7.4(w years, the r)-7.4(ush hour)]TJ T* 0.0139 Tc 0.1255 Tw [(r)7.7(oad load in Beijing has incr)13.9(eased)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc -0.0568 Tw [(fr)10.7(om 700 vehicles to 918 vehicles per)]TJ ET 0.9 0.9 0.9 rg 0.9 0.9 0.9 RG 0.96 w 1000 M /GS1 gs 72.48 486.62 485.04 -415.39 re B* 0 0 0 RG 2.04 w 10 M 72 487.74 m 558 487.74 l 72 69.9 m 558 69.9 l S BT /F9 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 92.16 468.36 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs -0.001 Tc 0.0115 Tw [(T)97.3(a)-1.3(b)20.8(le 2.)42.6( )118.9(T)86.4(ranspor)-11.9(tation Inf)20.8(ormation f)20.8(or Se)20.8(ven Chinese Cities \(1997\))]TJ ET /EmbeddedDocument /MC12 BDC BT /F10 1 Tf 10 0 0 9.9979 179.1998 443.7489 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS3 gs 0 Tw (Beijing)Tj 4.1394 -0.0591 TD (Shanghai)Tj 5.0533 0.0591 TD [(Cho)53.7(n)0(g)53.7(qing)-1018.2(G)9(u)3(a)51(n)3(g)51(z)-44.9(ho)53.7(u)-662.4(Shenzhe)70.3(n)-817(D)1(a)51(lia)-57.9(n)-1257(G)8.9(uiy)43.2(a)51.1(n)3(g)]TJ ET 3.175 i 102.64 453.2 419.52 0.48 re f 102.64 438.563 0.48 14.637 re f 172.96 438.563 0.48 14.637 re f 215.68 438.563 0.48 14.637 re f 323.68 438.563 0.48 14.637 re f 382.12 438.563 0.48 14.637 re f 431.68 438.563 0.479 14.637 re f 472.12 438.563 0.48 14.637 re f 521.68 438.563 0.479 14.637 re f BT 9 0 0 8.9981 183.1603 428.9679 Tm 0.005 Tc [(646.2)-3020.3(860)-4315.5(250)-4115.6(392.38)-2926(379.64)-2179.2(259.7)-2206.9(100.34)]TJ ET 102.64 438.084 419.52 0.48 re f 102.64 353.716 0.48 84.367 re f 172.96 392.133 0.48 45.951 re f 215.68 392.133 0.48 45.951 re f 265.12 392.133 0.48 60.726 re f 323.68 392.133 0.48 45.951 re f 382.12 392.133 0.48 45.951 re f 431.68 392.133 0.479 45.951 re f 472.12 392.133 0.48 45.951 re f 521.68 392.133 0.479 45.951 re f BT 9 0 0 8.9981 104.9996 383.1299 Tm 0.001 Tc (Specialized)Tj 0 -1.2222 TD (public bus lanes)Tj -0.0755 -1.4035 TD 0.005 Tc [(\(km)-92.4(\))]TJ 9.4534 2.5601 TD [(54)-3370.6(N)-73(o)1(n)14.3(e)-3759(9.49)-4301.9(N)-73(o)1(n)14.3(e)-4185.7(80)-3170.6(26.58)-3033.5(4.4)]TJ ET 102.64 391.654 419.52 0.479 re f 172.96 357.1 0.48 34.553 re f 215.68 357.1 0.48 34.553 re f 265.12 357.1 0.48 34.553 re f 323.68 357.1 0.48 34.553 re f 382.12 357.1 0.48 34.553 re f 431.68 357.1 0.479 34.553 re f 472.12 357.1 0.48 34.553 re f 521.68 357.1 0.479 34.553 re f BT 9 0 0 8.9981 104.32 347.5057 Tm -0.007 Tc 0.0111 Tw [(Le)-77.4(ngt)-42.9(h o)-5.7(f)]TJ 0 -1.2801 TD -0.004 Tc 0.0222 Tw [(sub)52.3(w)-68.6(a)45.4(y)-37.3( in use)]TJ 0 -1.2799 TD 0.005 Tc 0 Tw [(\(km)-92.4(\))]TJ 9.4534 2.5601 TD 0.006 Tc [(42)-3582.2(21.3)-3818.6(N)-72(o)0(n)17.8(e)-4251.3(12.7)-3818.7(N)-71.9(o)0(n)17.8(e)-2518(N)-72(o)0(n)17.8(e)-2544.7(N)-72(o)0(n)17.8(e)]TJ ET 102.64 356.621 419.52 0.479 re f 102.64 322.068 0.48 34.553 re f 172.96 322.068 0.48 34.553 re f 215.68 322.068 0.48 34.553 re f 265.12 322.068 0.48 34.553 re f 323.68 322.068 0.48 34.553 re f 382.12 322.068 0.48 34.553 re f 431.68 322.068 0.479 34.553 re f 472.12 322.068 0.48 34.553 re f 521.68 322.068 0.479 34.553 re f BT 9 0 0 8.9981 104.32 311.8813 Tm -0.007 Tc 0.0111 Tw (Length of )Tj 0 -1.2222 TD 0 Tw (subway)Tj T* 0.0111 Tw (currently under)Tj T* 0 Tw (construction)Tj T* (\(km\))Tj 9.4534 4.9548 TD 0.006 Tc [(11)-3368.9(N)-72(o)2(n)15.3(e)-3531.3(N)-72(o)2(n)15.3(e)-4024.6(N)-72(o)2(n)15.3(e)-3758(14.8)-2805.7(N)-72(o)0(n)17.7(e)-2544.7(N)-72(o)0(n)17.7(e)]TJ ET 102.64 321.588 419.52 0.479 re f 102.64 264.12 0.48 57.468 re f 172.96 264.12 0.48 57.468 re f 215.68 264.12 0.48 57.468 re f 265.12 264.12 0.48 57.468 re f 323.68 264.12 0.48 57.468 re f 382.12 264.12 0.48 57.468 re f 431.68 264.12 0.479 57.468 re f 472.12 264.12 0.48 57.468 re f 521.68 264.12 0.479 57.468 re f BT 9 0 0 8.9981 104.32 254.5254 Tm 0.002 Tc [(Av)45.4(erag)104.7(e r)12.9(u)11.3(s)62(h)]TJ 0 -1.2801 TD -0.005 Tc 0.0083 Tw [(ho)-5.5(ur)-41.8( sp)62.6(e)57.7(e)57.7(d)-9(s)]TJ T* 0.005 Tc 0 Tw [(\(km)-92.4(/)-37(h)14.3(\))]TJ 8.72 2.5601 TD 0.0059 Tc -0.0027 Tw [(13-)-16.1(19)-2808.9(< 25)-4461.4(20)-4209(18-)-16.1(20.5)-3725.3(20)-3131.3(15-)-16.1(20)-3142.4(25)]TJ ET 102.64 263.641 419.52 0.479 re f 102.64 229.087 0.48 34.553 re f 172.96 229.087 0.48 34.553 re f 215.68 229.087 0.48 34.553 re f 265.12 229.087 0.48 34.553 re f 323.68 229.087 0.48 34.553 re f 382.12 229.087 0.48 34.553 re f 431.68 229.087 0.479 34.553 re f 472.12 229.087 0.48 34.553 re f 521.68 229.087 0.479 34.553 re f BT 9 0 0 8.9981 104.32 219.6128 Tm 0.0031 Tc -0.0001 Tw [(Num)-78.9(ber of)-47.1( clea)40.2(n)]TJ 0 -1.2801 TD -0.007 Tc 0.025 Tw [(fue)-44.2(l)-91.7( m)-11.3(o)-10.9(t)-35.6(o)-11(r)]TJ 0 -1.2799 TD 0 Tw [(vehi)-88.3(c)-13.6(l)-91.7(e)55.7(s)]TJ 9.1734 2.5601 TD 0.006 Tc [(809)-3166.4(1231)-4070.6(n)15.3(.)4(a.)-4785(136)-4046.3(1000)-3017.3(225)-2966.4(N)-72(o)2(n)15.3(e)]TJ ET 102.64 228.608 419.52 0.479 re f 102.64 194.055 0.48 34.553 re f 172.96 194.055 0.48 34.553 re f 215.68 194.055 0.48 34.553 re f 265.12 194.055 0.48 34.553 re f 323.68 194.055 0.48 34.553 re f 382.12 194.055 0.48 34.553 re f 431.68 194.055 0.479 34.553 re f 472.12 194.055 0.48 34.553 re f 521.68 194.055 0.479 34.553 re f BT 9 0 0 8.9981 104.32 184.5802 Tm 0.002 Tc [(Av)45.5(erag)105.1(e dail)-49.7(y)]TJ 0 -1.2801 TD -0.005 Tc 0.0083 Tw [(va)5.1(l)-89.6(u)4.3(e)57.7( o)-21(f)-87( CO)]TJ 0 -1.2799 TD 0.006 Tc 0 Tw [(e)55.4(m)-1(i)-78.7(s)66(s)79.3(i)-78.6(ons)]TJ T* 0.016 Tc [(\(m)-28.7(g)25.3(/)-26(m)]TJ 7 0 0 6.9985 130.84 154.5681 Tm 0 Tc (3)Tj 9 0 0 8.9981 134.0802 150.0271 Tm 0.005 Tc -0.0028 Tw (\) on)Tj -3.3067 -1.2667 TD -0.006 Tc 0.0111 Tw [(ur)-43(b)-9.9(a)56.6(n r)-39.8(o)-10(a)56.7(d)-10(s)]TJ 9.32 5.1068 TD 0.004 Tc 0 Tw [(5.2)-3623(n)13.3(.a.)-4159.1(10.4)-4527.2(2.54)-4223(n)13.2(.a.)-3145.7(2.47)-3223.1(n)13.3(.a.)]TJ ET 102.64 193.696 419.52 0.479 re f 102.64 136.227 0.48 57.468 re f 172.96 136.227 0.48 57.468 re f 215.68 136.227 0.48 57.468 re f 265.12 136.227 0.48 57.468 re f 323.68 136.227 0.48 57.468 re f 382.12 136.227 0.48 57.468 re f 431.68 136.227 0.479 57.468 re f 472.12 136.227 0.48 57.468 re f 521.68 136.227 0.479 57.468 re f BT 9 0 0 8.9981 104.32 126.6325 Tm 0.002 Tc [(Av)45.5(erag)105.1(e dail)-49.7(y)]TJ 0 -1.2801 TD -0.008 Tc 0.0131 Tw [(val)-92.7(u)1.3(e)54.6( o)-22.2(f)-90( N)-82.9(o)]TJ 6 0 0 5.9987 151.4801 113.5367 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 9 0 0 8.9981 104.32 103.5974 Tm 0.006 Tc [(e)55.4(m)-1(i)-78.7(s)66(s)79.3(i)-78.6(ons)]TJ T* 0.016 Tc [(\(m)-28.7(g)25.3(/)-26(m)]TJ 7 0 0 6.9985 130.84 96.6204 Tm 0 Tc (3)Tj 9 0 0 8.9981 134.0802 92.0794 Tm 0.005 Tc -0.0028 Tw (\) on)Tj -3.3067 -1.2799 TD -0.006 Tc 0.0111 Tw [(ur)-43(b)-9.9(a)56.6(n r)-39.8(o)-10(a)56.7(d)-10(s)]TJ 8.76 5.12 TD 0.005 Tc 0 Tw [(0.133)-2593.5(0.059)-3486.9(0.068)-3966.9(0.141)-3473.5(0.054)-2473.5(0.056)-2473.6(0.033)]TJ ET 102.64 135.628 419.52 0.479 re f 102.64 77.68 0.48 57.948 re f 103.12 77.68 69.84 0.479 re f 172.96 77.68 0.48 57.948 re f 173.44 77.68 42.24 0.479 re f 215.68 77.68 0.48 57.948 re f 216.16 77.68 48.96 0.479 re f 265.12 77.68 0.48 57.948 re f 265.6 77.68 58.08 0.479 re f 323.68 77.68 0.48 57.948 re f 324.16 77.68 57.96 0.479 re f 382.12 77.68 0.48 57.948 re f 382.6 77.68 49.08 0.479 re f 431.68 77.68 0.479 57.948 re f 432.16 77.68 39.96 0.479 re f 472.12 77.68 0.48 57.948 re f 472.6 77.68 49.08 0.479 re f 521.68 77.68 0.479 57.948 re f BT 9 0 0 8.9981 106.0665 428.487 Tm -0.001 Tc (Urban resident)Tj 0 -1.2222 TD (population in )Tj T* (1997 \(in ten )Tj T* (thousands\))Tj ET EMC 0.9 0.9 0.9 rg 0.9 0.9 0.9 RG 0.96 w 1000 M /GS1 gs 1 i 132.53 261.37 5.09 -8.04 re B* 132.58 191.62 5.49 -8.04 re B* 132.58 133.52 5.49 -8.04 re B* BT /F8 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 132.36 254.76 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs 0 Tc (e)Tj 0.0133 -7.7867 TD (e)Tj 0.0133 -6.4533 TD (e)Tj ET endstream endobj 44 0 obj << /Title (article 5-2 graphs.eps) /Creator (Adobe Illustrator\(R\) 8.0) /Author (Karin Mueller) >> endobj 45 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 159 0 R /Resources 46 0 R /Contents 47 0 R /Thumb 132 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 46 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F4 177 0 R /F6 181 0 R /F8 194 0 R /F9 192 0 R /F10 199 0 R /F11 198 0 R /F13 98 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 211 0 R /GS2 212 0 R /GS3 213 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs9 95 0 R >> /Properties << /MC13 48 0 R /MC14 49 0 R >> >> endobj 47 0 obj << /Length 14873 >> stream BT /F4 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 56.28 26.4 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs 0.0067 Tc 0 Tw (40)Tj ET 1 0 0.027 RG 0 J 0 j 0.48 w 10 M []0 d /GS1 gs 1 i 55.08 42.96 m 541.08 42.96 l 55.08 39.48 m 541.08 39.48 l S BT 9 0 0 9 396.96 25.08 Tm /GS2 gs 0 Tc (C)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 403.56 25.08 Tm 0.0439 Tc (HINA)Tj 9 0 0 9 420.84 25.08 Tm 0.045 Tc ( E)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 429 25.08 Tm 0.0425 Tc [(NVIR)42.5(ONMENT)]TJ 9 0 0 9 475.44 25.08 Tm 0.041 Tc ( S)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 482.88 25.08 Tm 0.0458 Tc (ERIES)Tj 9 0 0 9 501.12 25.08 Tm 0.0451 Tc [( )14.3( I)]TJ 6.3 0 0 6.3 517.92 25.08 Tm 0.0481 Tc (SSUE)Tj 9 0 0 9 533.76 25.08 Tm 0.0483 Tc ( 3)Tj ET 0.9 0.9 0.9 rg 0.9 0.9 0.9 RG 0.96 w 1000 M /GS1 gs 54.48 203.67 486.14 -136.74 re B* /EmbeddedDocument /MC13 BDC 0 0 0 1 k /GS3 gs 3.174 i 89.84 416.283 0.48 12.716 re f 89.84 415.804 0.48 0.48 re f 89.84 352.579 0.48 63.224 re f 89.84 339.383 0.48 12.717 re f 89.84 326.186 0.48 12.717 re f 89.84 313.11 0.48 12.716 re f 89.84 299.913 0.48 12.717 re f 89.84 286.836 0.48 12.717 re f 89.84 273.16 0.48 13.197 re f BT /F11 1 Tf 9.9981 0 0 9.9975 110.9562 157.9889 Tm 0.001 Tc -0.0139 Tw [(P)-16(ollutant)-3179(Emission \(10 thousand tons\))]TJ ET 89.84 168.186 414.401 0.48 re f 89.84 155.47 0.48 12.716 re f 175.383 155.47 0.48 12.716 re f 328.354 155.47 0.479 12.716 re f 503.76 155.47 0.48 12.716 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 9.9981 0 0 9.9975 193.2601 145.0108 Tm 0 Tw [(Y)44(e)-35(a)17(r)2( 199)27.8(5)-3091(Y)44(ea)-17.3(r 1998)-3947.8(Year 1995)-4149(Year 1998)]TJ ET 89.84 155.11 414.401 0.48 re f 89.84 142.393 0.48 12.716 re f 175.383 142.393 0.48 12.716 re f 256.368 142.393 0.48 12.716 re f 328.354 142.393 0.479 12.716 re f 427.335 142.393 0.479 12.716 re f 503.76 142.393 0.48 12.716 re f BT 9.9981 0 0 9.9975 124.5132 131.7163 Tm -0.005 Tc (CO)Tj 7.92 0.0239 TD 0 Tc [(107.5)-5562(129)-6744(76.8)-6826.1(82.7)]TJ ET 89.84 141.913 414.401 0.48 re f 89.84 129.196 0.48 12.716 re f 175.383 129.196 0.48 12.716 re f 256.368 129.196 0.48 12.716 re f 328.354 129.196 0.479 12.716 re f 427.335 129.196 0.479 12.716 re f 503.76 129.196 0.48 12.716 re f BT 9.9981 0 0 9.9975 122.8333 118.5194 Tm -0.005 Tc (NO)Tj 6.9987 0 0 6.9982 138.3904 118.085 Tm 0 Tc (x)Tj 9.9981 0 0 9.9975 206.4573 118.7596 Tm [(9.38)-5422(11.59)-6330(40.2)-6826.1(42.9)]TJ ET 89.84 128.716 414.401 0.48 re f 89.84 115.52 0.48 13.196 re f 90.32 115.52 85.064 0.479 re f 175.383 115.52 0.48 13.196 re f 175.863 115.52 80.505 0.479 re f 256.368 115.52 0.48 13.196 re f 256.848 115.52 71.507 0.479 re f 328.354 115.52 0.479 13.196 re f 328.834 115.52 98.502 0.479 re f 427.335 115.52 0.479 13.196 re f 427.815 115.52 75.945 0.479 re f 503.76 115.52 0.48 13.196 re f BT /F11 1 Tf 9.9981 0 0 9.9975 346.755 158.3892 Tm 0.001 Tc -0.0139 Tw (Percentage of Total Emissions)Tj ET EMC /Cs9 cs 0 scn /Cs9 CS 0 SCN /GS1 gs 1 i 79.08 432.02 28.29 -168.89 re B* 0 0 0 RG 2.04 w 10 M 54 203.94 m 541.08 203.94 l 54 66.54 m 541.08 66.54 l S BT /F9 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 73.2 185.16 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs -0.0011 Tc 0.0105 Tw [( )112.9(T)97.2(a)-1.4(b)20.7(le 4.)42.5( )97.8(V)55(ehic)31.6(le Emissions in Beijing)]TJ /F8 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 90.84 90.12 Tm -0.0003 Tc 0.0222 Tw [(Depar)-45.3(tment of En)29.7(vironmental Science and Engineer)-15.3(ing, )44.4(Tsinghua Univ)29.7(ersity)119.7(, et al.)74.7( )]TJ 8 0 1.7005 8 384.48 90.12 Tm 0.0231 Tw [(Research Repor)-45.4(t of Planning)]TJ -36.4499 -1.2 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.0161 Tw [(of )60.4(V)82.4(ehicle Emission P)60.4(ollution Control in Beijing City)]TJ 8 0 0 8 271.68 80.52 Tm -0.0012 Tc 0.0187 Tw (, 1999 \(12\):105-144.)Tj ET 0.96 w /GS1 gs 89.52 103.92 m 492.24 103.92 l S 0.9 0.9 0.9 rg 0.9 0.9 0.9 RG 1000 M 54.48 415.22 485.04 -200.89 re B* /EmbeddedDocument /MC14 BDC BT /F13 1 Tf 11.039 0 0 11.0424 72.16 397.7181 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS3 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw [( )11( )10.9( )]TJ /F11 1 Tf 9.9991 0 0 10.0022 386.1711 371.9121 Tm -0.005 Tc (NO)Tj 6.9994 0 0 7.0015 401.7292 371.4774 Tm 0 Tc (x)Tj ET 3.175 i 89.918 382.234 414.442 0.48 re f 89.918 369.512 0.48 12.723 re f 175.47 369.512 0.48 12.723 re f 287.9 369.512 0.48 12.723 re f 503.88 369.512 0.48 12.723 re f BT 9.9991 0 0 10.0022 95.6779 359.3097 Tm -0.003 Tc -0.0083 Tw (City Population)Tj 1.2479 -1.272 TD 0.001 Tc 0 Tw [(\(in 10)-42.3(00)51.8(s\))]TJ 8.3399 1.272 TD -0.0018 Tc 0.0016 Tw [(Num)-114.3(be)62.2(r)-104.7( o)71(f)-40.8( Cit)-142.6(i)-23.8(e)62.2(s)]TJ 13.092 -0.948 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (Average)Tj -1.428 -1.272 TD 0.001 Tc [(Concentr)-13.1(at)-21.8(ion)]TJ 1.5 -1.26 TD 0.004 Tc [(\(mg)8.5(/m)]TJ 6.9994 0 0 7.0015 353.8938 329.6685 Tm 0 Tc (3)Tj 9.9991 0 0 10.0022 357.2539 324.5022 Tm (\))Tj 4.5281 3.3736 TD 0.002 Tc -0.0139 Tw (Percentage of Cities)Tj 0.358 -1.2 TD (Exceeding Second)Tj 0.8694 -1.2 TD (Class National )Tj 0.615 -1.2 TD (Ambient Air )Tj -1.3185 -1.2 TD (Quality Standards)Tj ET 89.918 369.032 0.48 0.48 re f 175.47 369.032 0.48 0.48 re f 287.9 369.032 216.461 0.48 re f 89.918 305.777 0.48 63.254 re f 175.47 305.777 0.48 63.254 re f 287.9 305.777 0.48 63.254 re f 395.89 305.777 0.48 63.254 re f 503.88 305.777 0.48 63.254 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 9.9991 0 0 10.0022 181.9496 296.1582 Tm 0.0056 Tc -0.0024 Tw [(Y)120.6(e)17.6(ar)113.1( 1994)-1201.8(Y)120.6(e)17.6(ar)113.1( 1998)-1213.9(Y)120.6(e)17.6(ar)113( 1994)-985.8(Y)120.7(e)17.5(ar)113( 1998)-985.8(Y)120.6(e)17.6(ar)113( 1994)-985.8(Y)120.7(e)17.6(ar)113( 1998)]TJ ET 89.918 305.297 414.442 0.48 re f 89.918 292.575 0.48 12.723 re f 175.47 292.575 0.48 12.723 re f 229.465 292.575 0.48 12.723 re f 287.9 292.575 0.48 12.723 re f 341.895 292.575 0.48 12.723 re f 395.89 292.575 0.48 12.723 re f 449.885 292.575 0.48 12.723 re f 503.88 292.575 0.48 12.723 re f BT 9.9991 0 0 10.0022 117.276 282.1321 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw [(> 2000)-5181(9)-4784(1)3.9(1)-3824(0.074)-2898.4(0.077)-3174.4(19.5)-3178.3(81.82)]TJ ET 89.918 292.094 414.442 0.481 re f 89.918 279.372 0.48 12.723 re f 175.47 279.372 0.48 12.723 re f 229.465 279.372 0.48 12.723 re f 287.9 279.372 0.48 12.723 re f 341.895 279.372 0.48 12.723 re f 395.89 279.372 0.48 12.723 re f 449.885 279.372 0.48 12.723 re f 503.88 279.372 0.48 12.723 re f BT 9.9991 0 0 10.0022 108.9965 268.929 Tm [(1000-2000)-4039.9(19)-4504(23)-3820(0.065)-2897.9(0.056)-3173.9(17.9)-3178(52.17)]TJ ET 89.918 279.011 414.442 0.481 re f 89.918 266.289 0.48 12.722 re f 175.47 266.289 0.48 12.722 re f 229.465 266.289 0.48 12.722 re f 287.9 266.289 0.48 12.722 re f 341.895 266.289 0.48 12.722 re f 395.89 266.289 0.48 12.722 re f 449.885 266.289 0.48 12.722 re f 503.88 266.289 0.48 12.722 re f BT 9.9991 0 0 10.0022 111.7564 255.847 Tm 0.0001 Tc [(500-1000)-4315.9(14)-4503.9(44)-3819.9(0.039)-2897.9(0.037)-3449.8(3.3)-3457.9(11.36)]TJ ET 89.918 265.809 414.442 0.48 re f 89.918 253.086 0.48 12.723 re f 175.47 253.086 0.48 12.723 re f 229.465 253.086 0.48 12.723 re f 287.9 253.086 0.48 12.723 re f 341.895 253.086 0.48 12.723 re f 395.89 253.086 0.48 12.723 re f 449.885 253.086 0.48 12.723 re f 503.88 253.086 0.48 12.723 re f BT 9.9991 0 0 10.0022 113.3164 242.6439 Tm 0 Tc [(200~500)-4465.8(27)-4228.2(133)-3540.2(0.038)-2898.5(0.035)-3450.4(3.4)-3458.2(13.53)]TJ ET 89.918 252.726 414.442 0.48 re f 89.918 240.003 0.48 12.723 re f 175.47 240.003 0.48 12.723 re f 229.465 240.003 0.48 12.723 re f 287.9 240.003 0.48 12.723 re f 341.895 240.003 0.48 12.723 re f 395.89 240.003 0.48 12.723 re f 449.885 240.003 0.48 12.723 re f 503.88 240.003 0.48 12.723 re f BT 9.9991 0 0 10.0022 120.0355 229.5609 Tm [(< 200)-5184.9(16)-4228.2(111)-3540.2(0.031)-2898.4(0.030)-3450.4(1.3)-3458.2(12.61)]TJ ET 89.918 239.523 414.442 0.48 re f 89.918 226.32 0.48 13.203 re f 90.398 226.32 85.072 0.481 re f 175.47 226.32 0.48 13.203 re f 175.95 226.32 53.515 0.481 re f 229.465 226.32 0.48 13.203 re f 229.945 226.32 57.955 0.481 re f 287.9 226.32 0.48 13.203 re f 288.38 226.32 53.515 0.481 re f 341.895 226.32 0.48 13.203 re f 342.375 226.32 53.515 0.481 re f 395.89 226.32 0.48 13.203 re f 396.37 226.32 53.515 0.481 re f 449.885 226.32 0.48 13.203 re f 450.365 226.32 53.515 0.481 re f 503.88 226.32 0.48 13.203 re f EMC 0 0 0 RG 2.04 w 10 M /GS1 gs 1 i 54 414.66 m 540 414.66 l 54 213.66 m 540 213.66 l S BT /F9 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 70.44 397.44 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs -0.0006 Tc 0.0091 Tw [( )122.9(T)97.7(a)-0.9(b)10.3(le 3.)53.9( NO)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 134.28 394.44 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 137.88 398.04 Tm ( )Tj 0.2836 -0.0545 TD -0.0014 Tc 0.009 Tw [(P)43.8(ollution in Chinese Cities b)20.4(y)0.9( P)42.2(opulation)]TJ /F6 1 Tf -7.9091 30.1636 TD 0.0226 Tc 0.0704 Tw [(kilometer)66.2(.)-6.2( T)148.1(o)0.1( )-55.3(summarize, )-55.4(because)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0041 Tc 0.1251 Tw [(large and medium-siz)15(ed cities have)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0284 Tw [(inadequate and congested roads, v)11.4(e)7.4(-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0872 Tw [(hicles must drive at lo)22(w speeds and)]TJ T* 0 Tc -0.0344 Tw [(lo)10.9(w driving speeds incr)10.9(ease the emis-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.1227 Tw (sions of CO and NO)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 149.64 659.52 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 152.4 663.24 Tm -0.0006 Tc 0.1227 Tw [(. I)10.3(n)0.4( or)10.3(der to)]TJ -8.9455 -1.2 TD -0.0058 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(paint a pictur)16(e of transpor)-16.7(tation chal-)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0015 Tw [(lenges in China, )43.7(T)125.6(able 2 pr)11(esents in-)]TJ T* 0.0008 Tc 0.0499 Tw [(formation on public transpor)-10.1(tation,)]TJ T* -0.002 Tc -0.0616 Tw (subways, and NO)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 128.52 606.72 Tm -0.0086 Tc 0 Tw (x )Tj 11 0 0 11 132.48 610.4401 Tm -0.0021 Tc -0.0633 Tw [(emissions in sev)8.8(en)]TJ -7.1346 -1.2 TD 0.0005 Tc 0.0068 Tw (major Chinese cities.)Tj /F4 1 Tf 2.64 -3.6 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (U)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 91.32 557.64 Tm 0.002 Tc (RBAN)Tj 11 0 0 11 111.96 557.64 Tm -0.0093 Tc ( A)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 121.68 557.64 Tm 0.003 Tc (IR)Tj 11 0 0 11 129.48 557.64 Tm -0.003 Tc ( P)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 138.72 557.64 Tm -0.0022 Tc [(OLL)29(UTION)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 71.9999 531.24 Tm 0.0302 Tc 0.1246 Tw [(I)8.2(n)0.7( 1995, the U)41.1(nited N)30.2(ations)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0053 Tc -0.0623 Tw [(ranked thr)5.6(ee Chinese citiesB)5.6(eijing,)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0939 Tw [(Lanzhou, and )43.9(T)125.8(aiyuanamong the)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0418 Tw [(top ten most sever)22.3(ely polluted cities)]TJ T* 0.1208 Tw [(in the world. )44(The concentration of)]TJ T* 0.0147 Tc 0 Tw (NO)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 71.7599 461.52 Tm 0 Tc (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 74.52 465.24 Tm 0.0169 Tc 0.1245 Tw [( ex)6(ceeds national ambient air)]TJ -1.8655 -1.2 TD 0 Tc 0.0204 Tw [(quality standar)10.9(ds \(NAA)10.9(QS\) in most)]TJ T* 0.0014 Tc 0.125 Tw [(of China)66.8()94.6(s)0.1( largest cities. As )45(T)115.9(able 3)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0194 Tw (illustrates, eighty-one percent of cit-)Tj 15.0873 27.6 TD 0.0005 Tc 0.0735 Tw [(ies with a population o)11.4(v)7(er two mil-)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD -0.0109 Tc -0.0628 Tw [(lion exceed the NAA)10.9(QS for NO)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 350.76 712.3201 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 353.4 716.04 Tm -0.0103 Tc -0.0636 Tw [( con-)]TJ -12.1309 -1.2 TD 0.0475 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(centration. Slightly o)25.7(v)-0.5(er half of)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0809 Tw [(China)77()82.9(s cities with a population be-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0833 Tw (tween one and two million also ex-)Tj T* 0.0137 Tc 0.1258 Tw [(ceed NAA)13.7(QS for NO)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 319.56 659.52 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 322.32 663.24 Tm 0.0128 Tc 0.1292 Tw [(. C)12.8(urrently)89.2(,)]TJ -9.3055 -1.2 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0402 Tw [(w)5.4(eekly air quality r)10.8(epor)-11(ts for thir)-11(ty-)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc 0.0364 Tw (two cities indicate that NO)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 337.92 633.1201 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 340.68 636.84 Tm -0.0013 Tc 0.0364 Tw [( has be-)]TJ -10.9745 -1.2 TD 0.0225 Tc 0.1254 Tw (came the main pollutant in eight)Tj T* 0.0188 Tc 0.1256 Tw [(major cities \(Beijing, G)18.8(uangzhou,)]TJ T* 0.0266 Tc 0.0992 Tw [(Shanghai, W)92.1(uhan, )-26.2(H)26.6(efei, )-26.1(D)4.8(alian,)]TJ T* 0.0112 Tc 0.1256 Tw [(S)9.3(henzhen, and Zhuhai\). S)22.1(tatistical)]TJ T* -0.0004 Tc -0.0622 Tw [(data sho)10.5(w that ther)10.5(e is drastic gr)10.5(o)16.5(wth)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0808 Tw [(in the number of r)11.4(espirator)-21.3(y health)]TJ T* -0.0036 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(pr)7.3(oblems due to v)7.3(ehicular pollution.)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 370.8 548.04 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (4)Tj 11 0 0 11 219.96 531.24 Tm 0.0208 Tw [(W)87.3(e)-0.1( will discuss more on the air pol-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0045 Tw [(lution-health nexus belo)11.2(w)82.1(.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0007 Tc 0.0945 Tw [(The capital city)88(, B)11.6(eijing, is one)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.0424 Tw (of the most polluted cities in China)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0081 Tw (with vehicle emissions as the leading)Tj T* 0 Tc 0.0025 Tw [(source of air pollution \(S)10.9(ee )43.9(T)125.5(able 4\).)]TJ T* 0.0067 Tc 0.1253 Tw [(I)17.4(n)0.1( 1997, the concentrations of ve-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0795 Tw (hicular pollutants in central Beijing)Tj T* 0.0081 Tc 0.1247 Tw [(ex)19(ceeded the second class NAA)19(Q)-6.1(S)]TJ 15.0982 27.6 TD 0.0029 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(many times. I)13.8(n)-0.1( 1997, emissions of)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.0651 Tw (CO, lead, and NO)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 468.6 712.3201 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 471.36 716.04 Tm 0.0003 Tc 0.065 Tw [( in Beijing wer)11.2(e)]TJ -7.7564 -1.2 TD 0.0541 Tc 0.1257 Tw [(ex)21.4(ceeded four)65(, tw)10.5(enty-two, and)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0647 Tw [(thirty-five times, r)11(espectively)98.3(. I)11(n)0.9( or-)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc -0.0623 Tw [(der to control and mitigate the sev)10.7(er)10.7(e)]TJ T* 0.0196 Tc 0.125 Tw [(situation of v)8.7(ehicle pollution, the)]TJ T* 0.0122 Tc 0.1257 Tw [(B)6.3(eijing municipal go)12.2(v)7.8(ernment an-)]TJ T* 0.0008 Tc -0.0102 Tw [(nounced new emission standar)22.6(ds for)]TJ T* 0.0151 Tc 0.125 Tw [(new cars in A)15.1(ugust 1998 and put)]TJ T* 0.0008 Tc -0.0153 Tw [(these standar)22.6(ds into effect in 1 J)33.5(anu-)]TJ T* 0.0039 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(ar)-7(y 1999. )47.5(These ne)-7(w standar)14.8(ds ar)14.8(e)]TJ T* -0.01 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(stricter than the curr)11.8(ent national stan-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.1215 Tw [(dar)11.2(d. Despite enfor)11.2(cement of these)]TJ T* 0.0189 Tc 0.125 Tw [(standar)18.9(ds, the number of v)-13.8(ehicles)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0101 Tw [(continues to gr)11.5(o)6.6(w)1.4( in Beijing, so it is)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0182 Tw [(too early to kno)10.9(w the efficacy of the)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.1182 Tw [(n)-5.8(e)0.5(w standar)22.3(ds on decr)11.4(easing pollu-)]TJ T* 0.0178 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(tion. B)6.9(eijing and other municipal)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0226 Tw [(g)5.1(o)22.2(vernments will need to cr)11.3(eate and)]TJ T* 0.0013 Tc 0.1246 Tw [(enfor)12.2(ce even stricter emission stan-)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0035 Tw [(dar)11(ds in the futur)11(e.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0491 Tw [(I)22(n)0( 1997, the CO and NO)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 512.16 448.32 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 514.92 452.04 Tm -0.0006 Tc -0.05 Tw [( emis-)]TJ -11.7164 -1.2 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.022 Tw [(sions fr)11.1(om motor vehicles in S)11.1(hang-)]TJ T* 0.0025 Tc 0.125 Tw (hai rose to 380 thousand tons and)Tj ET endstream endobj 48 0 obj << /Title (article 5-4 graphs.eps) /Creator (Adobe Illustrator\(R\) 8.0) /Author (Karin Mueller) >> endobj 49 0 obj << /Title (article 5-3 graphs.eps) /Creator (Adobe Illustrator\(R\) 8.0) /Author (Karin Mueller) >> endobj 50 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 159 0 R /Resources 51 0 R /Contents 52 0 R /Thumb 134 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 51 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 197 0 R /F4 177 0 R /F6 181 0 R /F8 194 0 R /F9 192 0 R /F10 199 0 R /F14 99 0 R /F15 100 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 211 0 R /GS2 212 0 R /GS3 213 0 R >> /Properties << /MC15 53 0 R /MC16 54 0 R >> >> endobj 52 0 obj << /Length 16589 >> stream 1 0 0.027 RG 0 J 0 j 0.48 w 10 M []0 d /GS1 gs 1 i 72 42.96 m 558 42.96 l 72 39.48 m 558 39.48 l S BT /F4 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 72 25.08 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (C)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 78.48 25.08 Tm 0.0439 Tc (HINA)Tj 9 0 0 9 95.76 25.08 Tm 0.045 Tc ( E)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 104.04 25.08 Tm 0.0425 Tc [(NVIR)42.5(ONMENT)]TJ 9 0 0 9 150.36 25.08 Tm 0.041 Tc ( S)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 157.92 25.08 Tm 0.0458 Tc (ERIES)Tj 9 0 0 9 176.16 25.08 Tm 0.0451 Tc [( )14.3( I)]TJ 6.3 0 0 6.3 192.96 25.08 Tm 0.0481 Tc (SSUE)Tj 9 0 0 9 208.8 25.08 Tm 0.0483 Tc ( 3)Tj 37.7733 0.08 TD 0.0067 Tc (41)Tj /F6 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 72 729.2401 Tm -0.0094 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(81.5 thousand tons, r)12.4(espectively)99.7(.)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 204.48 732.8401 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (5)Tj 11 0 0 11 207.6 729.2401 Tm -0.011 Tc -0.1081 Tw [( The)]TJ -12.3273 -1.2 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.0284 Tw (emission and contribution of pollut-)Tj T* 0.0085 Tc 0.1241 Tw [(ant concentration fr)8.5(om vehicles in)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.1135 Tw [(do)11.4(wnto)22.3(wn S)11.4(hanghai City are listed)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0481 Tw [(in )54.2(T)125.9(able 5. I)11.3(n)0.5( the city of Guangzhou,)]TJ T* 0.0464 Tw (the pollutant emission and the con-)Tj T* 0.0301 Tc 0.1248 Tw [(tribution fr)8.3(om v)8.3(ehicles have also)]TJ T* -0.0005 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(steadily incr)10.4(eased. S)10.4(e)9.3(venty percent of)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0498 Tw [(v)6.8(ehicles in G)11.2(uangzhou cannot meet)]TJ T* 0.0303 Tc 0.126 Tw [(the mandated emission standar)19.4(d,)]TJ T* -0.0106 Tc -0.0625 Tw (which explains why the concentration)Tj T* -0.001 Tc 0.0182 Tw (of NO)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 100.8 580.32 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 103.56 584.04 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0.0208 Tw [( has increased since the mid-)]TJ -2.8691 -1.2 TD 0.0003 Tc 0 Tw (1980s.)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 100.32 574.4401 Tm 0 Tc (6)Tj 11 0 0 11 103.44 570.84 Tm -0.0002 Tc -0.0098 Tw [( )43.6(T)125.3(able 6 is a summar)-22(y of pol-)]TJ -2.8582 -1.2 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0431 Tw (lution of NO)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 128.16 553.92 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 130.92 557.64 Tm -0.0454 Tw [( and CO from 1990 to)]TJ -5.3564 -1.2 TD -0.0004 Tc 0.0681 Tw [(1996, from which the gradually ag-)]TJ T* 0.0456 Tc 0.1252 Tw (gravated situation of air quality)Tj T* -0.0035 Tc -0.0631 Tw [(fr)7.4(om v)7.4(ehicles in G)7.4(uangzhou could be)]TJ T* 0.0023 Tc 0 Tw (concluded.)Tj 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0112 Tc 0.1248 Tw (While the CO emission prob-)Tj -1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0005 Tc -0.0266 Tw [(lems ar)10.4(e well ackno)10.4(wledged mor)10.4(e at-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0507 Tw [(tention should also be dev)11.3(oted to the)]TJ T* 0.0065 Tc 0.1247 Tw [(p)5.5(r)6.5(oblem of fine par)-15.3(ticulate matter)82.9(.)]TJ 15.0873 25.2 TD -0.0012 Tc -0.0628 Tw [(Although the par)-23(ticle emissions fr)9.7(om)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.1024 Tw [(v)6.7(ehicles have a mean diameter of 1)]TJ T* 0.0407 Tc 0.1254 Tw (mm and constitute only a small)Tj T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0626 Tw [(amount of total suspended par)-21.4(ticles)]TJ T* 0.008 Tc 0.1255 Tw [(\()-21.1(T)13.5(SP\), they pose sev)8(ere hazar)18.9(ds to)]TJ T* -0.0089 Tc -0.0624 Tw (human health. Research on the harm-)Tj T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0227 Tw [(ful health effects from fine par)-10.5(ticles,)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc -0.0098 Tw [(ho)11.5(w)6.1(e)-0.5(v)11.5(e)-2.3(r)66(,)0.1( is only at a nascent stage in)]TJ T* 0.0864 Tw [(China. I)11.5(n)0( 1998, the concentrations)]TJ T* 0.0637 Tc 0.3534 Tw [(of particulate in B)9.1(eijing and)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0148 Tw [(G)16.3(uangzhou wer)11.1(e)0.5( 379 and 205 g/m)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 386.04 600.84 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (3)Tj 11 0 0 11 389.28 597.24 Tm (,)Tj -13.7564 -1.2 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.0907 Tw [(respectively)98(, which ex)10.7(ceeded second)]TJ T* 0.0246 Tc 0.125 Tw [(class national ambient air quality)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0483 Tw [(standards. F)32.8(u)4.1(r)-10.8(thermor)11(e, if compared)]TJ T* -0.0067 Tc -0.0628 Tw [(with the )15(WHO standar)15.1(ds for par)-17.6(ticu-)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc -0.0182 Tw (lates60-90 g/m)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 312.6 534.84 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (3)Tj 11 0 0 11 315.84 531.24 Tm 0.0005 Tc -0.0227 Tw (, the two cities ex-)Tj -7.08 -1.2 TD 0.0044 Tc 0.1257 Tw [(ceed the standards by thr)15.3(ee to five)]TJ T* -0.0081 Tc -0.062 Tw [(times. U)35.5(nfor)-19(tunately curr)13.7(ent Chinese)]TJ T* -0.0103 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(standar)22.4(ds are not as strict as the )22.4(W)87.9(orld)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0112 Tw [(H)21.1(ealth Organization standar)22.4(ds.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0 Tc -0.0137 Tw [(The number of days that Oz)6.1(one)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0023 Tc 0 Tw (\(O)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 250.2 448.32 Tm 0.005 Tc (3\))Tj 11 0 0 11 255.48 452.04 Tm 0.0008 Tc 0.0238 Tw [( concentration ex)11.7(ceeds N)33.5(ational)]TJ 13.5055 25.2 TD 0.0127 Tc 0.1251 Tw [(Ambient Air Q)12.7(uality S)34.5(tandar)12.7(ds in)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.0191 Tw [(Chinese cities has incr)11.1(eased from an)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0115 Tw [(av)11.5(erage of forty days in 1988 to sev-)]TJ T* 0 Tc -0.0046 Tw [(enty-fiv)10.9(e days in 1994. )43.6(The HC and)]TJ T* 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (NO)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 421.32 672.72 Tm 0 Tc (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 424.08 676.4401 Tm 0.0493 Tw [( emissions from v)10.9(ehicle sour)10.9(ces)]TJ -1.8218 -1.2 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.0078 Tw [(can further r)11.3(eact in the air and form)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc [(secondar)-10.3(y pollutants such as O)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 536.04 646.32 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (3)Tj 11 0 0 11 539.28 650.04 Tm 0.0016 Tc 0.0091 Tw [( and)]TJ -12.2945 -1.2 TD 0.034 Tc 0.126 Tw [(P)59.4(e)-1.6(r)12.2(o)-3.6(xyacetyl N)23.1(itrate \(P)44.9(AN\). )45.1(The)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0148 Tw (combination of these pollutants will)Tj T* -0.0038 Tc -0.0627 Tw (lead to the formation of photochemi-)Tj T* 0.0043 Tc 0.1259 Tw (cal smog, which not only obscures)Tj T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0536 Tw [(visibility)98.5(, but also can be v)11.2(e)-2.6(r)-10.6(y)1( detri-)]TJ T* 0.0159 Tw [(mental to human health. N)43.9(umerous)]TJ T* 0.0625 Tc 0.403 Tw (large Chinese citiessuch as)Tj T* 0.0629 Tc 1.2045 Tw (Lanzhou, Chongqing, and)Tj T* 0.0044 Tc 0.1244 Tw [(G)20.5(uangzhouar)15.3(e already blanketed)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0293 Tw [(with smog as a r)10.8(esult of the increase)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0394 Tw (of HC and NO)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 471.84 501.12 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 474.48 504.84 Tm 0.0004 Tc 0.0409 Tw [( emissions from v)11.3(e)7.3(-)]TJ -6.4036 -1.2 TD -0.0003 Tc 0.0159 Tw [(hicles. I)21.5(n)-5.2( )-5.2(M)21.5(ay 1995, photochemical)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0128 Tw [(smog appear)11.2(ed in Chengdu City for)]TJ T* -0.002 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(the first time, and in J)52.5(une of the same)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0065 Tw [(y)13(ear)66(, it occurr)11.4(ed in S)11.4(hanghai City)98.7(.)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 548.52 455.64 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (7)Tj /F4 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 415.8 412.44 Tm (H)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 424.8 412.44 Tm -0.003 Tc [(EAL)137.3(T)-5.1(H)]TJ 11 0 0 11 448.8 412.44 Tm -0.0059 Tc ( E)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 457.92 412.44 Tm 0.0003 Tc [(FFECT)15.9(S)]TJ 11 0 0 11 485.04 412.44 Tm 0 Tc ( )Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 487.68 412.44 Tm -0.0003 Tc (OF)Tj 11 0 0 11 497.8801 412.44 Tm -0.0477 Tc ( V)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 507.36 412.44 Tm -0.0007 Tc [(EHICUL)-16.3(A)4.4(R)]TJ 11 0 0 11 448.8 399.24 Tm 0 Tc (A)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 455.76 399.24 Tm 0.003 Tc (IR)Tj 11 0 0 11 463.56 399.24 Tm 0.0079 Tc ( P)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 472.92 399.24 Tm -0.0017 Tc [(OL)3.7(L)29.5(UTION)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 422.04 372.84 Tm -0.0113 Tc -0.0629 Tw [(I)21.2(n)0.1( 1997, the I)10.5(nstitute of Envir)10.5(on-)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0248 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(mental H)24.8(ealth M)24.8(onitoring at the)]TJ T* 0.0527 Tc 0.1252 Tw [(Chinese A)20(cademy of P)30.9(r)2.9(ev)9.1(entive)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0682 Tw [(M)28.9(edicine conducted a study on the)]TJ T* -0.0028 Tc -0.0623 Tw [(exposur)8.1(e lev)8.1(els of v)8.1(ehicular emissions)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0545 Tw (on human health, particularly on the)Tj T* 0.0208 Tc 0.1227 Tw (immune system.)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 478.2 297.24 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (8)Tj 11 0 0 11 481.56 293.64 Tm 0.0206 Tc 0.1283 Tw [( P)42.4(assive personal)]TJ -7.0473 -1.2 TD 0.0003 Tc 0.1208 Tw [(samplers on the r)11.2(oad measur)11.2(ed the)]TJ T* 0.0681 Tw [(exposur)11.3(e lev)11.3(els of traffic policemen,)]TJ ET 0.9 0.9 0.9 rg 0.9 0.9 0.9 RG 0.96 w 1000 M /GS1 gs 72.48 438.57 319.04 -179.99 re B* 0 0 0 RG 2.04 w 10 M 72 438.54 m 392.04 438.54 l 72 257.94 m 392.04 257.94 l S BT /F14 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 74.76 420.6 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj /F9 1 Tf 0.2509 0 TD -0.001 Tc -0.0099 Tw [(T)97.3(a)-1.3(b)20.8(le 5.)42.6( )97.1(V)55.1(ehic)20.8(l)-0.1(e Emissions in Shanghai)]TJ /F8 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 79.32 301.68 Tm -0.0002 Tc -0.0356 Tw [(Sources:)59.8( Lu Shuyu, )]TJ /F1 1 Tf 8.79 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F8 1 Tf 0.338 0 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0356 Tw [(V)105.2(ehicular P)45.2(ollution Control Str)15.2(ategies in City Shanghai, Shanghai,)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 28.657 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F8 1 Tf 8 0 1.7005 8 79.32 292.08 Tm -0.0375 Tw [(E)-7(n)30(vironmental Sciences)]TJ 8 0 0 8 164.64 292.08 Tm -0.0006 Tc (, 17:3 \(1998\):1-3 and Chen Changhong et al., )Tj 8 0 1.7005 8 325.68 292.08 Tm -0.0001 Tc [(P)51.9(ollution Load of)]TJ -30.5399 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0589 Tw [(V)97.1(ehicular Exhaust in City Shanghai, Shanghai En)15.1(vironmental Sciences)30.1(,)]TJ 8 0 0 8 328.44 282.48 Tm -0.001 Tc -0.0625 Tw [( 16:6 \(1997\):26-)]TJ -31.14 -1.29 TD 0.0025 Tc 0 Tw (29.)Tj ET 0.96 w /GS1 gs 77.88 315.84 m 385.32 315.84 l S 0.9 0.9 0.9 rg 0.9 0.9 0.9 RG 1000 M 72.48 244.77 485.04 -177.59 re B* 0 0 0 RG 2.04 w 10 M 72 245.22 m 558 245.22 l 72 66.54 m 558 66.54 l S BT /F9 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 80.88 226.08 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs -0.0011 Tc 0.0112 Tw [(T)97.2(a)-1.4(b)20.7(le 6.)42.5( )97.1(V)55(ehicular P)53.4(ollutant Concentration and P)42.5(ollution Inde)20.7(x in Guangzhou \(1990-1996\))]TJ /F8 1 Tf 8 0 0 8 100.08 90.36 Tm -0.0053 Tc -0.0689 Tw [(Source:)54.7( Depar)-50.3(tment of En)9.7(vironmental Science and Engineer)-5.3(ing, )54.5(Tsinghua Univ)24.7(ersity et al., )]TJ 8 0 1.7005 8 413.16 90.36 Tm -0.0028 Tc 0 Tw (China)Tj /F1 1 Tf 2.598 0 TD 0 Tc ()Tj /F8 1 Tf 0.162 0 TD -0.0058 Tc -0.0688 Tw [(s Str)9.2(ategies f)39.2(or Controlling)]TJ -41.6399 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0101 Tw [(Motor V)97.1(ehicle )-60.5(Emissions)]TJ /F1 1 Tf 10.894 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ()Tj /F8 1 Tf 1.0005 0 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.0503 Tw [(Summar)-44.6(y Repor)-29.6(t,)]TJ 8 0 0 8 258.96 80.76 Tm -0.0003 Tc 0.0563 Tw [( 1997.)]TJ ET 0.96 w /GS1 gs 99.84 105.48 m 528 105.48 l S /EmbeddedDocument /MC15 BDC BT /F15 1 Tf 9.6987 0 0 9.705 85.7472 393.8297 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS3 gs 0.004 Tc 0 Tw (Pollutant)Tj 8.4652 0.0471 TD (Emissions)Tj -1.9895 -1.2 TD (\(10 thousand tons\))Tj ET 3.079 i 78.298 404.699 305.976 0.465 re f 78.298 380.125 0.466 24.573 re f 135.094 380.125 0.466 24.573 re f 257.298 380.125 0.466 24.573 re f 383.808 380.125 0.466 24.573 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 9.6987 0 0 9.705 143.7066 369.9719 Tm 0.001 Tc [(Y)44(e)65.1(a)17(r)-98( 199)27.8(5)-1735(Y)44(ea)82.7(r 199)-68.8(6)-1735(Y)44(ea)82.7(r 199)-68.7(5)-1962.9(Y)44(ea)82.7(r 199)-68.7(6)]TJ ET 78.298 379.66 305.976 0.465 re f 78.298 367.314 0.466 12.345 re f 135.094 367.314 0.466 12.345 re f 196.196 367.314 0.466 12.345 re f 257.298 367.314 0.466 12.345 re f 318.4 367.314 0.466 12.345 re f 383.808 367.314 0.466 12.345 re f BT 9.6987 0 0 9.705 99.4803 357.1829 Tm -0.001 Tc [(CO)-4109.8(10.40)-4076.7(19.7)-4764.3(76)-5417.3(86)]TJ ET 78.298 366.966 305.976 0.465 re f 78.298 354.621 0.466 12.345 re f 135.094 354.621 0.466 12.345 re f 196.196 354.621 0.466 12.345 re f 257.298 354.621 0.466 12.345 re f 318.4 354.621 0.466 12.345 re f 383.808 354.621 0.466 12.345 re f BT 9.6987 0 0 9.705 97.5017 344.4887 Tm -0.005 Tc (NO)Tj 6.7891 0 0 6.7935 112.011 343.1267 Tm 0 Tc (x)Tj 9.6987 0 0 9.705 156.5087 344.4887 Tm [(3.04)-4630(4.9)-5042(44)-5415.9(56)]TJ ET 78.298 354.155 305.976 0.466 re f 78.298 341.81 0.466 12.344 re f 135.094 341.81 0.466 12.344 re f 196.196 341.81 0.466 12.344 re f 257.298 341.81 0.466 12.344 re f 318.4 341.81 0.466 12.344 re f 383.808 341.81 0.466 12.344 re f BT 9.6987 0 0 9.705 90.8674 331.6779 Tm -0.001 Tc [(NMHC)-3778.3(2.41)-4355.7(4.32)-4763.7(93)-5417.2(96)]TJ ET 78.298 341.461 305.976 0.466 re f 78.298 328.65 0.466 12.811 re f 78.763 328.65 56.33 0.466 re f 135.094 328.65 0.466 12.811 re f 135.559 328.65 60.636 0.466 re f 196.196 328.65 0.466 12.811 re f 196.661 328.65 60.636 0.466 re f 257.298 328.65 0.466 12.811 re f 257.764 328.65 60.636 0.466 re f 318.4 328.65 0.466 12.811 re f 318.866 328.65 64.942 0.466 re f 383.808 328.65 0.466 12.811 re f BT /F15 1 Tf 9.6987 0 0 9.705 284.4762 394.9125 Tm 0.004 Tc (Percentage of )Tj -0.391 -1.2 TD (Total Emissions)Tj ET EMC /EmbeddedDocument /MC16 BDC BT 10 0 0 10.0085 256.5653 199.6672 Tm 0 Tc [(1990)-1820(1991)-1831.8(1992)-1819.9(1993)-1616(1994)-1592(1995)-1819.9(1996)]TJ ET 3.175 i 98.644 209.876 428.041 0.481 re f 98.644 197.146 0.48 12.731 re f 247.205 197.146 0.479 12.731 re f 287.644 197.146 0.48 12.731 re f 328.205 197.146 0.48 12.731 re f 368.644 197.146 0.48 12.731 re f 409.205 197.146 0.48 12.731 re f 445.205 197.146 0.48 12.731 re f 485.644 197.146 0.481 12.731 re f 526.205 197.146 0.48 12.731 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 10 0 0 10.0085 104.285 186.6972 Tm [(Concent)50.7(r)-39.1(a)-24.1(t)-33.9(i)22(on of NOx )-206.6(\(m)-41.8(g)16.1(/)-34(m)]TJ 7 0 0 7.006 234.4852 190.8971 Tm (3)Tj 10 0 0 10.0085 237.9647 186.6972 Tm [(\))-1394.9(0.137)-1541.9(0.112)-1554(0.107)-1541.9(0.115)-1325.9(0.116)-1326.1(0.123)-1541.9(0.151)]TJ ET 98.644 196.666 428.041 0.48 re f 98.644 183.934 0.48 12.732 re f 247.205 183.934 0.479 12.732 re f 287.644 183.934 0.48 12.732 re f 328.205 183.934 0.48 12.732 re f 368.644 183.934 0.48 12.732 re f 409.205 183.934 0.48 12.732 re f 445.205 183.934 0.48 12.732 re f 485.644 183.934 0.481 12.732 re f 526.205 183.934 0.48 12.732 re f BT 10 0 0 10.0085 104.285 173.4858 Tm [(Contr)-63.6(i)-90(b)0(u)19.7(tion)-94.8( of NOx )-215.4(\(%)-58(\))-4251(36.1)-2099.1(33.5)-2110.8(33.0)-2098.9(35.9)-1883.1(35.4)-1882.9(36.0)-2099.1(42.9)]TJ ET 98.644 183.574 428.041 0.48 re f 98.644 170.843 0.48 12.732 re f 247.205 170.843 0.479 12.732 re f 287.644 170.843 0.48 12.732 re f 328.205 170.843 0.48 12.732 re f 368.644 170.843 0.48 12.732 re f 409.205 170.843 0.48 12.732 re f 445.205 170.843 0.48 12.732 re f 485.644 170.843 0.481 12.732 re f 526.205 170.843 0.48 12.732 re f BT 10 0 0 10.0085 104.285 160.3945 Tm [(Pollu)-97.5(ti)-107(on i)-68.4(ndex o)39(f)-94.1( NOx)-5148.5(2.60)-2098.6(2.24)-2110.6(2.14)-2098.5(2.30)-1882.7(2.32)-1882.7(2.46)-2098.5(3.20)]TJ ET 98.644 170.363 428.041 0.48 re f 98.644 157.633 0.48 12.731 re f 247.205 157.633 0.479 12.731 re f 287.644 157.633 0.48 12.731 re f 328.205 157.633 0.48 12.731 re f 368.644 157.633 0.48 12.731 re f 409.205 157.633 0.48 12.731 re f 445.205 157.633 0.48 12.731 re f 485.644 157.633 0.481 12.731 re f 526.205 157.633 0.48 12.731 re f BT 10 0 0 10.0085 104.285 147.1831 Tm [(Concent)50(r)-39(a)-24.1(t)-33.9(i)22(on of CO )-94.3(\(m)-41.9(g)16(/)-34(m)]TJ 7 0 0 7.006 228.3651 151.383 Tm (3)Tj 10 0 0 10.0085 231.8446 147.1831 Tm [(\))-2283(3.16)-2098(2.91)-2109.8(2.89)-2097.9(2.71)-1882.1(2.89)-1881.9(2.91)-2097.9(2.96)]TJ ET 98.644 157.272 428.041 0.48 re f 98.644 144.541 0.48 12.731 re f 247.205 144.541 0.479 12.731 re f 287.644 144.541 0.48 12.731 re f 328.205 144.541 0.48 12.731 re f 368.644 144.541 0.48 12.731 re f 409.205 144.541 0.48 12.731 re f 445.205 144.541 0.48 12.731 re f 485.644 144.541 0.481 12.731 re f 526.205 144.541 0.48 12.731 re f BT 10 0 0 10.0085 104.285 134.0919 Tm [(Contr)-62.8(i)-89.9(b)0(u)-80.1(tion)5.9( of CO \()-140.6(%)-23(\))-4863(10.9)-2098.3(10.8)-2110.2(11.1)-2098.3(10.9)-1882.3(11.1)-1882.5(10.6)-2098.1(9.90)]TJ ET 98.644 144.06 428.041 0.481 re f 98.644 131.33 0.48 12.731 re f 247.205 131.33 0.479 12.731 re f 287.644 131.33 0.48 12.731 re f 328.205 131.33 0.48 12.731 re f 368.644 131.33 0.48 12.731 re f 409.205 131.33 0.48 12.731 re f 445.205 131.33 0.48 12.731 re f 485.644 131.33 0.481 12.731 re f 526.205 131.33 0.48 12.731 re f BT 10 0 0 10.0085 104.285 120.8814 Tm [(Pollu)-97.9(ti)-7.2(on i)-168.6(ndex o)38.6(f)-94.1( CO)-5642.6(0.79)-2099(0.72)-2111(0.72)-2098.9(0.69)-1883.1(0.72)-1882.9(0.73)-2098.9(0.74)]TJ ET 98.644 130.969 428.041 0.481 re f 98.644 117.759 0.48 13.21 re f 99.125 117.759 148.08 0.48 re f 247.205 117.759 0.479 13.21 re f 247.684 117.759 39.96 0.48 re f 287.644 117.759 0.48 13.21 re f 288.125 117.759 40.08 0.48 re f 328.205 117.759 0.48 13.21 re f 328.685 117.759 39.959 0.48 re f 368.644 117.759 0.48 13.21 re f 369.124 117.759 40.08 0.48 re f 409.205 117.759 0.48 13.21 re f 409.685 117.759 35.52 0.48 re f 445.205 117.759 0.48 13.21 re f 445.685 117.759 39.959 0.48 re f 485.644 117.759 0.481 13.21 re f 486.124 117.759 40.08 0.48 re f 526.205 117.759 0.48 13.21 re f EMC endstream endobj 53 0 obj << /Title (article 5-5 graphs.eps) /Creator (Adobe Illustrator\(R\) 8.0) /Author (Karin Mueller) >> endobj 54 0 obj << /Title (article 5-6 graphs.eps) /Creator (Adobe Illustrator\(R\) 8.0) /Author (Karin Mueller) >> endobj 55 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 159 0 R /Resources 56 0 R /Contents 57 0 R /Thumb 136 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 56 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F4 177 0 R /F5 179 0 R /F6 181 0 R /F12 97 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 211 0 R /GS2 212 0 R >> >> endobj 57 0 obj << /Length 13045 >> stream BT /F4 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 56.28 26.4 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs 0.0067 Tc 0 Tw (42)Tj ET 1 0 0.027 RG 0 J 0 j 0.48 w 10 M []0 d /GS1 gs 1 i 55.08 42.96 m 541.08 42.96 l 55.08 39.48 m 541.08 39.48 l S BT 9 0 0 9 396.96 25.08 Tm /GS2 gs 0 Tc (C)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 403.56 25.08 Tm 0.0439 Tc (HINA)Tj 9 0 0 9 420.84 25.08 Tm 0.045 Tc ( E)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 429 25.08 Tm 0.0425 Tc [(NVIR)42.5(ONMENT)]TJ 9 0 0 9 475.44 25.08 Tm 0.041 Tc ( S)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 482.88 25.08 Tm 0.0458 Tc (ERIES)Tj 9 0 0 9 501.12 25.08 Tm 0.0451 Tc [( )14.3( I)]TJ 6.3 0 0 6.3 517.92 25.08 Tm 0.0481 Tc (SSUE)Tj 9 0 0 9 533.76 25.08 Tm 0.0483 Tc ( 3)Tj /F6 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 53.9999 729.2401 Tm 0.0302 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(bicy)19.3(clists, and riders. )41(The r)19.3(esults)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0183 Tc 0.1247 Tw [(sho)18.3(w)12.8(ed that nitr)7.4(ogen dioxide and)]TJ T* 0.0016 Tc 0.1257 Tw [(carbon monoxide exposur)12.5(es ranged)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0364 Tw (from 0.219-0.349 mg/m)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 159.96 693.2401 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (3)Tj 11 0 0 11 163.08 689.64 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0.0364 Tw [( and 9.17-)]TJ -9.9164 -1.2 TD -0.0003 Tc -0.0227 Tw (41.10 mg/m)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 107.04 680.04 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (3)Tj 11 0 0 11 110.28 676.4401 Tm 0.0005 Tc -0.0269 Tw [(, r)11.4(espectiv)11.4(ely)98.7(, for traffic)]TJ -5.1164 -1.2 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(policemen at eight crossroads. N)32.9(itro-)]TJ T* 0.0026 Tc 0.1252 Tw [(gen dioxide exposures ranged fr)13.5(om)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0045 Tw (0.208-0.377 mg/m)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 135.6 640.4401 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (3)Tj 11 0 0 11 138.84 636.84 Tm 0.0009 Tc 0.0061 Tw [( for nineteen bi-)]TJ -7.7127 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0452 Tw [(cy)11(clists who bicy)21.9(cled on the road to)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0552 Tw [(and from wor)10.8(k. )43.4(The level of pollut-)]TJ T* 0 Tc -0.0387 Tw [(ant exposur)10.9(e on the streets wher)10.9(e the)]TJ T* 0.0623 Tc 0.2011 Tw [(study took place ex)7.7(ceeded the)]TJ T* 0.0011 Tc 0 Tw [(NAA)12(QS.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0203 Tw [(I)11(n)-0.4( 1995, )21.8(Y)105.2(e)1.4( S)11.2(hunhua and others)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0008 Tc 0.0826 Tw [(inv)11.7(estigated and monitored the im-)]TJ T* -0.0031 Tc -0.0622 Tw (mune systems of bus drivers and con-)Tj T* 0.0007 Tc 0.1036 Tw [(ductors on the )22.5(Y)83.8(uejiang tunnel bus)]TJ T* 0.0008 Tc 0.0431 Tw [(line in S)11.7(hanghai. )55.7(Their study found)]TJ T* 0.0127 Tc 0.1254 Tw (that the levels of peripheral blood)Tj T* 0.0052 Tc 0.0769 Tw [(lymphocytes, T)119.7(-cyto )-47.8(r)-5.7(osette )-49.5(forma-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0429 Tw [(tion, IgA \(I)11.2(mmunoglobulin A\), and)]TJ T* -0.0045 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(fibro-mucopr)6.4(otein ar)6.4(e much lo)6.4(w)11.9(er in)]TJ T* 0.0023 Tc 0.1253 Tw [(the bus driv)-8.6(ers than in the contr)13.2(ol)]TJ T* 0.012 Tc 0.1258 Tw [(groupworkers at an arbor)12(etum.)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 204.84 429.24 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (9)Tj 11 0 0 11 53.9999 412.44 Tm 0.0206 Tc 0.1253 Tw [(These enzymes pro)15.7(vide pr)9.7(otectiv)9.7(e)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0091 Tw (mechanisms for cells. Another study)Tj T* 0.0007 Tc 0.0917 Tw [(conducted in Xian sho)11.6(w)6.2(ed that the)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0364 Tw [(S)19.9(upero)6(xide D)10.9(ismutase \(SOD\), Glu-)]TJ T* 0.0203 Tc 0.1254 Tw (tathione \(GSH\), and Glutathione)Tj T* 0.0122 Tc 0.1252 Tw [(P)59.4(e)9.3(r)-9.6(o)7.3(xidase \(GSH-px\) levels in bus)]TJ T* 0.0101 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(drivers and conductors we)7.2(r)10.1(e)-1.3( lo)10.1(we)7.2(r)]TJ T* -0.0103 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(than the control gr)11.5(o)-5.1(u)-5.1(p)22.4(, while the level)]TJ T* 0.0372 Tc 0.1262 Tw [(of M)15.4(alondialdehy)-6.4(de \(MDA\) was)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0885 Tw [(higher)65.4(. I)32.7(t)-0.3( was concluded that expo-)]TJ T* -0.0069 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(sur)14.9(e to vehicular exhaust changed lev-)]TJ T* 0.0079 Tc 0.125 Tw (els of these enzymes which can be)Tj T* 0.0003 Tc 0.1239 Tw (detrimental to human immune de-)Tj T* 0.0064 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(fenses. Another study analyz)6.4(ed the)]TJ T* 0.0428 Tc 0.1257 Tw [(m)6.7(o)10.1(v)5.7(ement of spermatoz)10.1(oon and)]TJ T* 0.0104 Tc (blood-lead concentration in traffic)Tj T* 0.0135 Tc 0.1246 Tw [(policemen)78.9()84.9(s)-0.5( semen. )56.7(The results r)13.5(e)-1.4(-)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.05 Tw [(v)6.3(ealed lo)10.7(w)5.3(er semen mobility)87.1(, higher)]TJ T* 0.0218 Tc 0.1257 Tw [(blood-lead concentration, and r)10.9(e)6.9(-)]TJ T* 0.0053 Tc 0.1253 Tw [(pr)5.3(essed activity of semen succinate)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (dehydrogenase.)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 119.16 152.04 Tm 0.0125 Tc (10)Tj 11 0 0 11 71.9999 135.24 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0.0044 Tw [(A sur)-21.9(v)6.4(ey investigating health ef-)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0005 Tc 0.03 Tw [(fect determinates was carried out b)11.4(y)]TJ T* 0.0109 Tc 0.1258 Tw [(the Depar)-10.9(tment of E)10.9(nvironmental)]TJ T* 0.0048 Tc [(Science and Engineering, )48.5(T)119.3(singhua)]TJ T* 0.001 Tc -0.0494 Tw [(U)37.9(niv)11.9(ersity)88.3(, B)11.9(eijing.)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 134.52 86.04 Tm -0.0016 Tc -0.0468 Tw [( 11)]TJ 11 0 0 11 142.2 82.44 Tm -0.0004 Tc -0.1078 Tw [( The )-53.8(results )-55(and)]TJ -8.0182 -1.2 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0149 Tw [(conclusions are the follo)10.8(wing.)]TJ 16.7236 60 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0234 Tw [(1\) I)11.1(n)0( the peripheral blood of the)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0537 Tw (on-duty traffic policemen in the four)Tj T* 0.0007 Tc 0.1253 Tw [(a)5.8(r)0.7(eas of Beijing, both carboxhemo-)]TJ T* 0.0621 Tc 0.1257 Tw (globin \(COHb\) saturation and)Tj T* -0.0051 Tc -0.062 Tw [(blood-lead concentration ar)5.8(e r)16.7(emar)-5.1(k-)]TJ T* -0.001 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(ably higher than control gr)9.9(oup)20.8(. S)20.8(atu-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0044 Tw (rated COHb will cause chronic oxy-)Tj T* -0.0022 Tc -0.0628 Tw (gen deficiency and potentially lead to)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0247 Tw [(hear)-10.8(t and brain illnesses. )54.8(The differ-)]TJ T* 0.0233 Tc 0.1257 Tw [(ences hav)-9.4(e statistical significance.)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0752 Tw [(F)25.1(u)3.8(r)-11.1(thermore, the r)10.7(esults sho)10.7(w good)]TJ T* 0.0591 Tc 0.125 Tw [(negative corr)15.5(elation \(r=0.8862,)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0193 Tw (P<0.05\) between COHb and blood-)Tj T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0274 Tw [(lead concentration. )43.9(The dynamics of)]TJ T* -0.0103 Tc -0.0625 Tw (absorption mechanisms in the human)Tj T* 0.0036 Tc 0.1254 Tw (body and the mutual influences of)Tj T* 0.0012 Tc 0.125 Tw [(CO and lead should be fur)-9.7(ther re)8.1(-)]TJ T* 0 Tw (searched.)Tj 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0003 Tc 0.0325 Tw [(2\) Determination of P)54.8(eak Expi-)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0719 Tw [(rator)-21.4(y F)22.2(l)2.5(o)11.3(w)-0.8( \(P)22.2(EF\) is a common in-)]TJ T* 0.0083 Tw (dex used to assess lung function and)Tj T* 0.0221 Tc 0.1258 Tw (measure chronic lung congestion.)Tj T* 0.0011 Tc 0.125 Tw [(The average P)12(EF in urban ar)12(eas in)]TJ T* 0.005 Tc [(China appears to be lo)15.9(wer than in)]TJ T* 0.0115 Tc 0.1247 Tw [(suburban areas. )54.8(This is potentially)]TJ T* 0.0062 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(caused by the heavier vehicular air)]TJ T* 0.0039 Tc 0.1252 Tw [(pollution in urban ar)14.8(eas. H)14.8(o)20.8(wever)69.4(,)]TJ T* 0.0141 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(the r)14.1(esults in this par)-18.6(ticular study)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0091 Tw [(sho)10.8(w)5.4(ed no remar)10.8(kable statistical sig-)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0236 Tw (nificance in the differences of urban)Tj T* 0.126 Tw [(and suburban P)11.6(EF levels. )44.9(This was)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.072 Tw (most likely due to the small sample)Tj T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0514 Tw (size and highlights the need to con-)Tj T* -0.0045 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(duct mor)6.4(e studies with larger samples)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.004 Tw (in the future.)Tj 1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0119 Tw [(3\) )43.6(The analyses of health condi-)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0005 Tc 0.05 Tw (tions of traffic policemen in Beijing)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0527 Tw [(highlighted that the degree of self-r)21.9(e)7(-)]TJ T* 0.0503 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(por)-15.2(ted symptoms of discomfort)]TJ T* -0.0007 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(\(breathing, eyes, and feelings of o)10.2(v)5.8(er-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0265 Tw [(all fatigue\) is increasing for the str)11.3(eet)]TJ T* 0.0159 Tc 0.125 Tw [(duty pr)5(ofessionals. )48.6(The study also)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0762 Tw [(r)5.2(epor)-10.4(ted that the rate of r)11.4(espirator)-21.3(y)]TJ T* 0.0018 Tc 0.1255 Tw (illnesses in traffic policemen is five)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0026 Tw (percent higher than the city average.)Tj 1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0014 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(One study carried out in tw)9.5(enty-)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0005 Tc 0.0306 Tw [(eight pro)17.4(vinces and autonomous r)11.4(e)7.4(-)]TJ T* 0.0008 Tc 0.1256 Tw [(gions in 1990s r)11.7(e)-0.3(vealed that, while)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc -0.0077 Tw (the average lead level in blood in the)Tj T* -0.0018 Tc -0.0628 Tw [(o)15.1(v)4.7(erall population does not appear to)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0064 Tw [(increase, spot checks in several pr)11.1(o)17.1(v)-0.5(-)]TJ 15.0982 60 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.1159 Tw [(inces r)11(e)-1(vealed that the lead lev)11(el in)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD -0.0072 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(for)-18.1(ty percent of the children ex)14.6(ceeded)]TJ T* -0.0096 Tc -0.0585 Tw [(safe thr)12.2(esholds.)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 448.08 706.4401 Tm -0.0063 Tc 0 Tw (12)Tj 11 0 0 11 454.44 702.84 Tm -0.0096 Tc -0.0636 Tw [( N)34(ot surprisingly)88.6(, the)]TJ -6.2182 -1.2 TD 0.0229 Tc 0.1253 Tw [(blood-lead content of childr)22.9(en in)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.115 Tw [(to)22.4(wns is higher than in r)-10.3(ural ar)11.5(eas,)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0162 Tw [(which indicates that childr)11.3(en ar)11.3(e in-)]TJ T* 0.0092 Tc 0.125 Tw [(cr)9.2(easingly vulnerable to lead emis-)]TJ T* 0.0009 Tc 0.1255 Tw [(sions from v)11.8(ehicles. )44.6(The study also)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0444 Tw [(r)15.8(epor)-10.7(ted that the blood-lead concen-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0893 Tw [(tration of childr)11.2(en who lived in in-)]TJ T* -0.0017 Tc -0.062 Tw [(dustrial ar)9.2(eas is betw)9.2(een 200 and 400)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0145 Tw [(g/L, which gr)11.1(eatly ex)22(ceeds the inter-)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.018 Tw [(national standar)11.4(d of 100 g/L. I)22.3(n)-1.2( the)]TJ T* 0.0072 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(city of G)7.2(uangzhou, the blood-lead)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.075 Tw [(concentration of the childr)11.4(en living)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(near r)11.3(oads is between 142-167 g/L)]TJ T* 0.0227 Tw (and the blood-lead concentration in)Tj T* 0.0153 Tc 0.1261 Tw (traffic policemen is approximately)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc -0.0181 Tw [(116 g/L. Ov)10.7(erall, these recent health)]TJ T* -0.0008 Tc -0.0622 Tw [(studies in China hav)10.1(e helped to com-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0528 Tw [(municate the harmful impact of ve)7.2(-)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(hicular emissions on human health)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0136 Tw (to Chinese policymakers.)Tj /F4 1 Tf 1.4291 -3.6 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (R)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 408.96 399.24 Tm -0.003 Tc (ECENT)Tj 11 0 0 11 434.52 399.24 Tm -0.0586 Tc ( V)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 443.88 399.24 Tm -0.0007 Tc [(EHICUL)-16.3(A)4.4(R)]TJ 11 0 0 11 482.76 399.24 Tm -0.0168 Tc ( E)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 491.76 399.24 Tm 0.0024 Tc (MISSION)Tj 11 0 0 11 402.6 386.04 Tm 0 Tc (C)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 410.28 386.04 Tm 0.0022 Tc [(ONTR)49(OL)]TJ 11 0 0 11 442.8 386.04 Tm -0.003 Tc ( P)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 452.04 386.04 Tm 0.0019 Tc (OLICIES)Tj 11 0 0 11 481.56 386.04 Tm 0 Tc ( )Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 484.44 386.04 Tm 0.0037 Tc (IN)Tj 11 0 0 11 493.2 386.04 Tm 0.0001 Tc ( C)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 503.52 386.04 Tm -0.0005 Tc (HINA)Tj /F6 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 404.04 359.64 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0.0627 Tw [(O)5.1(v)-0.1(er the past few years, as pol-)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0023 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(lution in urban ar)19.5(eas has significantly)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc -0.0273 Tw (worsened in China, the national and)Tj T* 0 Tc 0.0681 Tw [(municipal go)10.9(v)6.5(ernments have passed)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0103 Tw [(v)6.7(ehicle emission policies and r)11.1(egula-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0058 Tw [(tions. Belo)10.8(w)81.7(,)-1.1( w)10.8(e)-0.4( outline some of the)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0744 Tw [(mor)11(e r)11(ecent policy developments at)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0048 Tw (the national and municipal levels.)Tj /F5 1 Tf 0 -2.4 TD -0.001 Tc 0.0166 Tw [(N)41.7(ational P)42.6(olicies in 1999)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0005 Tc -0.0722 Tw (1. The )Tj /F12 1 Tf 2.7273 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0196 Tw [(E)20.4(mission S)21.7(tandar)21.7(d for E)10.8(x)9(-)]TJ -4.3636 -1.2 TD 0 Tc 0.0925 Tw [(haust P)54.5(ollutants fr)10.9(om L)21.8(ight-Duty )53.9(V)109.3(e)0.5(-)]TJ T* -0.0006 Tc 0 Tw (hicles)Tj /F6 1 Tf 1.9418 0 TD -0.0004 Tc 0.025 Tw [( \(GWPB1-1999\) was issued by)]TJ -1.9418 -1.2 TD -0.0019 Tc -0.0622 Tw [(SEP)52.6(A and went into effect on 1 J)41.7(anu-)]TJ T* -0.0004 Tc 0.112 Tw [(ar)-22.2(y 2000. )43.4(This policy sets emission)]TJ T* 0.0203 Tc 0.1256 Tw [(standar)20.3(ds for Light-D)9.4(uty )20.1(V)118.1(ehicles)]TJ T* 0.0346 Tc 0.126 Tw [(equiv)12.8(alent to EUR)45.5(O1 standards.)]TJ T* 0.0058 Tc 0.125 Tw [(These ne)-5.1(w emission standar)16.7(ds also)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.1153 Tw (establish acceptable emission values)Tj T* -0.01 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(after a cold star)-10(t; emission v)11.8(alues from)]TJ T* 0.0062 Tc 0.1245 Tw [(the crankcase of the spar)17.1(k-ignition)]TJ T* 0.0015 Tc 0.126 Tw [(engine; evaporative emission values)]TJ T* 0.0131 Tc 0.125 Tw (from the spark-ignition engine; as)Tj ET endstream endobj 58 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 159 0 R /Resources 59 0 R /Contents 60 0 R /Thumb 138 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 59 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F4 177 0 R /F5 179 0 R /F6 181 0 R /F12 97 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 211 0 R /GS2 212 0 R >> >> endobj 60 0 obj << /Length 13632 >> stream 1 0 0.027 RG 0 J 0 j 0.48 w 10 M []0 d /GS1 gs 1 i 72 42.96 m 558 42.96 l 72 39.48 m 558 39.48 l S BT /F4 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 72 25.08 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (C)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 78.48 25.08 Tm 0.0439 Tc (HINA)Tj 9 0 0 9 95.76 25.08 Tm 0.045 Tc ( E)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 104.04 25.08 Tm 0.0425 Tc [(NVIR)42.5(ONMENT)]TJ 9 0 0 9 150.36 25.08 Tm 0.041 Tc ( S)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 157.92 25.08 Tm 0.0458 Tc (ERIES)Tj 9 0 0 9 176.16 25.08 Tm 0.0451 Tc [( )14.3( I)]TJ 6.3 0 0 6.3 192.96 25.08 Tm 0.0481 Tc (SSUE)Tj 9 0 0 9 208.8 25.08 Tm 0.0483 Tc ( 3)Tj 37.7733 0.08 TD 0.0067 Tc (43)Tj /F6 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 72 729.2401 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0.0662 Tw [(w)5.4(ell as several engine durability cri-)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0013 Tc 0 Tw (teria.)Tj 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0 Tc (2. )Tj /F12 1 Tf 1.0909 0 TD -0.0006 Tc 0.0946 Tw [(S)23.1(tandar)21.2(d for H)32.1(azar)21.2(dous Con-)]TJ -2.7273 -1.2 TD -0.0008 Tc 0.1094 Tw [(tents in G)31.9(asoline)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 6.3273 0 TD 0.1091 Tw [( \(GWPB001-1999\))]TJ -6.3273 -1.2 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.1247 Tw [(was issued b)11.3(y)1( SEP)44(A and went into)]TJ T* -0.0007 Tc -0.0622 Tw [(effect on 1 J)32(anuar)-11.6(y 2000. )53.8(These stan-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(dar)10.8(ds place stricter limitations on the)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0638 Tw [(hazar)11.2(dous contents of gasoline than)]TJ T* 0.0373 Tc 0.1262 Tw [(previous Chinese standards. )59.6(The)]TJ T* -0.009 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(r)6.6(egulated hazar)12.8(dous contents include:)]TJ T* 0.0068 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(benz)6.8(ene, olefin, aromatics, manga-)]TJ T* -0.0091 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(nese, iron, copper)67.3(, lead, phosphorous,)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0181 Tw [(and sulfur)66(.)]TJ /F12 1 Tf 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0083 Tc 0.0622 Tw [(3. T)151.4(echnical )-63.2(P)51.9(olicy )-61.8(on )-10.9(V)106.7(ehicular)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0002 Tc -0.0322 Tw [(E)20.3(mission Contr)10.7(ol)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 6.2945 0 TD 0 Tc -0.033 Tw [( was issued by SEP)54.5(A)]TJ -6.2945 -1.2 TD -0.0617 Tw [(on 8 December 1999. )55(This policy fo-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0682 Tw (cuses on emission and fuel technol-)Tj T* 0.1248 Tw [(ogy r)11.1(equir)11.1(ements, such as emission)]TJ T* 0.0047 Tc [(r)9.4(eduction technologies for ne)-6.2(w ve-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0332 Tw [(hicles, emission r)11.2(eduction technolo-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.1127 Tw (gies for in-use vehicles, fuel quality)Tj T* 0.0164 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(r)10.2(equir)16.4(ements, exhaust purification)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0 Tw (equipment, and testing devices.)Tj /F5 1 Tf 0 -2.4 TD -0.0011 Tc 0.066 Tw [(M)33.9(unicipal-Lev)9.8(el P)42.5(olicies)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0003 Tc 0.1184 Tw [(1. B)11.2(eijing: )43(The Beijing )53.9(T)136.7(echni-)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0206 Tc 0.1245 Tw [(cal I)20.6(nspection B)9.7(u)-8.1(r)20.6(eau \(effective 1)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0382 Tw [(J)28.7(anuar)-10.8(y 1999\) issued)]TJ /F12 1 Tf 8.1709 0 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.0433 Tw [( E)32.9(mission S)22(tan-)]TJ -8.1709 -1.2 TD -0.0071 Tc -0.0628 Tw [(dar)14.7(d for E)14.7(xhaust P)47.4(ollutants fr)14.7(om Light-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0548 Tw [(Duty V)109.6(ehicles)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 4.8873 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0032 Tw [( and these standar)10.9(ds ar)10.9(e)]TJ -4.8873 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0108 Tw [(equivalent to EUR)43.7(O1 standar)11(ds.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0018 Tc 0.1234 Tw [(2. S)12.7(hanghai: )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 5.3127 0 TD 0.1272 Tw [(E)22.3(mission S)23.6(tandar)23.6(d)]TJ -6.9491 -1.2 TD -0.007 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(for E)14.8(xhaust P)47.5(ollutants from L)14.8(ight-Duty)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0 Tw [(V)109.3(ehicles)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 2.8036 0 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.108 Tw [( was issued by the S)10.7(hanghai)]TJ -2.8036 -1.2 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0296 Tw [(T)136.7(echnical I)11.2(nspection B)11.2(u)4.3(reaueffec-)]TJ T* 0.0194 Tc 0.1257 Tw [(tive 1 J)52.1(uly 1999. )41.5(These standar)19.4(ds)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0167 Tw [(equal EUR)43.9(O1 emission standar)11.2(ds.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0027 Tc 0 Tw (3. )Tj /F12 1 Tf 1.1127 0 TD -0.0007 Tc 0.1201 Tw [(E)19.8(mission S)21.1(tandar)21.1(d for P)53.8(ollut-)]TJ -2.7491 -1.2 TD 0 Tc 0.1218 Tw [(ants at Dual-I)10.9(dle S)21.8(peed fr)10.9(om )54.5(V)109.3(ehicle)]TJ T* 0.0266 Tc 0.1257 Tw [(with P)48.4(etr)15.7(ol E)15.7(ngines)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 7.8764 0 TD 0.0273 Tc [( was issued b)5.5(y)]TJ -7.8764 -1.2 TD 0.0345 Tc 0.0694 Tw [(B)6.8(eijing T)138.1(echnical )-55(I)23.6(nspection )-56.3(B)12.7(u)4.7(-)]TJ T* 0.0067 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(r)11.4(eaueffectiv)6.7(e 1 J)39.4(uly 1999. )50.2(These)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0738 Tw [(standar)10.9(ds established idle and high-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0569 Tw (idle testing methods for CO and HC)Tj T* -0.0078 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(emissions for in-use vehicles. B)24.9(y)1.7( regu-)]TJ T* -0.0071 Tc -0.0621 Tw (lating high-idle emissions, high-emit-)Tj T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0364 Tw (ting vehicles can be better identified.)Tj 1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0068 Tc 0 Tw (4. )Tj /F12 1 Tf 0.9164 0 TD -0.0104 Tc -0.0638 Tw [(E)21.1(mergency M)22.3(easur)22.3(es for I)33.2(mpro)13.8(v)4.7(-)]TJ -2.5527 -1.2 TD -0.0006 Tc 0.0329 Tw [(ing Air Q)10.3(uality in Beijing)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 9.7309 0 TD 0.002 Tc 0.0262 Tw [( wer)12.9(e)-0.2( )-8(initi-)]TJ -9.7309 -1.2 TD 0.1255 Tw [(ated in December 1998. )56.7(The mea-)]TJ T* 0.0294 Tc 0.1256 Tw [(sur)7.6(es w)7.6(e)-6.2(r)7.6(e)-0.2( designed to be imple-)]TJ 15.0873 60 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0044 Tw [(mented in thr)11.2(ee phases.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0099 Tc -0.0611 Tw [(i. P)11.9(hase1from December 1998)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0131 Tc 0.1255 Tw [(to F)34.9(ebr)-8.7(uar)-19.6(y 1999included mea-)]TJ T* 0.014 Tc 0.1252 Tw [(sur)14(es to promote scrapping of old)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc -0.0464 Tw [(v)7(ehicles and inspection for in-use ve)7.4(-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0016 Tw [(hicles. )54.7(The first phase was limited to)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc 0.0791 Tw [(in-use tr)-10.2(ucks and also r)11.6(equir)11.6(ed that)]TJ T* -0.0009 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(manufactur)10(ers take the r)10(esponsibility)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc -0.0162 Tw [(for requir)11.5(ed r)11.5(etrofitting. D)11.5(uring this)]TJ T* 0.0025 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(phase light engine v)13.4(ehicles need to)]TJ T* 0.0218 Tc 0.1253 Tw [(meet ne)-10.9(w standar)21.8(ds for LPG and)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.1248 Tw [(CNG in or)11.4(der to be granted gr)11.4(een)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0 Tw (labels.)Tj 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0005 Tc 0.1199 Tw [(ii. P)11.4(hase 2from M)11.4(a)5.6(rch 1999)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.014 Tc 0.1259 Tw (to September 1999included the)Tj T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0074 Tw (limited use of heavy engine vehicles,)Tj T* -0.0011 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(n)-7.4(e)-1.1(w management r)-12(ules for maintain-)]TJ T* 0.0193 Tc 0.1253 Tw [(ing mini-buses and taxis; r)8.4(equir)8.4(e-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0981 Tw [(ments to constr)-10.6(uct CNG and LPG)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0621 Tw [(gas stations in or)11.5(der to impro)17.5(v)7.1(e the)]TJ T* 0.0008 Tc -0.0518 Tw [(infrastr)-10.1(uctur)22.6(e for CNG and LPG ve)7.7(-)]TJ T* 0.002 Tc 0 Tw (hicles.)Tj 1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0069 Tc -0.0623 Tw [(iii. P)-6.9(hase 3fr)14.9(om October 1999)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0113 Tc 0.1258 Tw [(to M)11.3(a)5.5(r)-10.5(ch 2000includes r)11.3(equir)11.3(e)7.3(-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.02 Tw (ments for visual inspections of diesel)Tj T* 0.008 Tw [(v)6.9(ehicle emissions; limitations on the)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0111 Tw [(use of diesel vehicles; r)-10.9(ules for r)10.9(etro-)]TJ T* 0.0071 Tc 0.125 Tw (fitting taxis into dual-fuel engines;)Tj T* 0.0104 Tc 0.1253 Tw [(fuel quality contr)10.4(ols; and, r)-11.4(ules to)]TJ T* 0.0086 Tc 0.1247 Tw (mitigate the emissions from petrol)Tj T* 0.0018 Tc 0 Tw (stations.)Tj /F5 1 Tf 0 -2.4 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0115 Tw [(P)27.5(r)11.9(oposed S)21.7(tandar)21.7(ds for N)32.6(ew )43.7(V)112.3(ehicle)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0081 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(As a whole, the r)13.7(ecently amended)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0084 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(NAA)13.4(QS in China no)13.4(w r)13.4(egulate many)]TJ T* -0.0078 Tc -0.062 Tw [(pollutantssuch as nitr)-7.8(ogen dio)14(xide,)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc -0.0456 Tw [(carbon monoxide, ozone, par)-10.4(ticulate)]TJ T* 0.0114 Tc 0.1227 Tw (matter \(PM)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 290.76 237.12 Tm 0.0125 Tc 0 Tw (10)Tj 11 0 0 11 297.36 240.84 Tm 0.0118 Tc 0.1273 Tw (\)stricter than most)Tj -5.4 -1.2 TD 0.0017 Tc 0.125 Tw [(other countries. S)23.5(tandar)12.6(ds for total)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0339 Tw [(suspended par)-10.8(ticles \()-21.7(T)16.5(SP\) ar)11(e, ho)11(w-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0946 Tw [(ever)76.8(, not nearly as strict as those of)]TJ T* 0.1193 Tw (the other pollutants/in other coun-)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (tries.)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 258.6 178.44 Tm -0.0063 Tc (13)Tj 11 0 0 11 264.96 174.84 Tm -0.0001 Tc -0.0623 Tw [( I)10.8(n)-0.8( most ar)21.7(eas of N)21.7(o)-0.3(r)-11(th China,)]TJ -2.4545 -1.2 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.0296 Tw (the concentration of total suspended)Tj T* 0.0109 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(par)-10.9(ticulate \()-10.9(T)5.4(SP\) often gr)10.9(eatly ex-)]TJ T* 0.0008 Tc 0.0018 Tw [(ceeds the standar)11.7(d.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0194 Tc 0.125 Tw [(U)34.5(sing shor)-13.3(ter time periods to)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.036 Tc 0.1256 Tw (measure average emissions could)Tj T* -0.0037 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(strengthen the futur)18.1(e amendments to)]TJ T* 0.012 Tc 0.125 Tw [(the NAAQS. F)44.7(or example, second)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0999 Tw (class sulfur dioxide \(SO)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 341.52 65.52 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (2)Tj 11 0 0 11 344.76 69.24 Tm 0.0001 Tc 0.1006 Tw [(\) standar)21.9(ds)]TJ 5.3891 60 TD 0.0086 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(ar)8.6(e curr)8.6(ently measur)8.6(ed b)8.6(y)0.9( a y)8.6(early)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.1145 Tw [(av)11.3(erage and twenty-four hour av)11.3(er-)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0826 Tw [(age concentration. I)32.8(t)0.3( would be use-)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc -0.0614 Tw [(ful in futur)11.5(e amendments if an eight-)]TJ T* 0.0008 Tc -0.0227 Tw [(hour av)11.7(erage concentration standar)22.6(d)]TJ T* 0.0909 Tw (for O)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 428.64 659.52 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (3)Tj 0.5062 1.1437 TD ( )Tj 11 0 0 11 434.04 663.24 Tm -0.0003 Tc 0.0955 Tw [(was added. In or)21.5(der to meet)]TJ -2.7273 -1.2 TD -0.0005 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(futur)10.4(e v)10.4(ehicle emission control goals,)]TJ T* -0.0071 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(stricter standar)14.7(ds for new)5.3( )5.6(v)-7.1(ehicles will)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0438 Tw [(be adopted o)22.1(v)6.8(er the next decade. I)11.2(n)]TJ T* -0.0012 Tc -0.0622 Tw [(the next two y)9.7(ears, the emission stan-)]TJ T* 0 Tc -0.0486 Tw [(dar)21.8(ds for new cars will r)10.9(each the level)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0377 Tw [(of those in E)22.2(u)4.4(rope in the 1990s. B)22.2(y)]TJ T* -0.0083 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(2010 the standar)13.5(ds will be completely)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc -0.058 Tw [(phased-in and China)87.8()93.7(s)0.1( emission stan-)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.1101 Tw [(dar)21.9(ds will match that of industrial-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0274 Tw [(iz)11.1(ed countries.)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 465.72 534.84 Tm -0.0063 Tc 0 Tw (14)Tj 11 0 0 11 422.04 518.04 Tm 0.0007 Tc 0.0533 Tw [(S)31.5(tandar)11.6(ds v)11.6(a)5.8(r)-21.1(y)1.3( accor)11.6(ding to the)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0098 Tw [(type of v)10.8(ehicle; for example, vehicles)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0281 Tw [(lighter than 3.5 tons will be r)11.1(equir)11.1(ed)]TJ T* -0.039 Tw [(to meet the mor)11.1(e stringent standar)11.1(ds)]TJ T* -0.0019 Tw (and when fully implemented in new)Tj T* 0.0065 Tc 0.1254 Tw (cars, the CO emissions should de-)Tj T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0864 Tw [(cr)11.1(ease b)11.1(y)0.3( sixty-six percent. HC and)]TJ T* -0.0071 Tc 0 Tw (NO)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 421.32 421.92 Tm 0 Tc (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 423.96 425.64 Tm -0.0044 Tc -0.0624 Tw [( will be for)-15.3(ty-thr)6.5(ee per)6.5(cent lo)17.4(wer)]TJ -1.8109 -1.2 TD 0.0525 Tc 0.1251 Tw [(than curr)8.9(ent new cars. )19.9(V)106.7(ehicles)]TJ T* -0.0005 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(heavier than 3.5 tons will be r)21.3(equired)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0136 Tw [(to decr)22.2(ease CO emissions by ninety-)]TJ T* 0.0085 Tc 0.1253 Tw [(four per)19.4(cent and emissions of HC)]TJ T* -0.0043 Tc -0.0591 Tw (and NO)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 438.96 355.92 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 441.72 359.64 Tm -0.0048 Tc -0.0663 Tw [( b)6.1(y)0.1( )-2.6(eighty-nine per)6.1(cent. )47.1(T)120.7(ar-)]TJ -3.4255 -1.2 TD 0.002 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(geted r)23.8(eductions in emissions from)]TJ T* -0.0082 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(heavy-duty diesel vehicles will be lo)13.6(w-)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc -0.0248 Tw [(er)22.3(ed in three stages o)22.3(v)7(er the next five)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0013 Tw [(y)12.3(ears. One goal of the NAA)10.7(QS is by)]TJ T* 0 Tc -0.0334 Tw [(2004 to decr)10.9(ease CO, HC, and NO)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 555.2401 289.92 Tm 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 404.04 280.44 Tm 0.0001 Tc -0.062 Tw [(emissions by sev)11(enty-one, sixty-nine,)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0046 Tw [(and sixty-one per)11.3(cent, r)11.3(espectively)98.6(.)]TJ /F5 1 Tf 0 -2.4 TD -0.0012 Tc 0.0175 Tw [(Lead-F)31.5(r)21.7(ee G)20.6(asoline P)31.5(r)-0.1(ogram)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0101 Tc -0.0623 Tw [(Ther)11.7(e exist many problems in the)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0023 Tw [(quality of fuels av)11.1(ailable on the Chi-)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc 0.0885 Tw [(nese mar)11.6(ket. M)33.4(o)0.5(r)11.6(e)-0.9(o)22.5(v)-3.7(er)77.1(, the dangers)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0884 Tw [(of leaded gasoline hav)10.6(e r)10.6(ecently be-)]TJ T* 0.0271 Tc 0.1254 Tw (come a major policy focus. After)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(studying the many lead-r)11(e)5.5(m)5.5(o)11(v)6.6(al pr)11(o-)]TJ T* -0.001 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(grams in industrializ)9.9(ed countries, the)]TJ T* 0.0154 Tc 0.1249 Tw (Chinese leadership has decided to)Tj T* -0.0075 Tc -0.062 Tw [(implement its o)14.3(wn lead-remo)14.3(v)10(al poli-)]TJ T* 0.0134 Tc 0.1248 Tw [(cies. )56.4(The S)24.3(tate Council issued the)]TJ T* -0.0017 Tc -0.0623 Tw [(r)13.9(egulation on forbidding the produc-)]TJ T* 0.001 Tc 0.1034 Tw (tion, distribution and utilization of)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0433 Tw [(leaded gasoline b)11(y)-0.7( S)21.9(eptember 1998,)]TJ ET endstream endobj 61 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 159 0 R /Resources 62 0 R /Contents 63 0 R /Thumb 140 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 62 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F4 177 0 R /F5 179 0 R /F6 181 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 211 0 R /GS2 212 0 R >> >> endobj 63 0 obj << /Length 12283 >> stream BT /F4 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 56.28 26.4 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs 0.0067 Tc 0 Tw (44)Tj ET 1 0 0.027 RG 0 J 0 j 0.48 w 10 M []0 d /GS1 gs 1 i 55.08 42.96 m 541.08 42.96 l 55.08 39.48 m 541.08 39.48 l S BT 9 0 0 9 396.96 25.08 Tm /GS2 gs 0 Tc (C)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 403.56 25.08 Tm 0.0439 Tc (HINA)Tj 9 0 0 9 420.84 25.08 Tm 0.045 Tc ( E)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 429 25.08 Tm 0.0425 Tc [(NVIR)42.5(ONMENT)]TJ 9 0 0 9 475.44 25.08 Tm 0.041 Tc ( S)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 482.88 25.08 Tm 0.0458 Tc (ERIES)Tj 9 0 0 9 501.12 25.08 Tm 0.0451 Tc [( )14.3( I)]TJ 6.3 0 0 6.3 517.92 25.08 Tm 0.0481 Tc (SSUE)Tj 9 0 0 9 533.76 25.08 Tm 0.0483 Tc ( 3)Tj /F6 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 53.9999 729.2401 Tm 0.0057 Tc 0.1252 Tw [(r)10.4(equesting that the for)-16.1(ty-sev)5.7(en key)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0737 Tw (cities must stop selling leaded gaso-)Tj T* 0 Tc -0.0434 Tw [(line by 1 J)43.6(uly 1999. )54(The S)21.8(tate Coun-)]TJ T* 0.013 Tc 0.1255 Tw (cil decided to consolidate the fuel)Tj T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0522 Tw [(mar)11.1(ket and close do)11.1(wn small refiner-)]TJ T* -0.0056 Tc -0.062 Tw [(ies that could not meet these lead-fr)16.2(ee)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0113 Tw [(regulations and adopt the best av)11.1(ail-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.1181 Tw [(able technologies. Lastly)87.2(, the whole)]TJ T* -0.0014 Tc -0.0629 Tw [(countr)-12.3(y must cease producing leaded)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0477 Tw [(gasoline by 1 J)44(anuar)-21.4(y 2000, and stop)]TJ T* -0.0045 Tc -0.0623 Tw [(selling it b)6.4(y)1.1( 1 J)39.1(uly 2000. A)17.3(ccomplish-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0487 Tw (ing this target on schedule is one of)Tj T* -0.0092 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(the most impor)-9.2(tant tasks in motor ve-)]TJ T* -0.0098 Tc [(hicle pollution control in r)12(ecent years.)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 2.2255 -3.3818 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (B)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 85.32 520.44 Tm 0.0008 Tc [(R)33.4(O)29.2(ADER)]TJ 11 0 0 11 116.4 520.44 Tm -0.0063 Tc ( S)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 124.56 520.44 Tm -0.0001 Tc [(TRA)77.8(TEGIES)]TJ 11 0 0 11 165.6 520.44 Tm 0 Tc ( )Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 168.36 520.44 Tm -0.0009 Tc (FOR)Tj 11 0 0 11 62.52 507.24 Tm 0 Tc (L)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 68.76 507.24 Tm 0.0004 Tc [(O)59.9(WERING)]TJ 11 0 0 11 105.72 507.24 Tm -0.0477 Tc ( V)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 115.2 507.24 Tm -0.0018 Tc [(EHICUL)-17.4(AR)]TJ 11 0 0 11 153.96 507.24 Tm -0.0059 Tc ( E)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 163.08 507.24 Tm 0.0013 Tc (MISSIONS)Tj /F6 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 71.9999 482.04 Tm 0.03 Tc 0.1256 Tw [(While the v)8.2(ehicular emission)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.0125 Tw [(standar)11.1(ds outlined abo)22(v)6.7(e)0.8( will be key)]TJ T* 0.0191 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(to impro)25.1(ving urban air quality in)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0008 Tw (China, a broader mix of policies tar-)Tj T* 0.0229 Tc 0.125 Tw [(geting v)12(ehicular pollution will be)]TJ T* 0.0015 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(needed to meet these standar)12.4(ds. I)12.4(n)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0146 Tw [(this final section we pr)11.2(esent and cri-)]TJ T* 0.0455 Tw (tique Chinese policies that focus on)Tj T* 0.001 Tc -0.0158 Tw [(infrastr)-9.9(uctur)22.8(e, public transpor)-9.9(t, ne)-9.9(w)]TJ T* 0.0315 Tc 0.1257 Tw (technologies, and inspection and)Tj T* 0 Tc 0.0049 Tw (maintenance \(I/M\) programs.)Tj /F5 1 Tf 0 -2.2909 TD 0.0089 Tw [(C)12.4(onstr)-10.9(uction and U)32.7(tilization of)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0012 Tc 0 Tw [(I)20(nfrastr)-9.7(uctur)23(e)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.0897 Tw [(Although the urban r)11.3(oad infra-)]TJ -1.6364 -1.1891 TD 0.039 Tw [(str)-10.6(uctur)11.2(es in China has been gr)11.2(eatly)]TJ T* 0.0099 Tw [(enhanced o)22.1(v)-4.1(er the past two decades,)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc -0.0298 Tw [(the o)11.5(v)7.1(erall inv)11.5(estment into transpor)-10.3(t)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0628 Tw [(constr)-10.7(uction is much lo)11.1(w)5.7(er than that)]TJ 0 -1.1891 TD 0.035 Tc 0.125 Tw [(in dev)13.2(eloped countries. China is)]TJ T* -0.0025 Tc -0.0629 Tw [(many years away fr)8.4(om building high-)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0034 Tw (efficiency and sustainable cities with)Tj T* -0.0363 Tw [(quick transpor)-10.4(t systems. S)11.4(ince 1978,)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0241 Tw [(the gro)17.1(wth rate of the vehicle popu-)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD -0.0104 Tc -0.0621 Tw (lation has been much higher than that)Tj 0 -1.1891 TD -0.0079 Tc -0.0618 Tw [(of road length. M)35.7(o)2.8(reo)13.9(v)9.6(er)68.5(, due to limi-)]TJ T* -0.0073 Tc -0.0627 Tw (tations in municipal funding and lack)Tj T* 0.0004 Tc 0.1127 Tw [(of ar)11.3(eas within cities, the constr)-21.4(uc-)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc -0.0279 Tw [(tion of urban r)11.6(oads can not meet the)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0432 Tw [(demand of increasing transpor)-10.5(t. )54.9(T)147.7(w)1(o)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD -0.003 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(major infrastr)-13.9(uctur)7.9(e priorities should)]TJ 0 -1.1891 TD 0.0052 Tc 0.1248 Tw [(be str)16.1(essed in the futur)5.2(e. F)37.9(irst, the)]TJ T* 0.0295 Tc 0.1253 Tw [(total capacity of roads should b)7.7(e)]TJ 15.0873 60.6 TD -0.0052 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(steadily enhanced. S)16.6(econd, the lay)5.7(out)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0054 Tc 0.1253 Tw [(and constr)-16.4(uction of r)5.4(oad networ)-5.5(ks)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.058 Tw [(utilize space wisely and allo)22.1(w traffic)]TJ T* 0.0086 Tc 0.1252 Tw [(to mo)19.5(ve faster)74(. )52.4(These goals can be)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.1148 Tw [(accomplished by targeting the con-)]TJ T* -0.0091 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(str)-9.1(uction of clo)23.6(verleaf junctions, o)23.6(v)8.4(er-)]TJ 0 -13.2 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0444 Tw (head roads, tunnels, and supplemen-)Tj 0 -1.2 TD 0.0003 Tc 0.0937 Tw [(tar)-21.5(y roads. Enhancing public trans-)]TJ T* -0.0069 Tc -0.0617 Tw [(por)-17.8(t will also relieve some of the stress)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0096 Tw (and congestion on roadways.)Tj /F5 1 Tf 0 -2.2909 TD -0.0014 Tc 0.0218 Tw [(Dev)9.5(elopment of U)20.4(rban P)20.4(ublic)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0027 Tc 0 Tw [(T)130(ranspor)-8.2(t)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.1164 Tw [(M)39.4(unicipal go)11(v)6.6(ernments ar)11(e be-)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0019 Tc 0.1251 Tw [(ginning to emphasize the impro)18.8(v)8.4(e)8.8(-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0256 Tw [(ment of public transpor)-10.5(t, which is a)]TJ T* 0.0061 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(tr)6.1(end not only r)6.1(eflected in finance)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0727 Tw (budgets, but also in the continually)Tj T* -0.0009 Tc -0.0628 Tw [(incr)10(easing public ser)-22.7(vices, such as the)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0837 Tw (number of buses and usage priority)Tj T* 0.0962 Tw [(lanes. I)11.3(n)0.2( 1996, the Beijing munici-)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0682 Tw [(pal go)11.4(v)7(ernment was the first city to)]TJ T* 0.0008 Tc 0.0954 Tw [(adopt special public transpor)-10.1(t lanes)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.075 Tw [(on Chang An R)11.4(oad and this model)]TJ T* -0.0039 Tc -0.0622 Tw [(has been r)7(eplicated in many mor)7(e cit-)]TJ T* 0.0022 Tc 0 Tw (ies.)Tj 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0554 Tw [(W)11.4(ith the deepening of reform in)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0008 Tc 0.0694 Tw [(the public transpor)-10.1(t industr)-21(y)100.6(,)0( many)]TJ T* 0.0455 Tc 0.1255 Tw [(large cities hav)-9.1(e begun to allo)23.7(w)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0192 Tw [(privatization of public transpor)-10.3(t op-)]TJ T* 0.0097 Tc 0.1253 Tw [(erations, which reliev)9.7(es the city of)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0465 Tw [(subsidy programs and has decr)11.1(eased)]TJ T* -0.0041 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(municipal deficits. I)17.7(t)0.1( should be noted)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0472 Tw [(that passenger flo)11.2(w on public trans-)]TJ T* -0.0099 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(por)-9.9(t has increased slowly and has ev)11.9(e)-5.3(n)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0008 Tw [(decreased in a few cities. I)11.1(n)-0.7( addition)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0682 Tw (to public buses, many Chinese mu-)Tj T* 0.0122 Tc 0.125 Tw [(nicipal go)12.2(v)7.8(ernments wish to build)]TJ T* -0.0094 Tc -0.0622 Tw [(subways as an effectiv)12.4(e and clean pub-)]TJ T* -0.0102 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(lic transpor)-10.2(t system. )11.6(While urban rail-)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0218 Tw [(way transpor)-10.3(t is a high-capacity and)]TJ 15.0982 59.8909 TD 0.0113 Tc 0.1249 Tw (fast transport system, few Chinese)Tj 0 -1.2 TD 0.0005 Tc 0.0637 Tw [(cities hav)11.4(e railway transpor)-10.4(t, due to)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0454 Tw [(the fact that sub)11.1(way and light rail are)]TJ T* 0.0295 Tc 0.125 Tw [(much mor)18.6(e expensiv)7.7(e than other)]TJ T* -0.0019 Tc -0.0623 Tw [(kinds of transpor)-12.8(t systems. C)19.9(urr)9(ently)]TJ T* 0.0056 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(only four Chinese cities hav)5.6(e built)]TJ T* -0.0009 Tc 0 Tw (subways.)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 423.48 653.64 Tm -0.0063 Tc (15)Tj 11 0 0 11 429.84 650.04 Tm 0.0005 Tc 0.0912 Tw [( E)33.2(v)7(en in these cities with)]TJ -3.9818 -1.2 TD -0.0097 Tc -0.0622 Tw [(sub)12.1(ways, not all of these subways have)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0327 Tw [(become the main means of transpor)-10.6(t)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0663 Tw (for commuters because of the high-)Tj T* -0.0063 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(ticket prices. C)15.5(urr)15.5(ently)102.8(, nearly twenty)]TJ T* 0.0146 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(cities ar)14.6(e applying for the permits)]TJ T* 0.0039 Tc 0.125 Tw [(from the China N)25.7(a)-1.9(tional Planning)]TJ T* 0.0168 Tc 0.1242 Tw [(Committee and M)16.8(inistr)-15.9(y of Con-)]TJ T* -0.0074 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(str)-7.4(uction to build subways. E)25.3(v)10.1(en with)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0882 Tw [(permits, ho)11(w)5.6(e)-1(v)11(e)-2.8(r)65.5(,)-1.9( sub)11(way constr)-10.8(uc-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0584 Tw [(tion will be slo)11.1(w in these cities due to)]TJ T* 0.0066 Tc 0.1247 Tw [(the necessar)-15.2(y)0.6( large inv)6.6(estment and)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0046 Tw [(maintenance costs. F)44(or smaller cities)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.034 Tw [(and the ar)11.1(eas outside the center large)]TJ T* 0.0282 Tc 0.1252 Tw [(metr)17.3(opolises, the alternativ)6.4(e pro)5.1(-)]TJ T* 0.0313 Tc 0.1255 Tw [(grams of closed special r)9.5(oads for)]TJ T* 0 Tc -0.0044 Tw [(buses, o)21.8(v)-4.4(erhead r)10.9(oads, or tr)10.9(olley cars)]TJ T* 0.0034 Tc 0.1253 Tw [(ar)14.3(e other potential options to con-)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.1115 Tw [(sider)76.5(. )43.4(T)125.6(able 7 sho)11(ws the magnitude)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0523 Tw [(of railway transpor)-10.7(t in the four me-)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc 0.0246 Tw [(tr)11.6(opolises of China.)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 470.04 389.64 Tm -0.0063 Tc 0 Tw (16)Tj /F5 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 386.04 360.36 Tm 0 Tc 0.0156 Tw [(A)29.8(pplication of I)21.8(ntelligent )44.1(T)127.3(ranspor-)]TJ T* 0.0008 Tc 0.0066 Tw [(tation S)22.6(ystem \(ITS\))]TJ /F6 1 Tf 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0006 Tc 0.0686 Tw [(A)12.7(t)-2.2( pr)11.5(esent, China witnesses the)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0018 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(most rapid dev)9.1(elopment of r)9.1(oad con-)]TJ T* 0.0041 Tc 0.125 Tw [(str)-6.8(uction in the world. I)36.8(t)-0.4( is antici-)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc -0.0554 Tw [(pated that it will take another tw)11.5(enty)]TJ T* 0.0088 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(y)10.4(ears of constr)-13(uction for China to)]TJ T* 0.0026 Tc 0.1258 Tw [(cr)13.5(eate a complete road network, at)]TJ T* -0.0047 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(which time most dev)6.2(eloped countries)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.034 Tw (in the world will be utilizing intelli-)Tj T* 0.0132 Tc 0.1255 Tw [(gent transpor)-8.6(tation systems \(IT)24.1(S\).)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.1018 Tw [(China should striv)11.1(e to develop and)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.1255 Tw [(coor)11.3(dinate both road infrastr)-10.5(uctur)11.3(e)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.089 Tw [(and IT)22.3(S simultaneously in or)11.4(der to)]TJ T* 0.0031 Tc 0.1257 Tw [(enhance public transpor)-7.8(t efficiency)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0319 Tw [(and traffic safety to mitigate the en-)]TJ T* 0.0198 Tc 0.1258 Tw [(vir)8.9(onmental impacts of transpor)-12.9(t.)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0189 Tw [(I)22.2(nternationally)98.8(, IT)11.5(S has gr)11.5(o)17.5(wn from)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc -0.0346 Tw (the applications of electronic and in-)Tj T* -0.0039 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(formation technologies to r)7(oad trans-)]TJ T* 0.0296 Tc 0.1248 Tw [(port. )51.2(Throughout the 1980s, the)]TJ T* 0.0158 Tc 0.1256 Tw [(Chinese M)26.7(inistr)-27.8(y of Communica-)]TJ T* -0.0067 Tc -0.0623 Tw [(tions carried out various r)15.1(esear)-6.7(ch pro-)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 45.6 0 0 45.6 228.36 609.24 Tm /GS1 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (C)Tj 16 0 0 16 259.92 628.44 Tm /GS2 gs -0.0024 Tc 0.0326 Tw [(urr)20.1(ent tr)20.1(ends in-)]TJ -0.0225 -1.2 TD -0.0088 Tc -0.0632 Tw [( dicate that ten to)]TJ -1.95 -1.2 TD -0.0031 Tc 0.0798 Tw (twenty percent of ve-)Tj T* -0.0022 Tc -0.0301 Tw [(hicle gr)5.3(o)9.8(wth in China)]TJ T* -0.0024 Tc 0.0075 Tw [(is in pr)5.1(iv)5.1(ate cars.)]TJ ET 2.04 w /GS1 gs 219.96 649.14 m 374.04 649.14 l 219.96 536.46 m 374.04 536.46 l S endstream endobj 64 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 159 0 R /Resources 65 0 R /Contents 66 0 R /Thumb 142 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 65 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F4 177 0 R /F5 179 0 R /F6 181 0 R /F8 194 0 R /F9 192 0 R /F10 199 0 R /F12 97 0 R /F15 100 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 211 0 R /GS2 212 0 R /GS3 213 0 R >> /Properties << /MC17 67 0 R >> >> endobj 66 0 obj << /Length 12979 >> stream 1 0 0.027 RG 0 J 0 j 0.48 w 10 M []0 d /GS1 gs 1 i 72 42.96 m 558 42.96 l 72 39.48 m 558 39.48 l S BT /F4 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 72 25.08 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (C)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 78.48 25.08 Tm 0.0439 Tc (HINA)Tj 9 0 0 9 95.76 25.08 Tm 0.045 Tc ( E)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 104.04 25.08 Tm 0.0425 Tc [(NVIR)42.5(ONMENT)]TJ 9 0 0 9 150.36 25.08 Tm 0.041 Tc ( S)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 157.92 25.08 Tm 0.0458 Tc (ERIES)Tj 9 0 0 9 176.16 25.08 Tm 0.0451 Tc [( )14.3( I)]TJ 6.3 0 0 6.3 192.96 25.08 Tm 0.0481 Tc (SSUE)Tj 9 0 0 9 208.8 25.08 Tm 0.0483 Tc ( 3)Tj 37.7733 0.08 TD 0.0067 Tc (45)Tj /F6 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 72 729.2401 Tm -0.0045 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(grams for expr)6.4(essway monitoring sys-)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0319 Tc 0.125 Tw (tems, tolling systems, and traffic)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0204 Tw (safety security systems.)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 168 706.4401 Tm -0.0063 Tc 0 Tw (17)Tj 11 0 0 11 174.48 702.84 Tm -0.0008 Tc -0.0747 Tw [( These )-54.3(com-)]TJ -9.3164 -1.2 TD -0.0084 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(pleted studies r)13.4(epr)24.3(esent the beginning)]TJ T* 0.0209 Tc 0.1252 Tw [(foundation for dev)10(eloping IT)20.9(S in)]TJ T* 0.0008 Tc 0 Tw (China.)Tj /F5 1 Tf 0 -2.4 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.0127 Tw [(M)23.9(onitoring N)32.5(etwork for )44(V)123.1(ehicular)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD -0.0011 Tc 0.0277 Tw [(A)6.9(ir P)53.4(ollution)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0041 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(M)24.3(ost large cities in industrializ)6.8(e)6.4(d)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0115 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(countries have doz)10.3(ens of environmen-)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.1239 Tw (tal monitoring stations, which take)Tj T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0843 Tw (measurements of general air quality)Tj T* 0.0081 Tc 0.1251 Tw [(and specific traffic pollution. C)19(ur-)]TJ T* -0.0041 Tc -0.0623 Tw [(r)11.5(ently)94.1(, only a few Chinese cities, most)]TJ T* -0.0104 Tc -0.0642 Tw [(notably)98.7(, Beijing, )-3.5(S)11.4(hanghai, S)11.4(henzhen,)]TJ T* -0.0035 Tc -0.0808 Tw [(G)12.6(uangzhou, W)94.7(uhan, )-18.9(and )10.9(Y)79.6(antai )-17.8(have)]TJ T* -0.0059 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(installed auto-monitoring systems. I)15.9(n)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0238 Tw (China, the monitoring networks for)Tj T* 0.0014 Tc 0.1246 Tw [(v)7.9(ehicular air quality are ver)-9.5(y)1.8( weak,)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0485 Tw [(ther)11.2(efor)11.2(e, the data on urban air qual-)]TJ T* -0.0023 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(ity fr)8.6(om the monitoring stations only)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0153 Tw [(rev)10.8(eals the general status of air qual-)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0699 Tw [(ity such as levels of SO)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 172.92 421.92 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (2)Tj 11 0 0 11 176.16 425.64 Tm 0.001 Tc 0.0681 Tw (, NO)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 199.8 421.92 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 202.44 425.64 Tm 0.0005 Tc 0.0727 Tw (, par-)Tj -11.8582 -1.2 TD 0.0269 Tc 0.1249 Tw (ticulate matter \(PM\), and settled)Tj T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0393 Tw [(dust. )54.2(T)136.7(oky)11.2(o has seventy-six monitor-)]TJ T* -0.0019 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(ing stations, in which thir)-12.8(ty-two traf-)]TJ T* 0.0171 Tc 0.1258 Tw [(fic envir)6.2(onmental monitoring sta-)]TJ T* -0.007 Tc -0.0628 Tw [(tions pr)14.8(o)9.9(vide data of CO, NO)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 195.6 355.92 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 198.36 359.64 Tm -0.0096 Tc -0.0637 Tw (, NO)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 220.2 355.92 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (2)Tj 11 0 0 11 223.2 359.64 Tm (,)Tj -13.7455 -1.2 TD 0.0027 Tc 0.125 Tw (HC, and O)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 124.44 342.72 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (3)Tj 11 0 0 11 127.56 346.44 Tm 0.0036 Tc 0.1258 Tw [(. Carbon M)25.4(onoxide is)]TJ -5.0509 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0062 Tw [(measured in a small number of Chi-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0341 Tw (nese cities, but the pollutants of hy-)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0624 Tw [(drocarbon and oz)11(one, which ar)11(e re)7(-)]TJ T* 0.1136 Tw [(lated to motor vehicles, ar)11(e not in-)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc -0.0327 Tw [(cluded in the r)11.6(outine monitoring. I)11.6(n)]TJ T* 0.0058 Tc 0.1249 Tw (addition to expanding the number)Tj T* 0.0181 Tc 0.125 Tw (and scope of monitoring stations,)Tj 15.0873 43.2 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.0852 Tw [(Chinese monitors should also mor)11.1(e)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.1202 Tw [(work to gather sufficient and mor)11.3(e)]TJ T* -0.0221 Tw [(concise data. )54.4(The U.S. Environmen-)]TJ T* -0.0017 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(tal P)31(r)3(otection Agency has been wor)20.1(k-)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0576 Tw (ing to set up air quality monitoring)Tj T* 0.0005 Tc -0.0506 Tw (stations in China and this type of co-)Tj T* 0.0009 Tc 0.0113 Tw (operation should continue.)Tj /F5 1 Tf 0 -2.4 TD -0.0005 Tc 0.0146 Tw [(Scrapping of O)10.4(ld )44.1(V)111.9(ehicles)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.01 Tc 0.1247 Tw [(China is a dev)10(eloping countr)-22.7(y)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0008 Tc 0.0029 Tw [(with many old automobiles r)-10.1(unning)]TJ T* -0.0114 Tc -0.0623 Tw [(on the roads, which ar)10.4(e a major source)]TJ T* 0.0114 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(of urban air pollution. I)11.4(n)0.7( 1997, a)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc 0.125 Tw [(n)-5.6(e)-10.2(wly amended )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 6.5673 0 TD 0.0013 Tc 0.1284 Tw [(V)110.6(ehicle E)23.1(limination)]TJ -6.5673 -1.2 TD 0.0042 Tc 0 Tw [(S)17(tandar)15.1(d)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 3.4255 0 TD 0.0062 Tc 0.1255 Tw [( on scrapping old v)6.2(ehicles)]TJ -3.4255 -1.2 TD -0.001 Tc -0.0628 Tw [(was formulated and mandated by the)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc 0.0365 Tw [(S)20.6(tate E)11.6(nvironmental P)33.4(r)5.4(otection A)11.6(d)0.6(-)]TJ T* 0.0009 Tc 0.1257 Tw [(ministration and other go)22.7(vernment)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.1181 Tw [(agencies in China.)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 318.6 495.24 Tm -0.0063 Tc 0 Tw (18)Tj 11 0 0 11 324.96 491.64 Tm 0.0001 Tc 0.0663 Tw [( The )-52.6(ne)-10.8(w )-54(stan-)]TJ -7.9091 -1.2 TD -0.004 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(dar)6.9(d specifies that v)6.9(ehicles with emis-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.1169 Tw [(sions ex)11.2(ceeding the N)22.1(ational E)11.2(mis-)]TJ T* -0.0471 Tw [(sion S)22.1(tandar)22.1(ds after repairs or the in-)]TJ T* 0.0852 Tw (stallation of filtering devices should)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0355 Tw [(be scrapped. I)11(n)0( 1996 and 1997, the)]TJ T* -0.0012 Tc -0.0622 Tw (planned number of scrapped vehicles)Tj T* 0.018 Tc 0.125 Tw [(nationwide was 300,000 per y)7.1(ear)61.6(.)]TJ T* -0.0051 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(S)25.7(urprisingly)82.2(, the actual numbers w)16.7(e)2.9(r)5.8(e)]TJ T* 0.003 Tc 0.1262 Tw [(340,000 and 347,000, respectively)90.3(.)]TJ T* 0.0533 Tc 0.125 Tw [(Betw)9.7(een 1998 and 2000 China)]TJ T* 0.0045 Tc 0.1256 Tw (planned to increase the number of)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0042 Tw (scrapped vehicles by 50,000 vehicles)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0007 Tw [(each year)76.5(.)]TJ /F5 1 Tf 0 -2.4 TD -0.001 Tc 0.0278 Tw [(C)11.4(atalytic Converter R)9.9(equir)20.8(ements)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0016 Tc 0.1255 Tw (As was discussed earlier in this)Tj -1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0059 Tc -0.061 Tw [(ar)-5.9(ticle, alternative fuelscompressed)]TJ T* 0 Tc -0.0091 Tw (natural gas \(CNG\) and liquefied pe-)Tj 15.0982 43.2 TD -0.0084 Tc -0.0619 Tw (troleum gas \(LPG\)have been intro-)Tj 0 -1.2 TD -0.0039 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(duced in tw)7(elv)7(e Chinese cities. )7.6(While)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0034 Tw [(these alternativ)11.2(e fuels could decr)11.2(ease)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0671 Tw [(the emissions of hy)10.9(dr)10.9(ocarbon \(HC\))]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0491 Tw [(and carbon mono)10.8(xide \(CO\), they do)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc 0.0718 Tw [(not lo)22.5(w)6.2(er emissions of nitr)11.6(ogen ox-)]TJ T* -0.0006 Tc 0.0364 Tw (ides \(NO)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 444.36 646.32 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 447.1201 650.04 Tm -0.0005 Tc 0.0386 Tw [(\), which ar)10.4(e major pollut-)]TJ -3.9164 -1.2 TD -0.0122 Tc -0.062 Tw [(ants in Chinese cities. )20.6(W)9.6(ith the phase-)]TJ T* 0 Tc -0.0008 Tw [(out of leaded petr)10.9(oleum, mor)10.9(e addi-)]TJ T* -0.01 Tc -0.0629 Tw [(tiv)11.8(es containing oxygen may be added)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (into gasoline, such as MTBE, which)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0.01 Tw [(could lo)10.7(w)5.3(er the emission of NO)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 541.3201 580.32 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 544.08 584.04 Tm (.)Tj -11.0945 -1.2 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.0082 Tw [(B)16.1(ased on the experiences in sev-)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.0022 Tw [(eral industrializ)11.5(ed countries, the uti-)]TJ T* -0.0115 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(lization of the thr)10.3(ee-way catalytic con-)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0592 Tw [(v)7(e)-2.4(rter r)11.4(epresents an ideal option for)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0772 Tw [(contr)10.9(olling NO)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 471.84 514.32 Tm 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 474.48 518.04 Tm -0.0007 Tc 0.0797 Tw [( as w)-11.6(ell as HC and)]TJ -6.4036 -1.2 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.1193 Tw [(CO emissions. After ev)11.1(aluating the)]TJ T* 0.0039 Tc 0.1261 Tw [(per)-7(formance of catalytic conv)14.8(er)-7(ters)]TJ T* 0.04 Tc 0.1247 Tw [(pr)18.2(oduced in China after driving)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0378 Tw [(50,000 kilometers, some r)10.9(esear)10.9(chers)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.1227 Tw (concluded that Chinese-made cata-)Tj T* 0.0088 Tc 0.1251 Tw [(lytic conv)8.8(e)5.9(r)-13(ters ar)8.8(e only twenty to)]TJ T* 0.0131 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(thir)-8.7(ty per)13.1(cent as effective as those)]TJ T* 0.0264 Tc [(made in for)15.5(eign countries.)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 527.16 416.04 Tm 0.0312 Tc 0 Tw (19)Tj 11 0 0 11 533.8801 412.44 Tm 0.0259 Tc 0.0841 Tw [( This)]TJ -11.8036 -1.2 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.1135 Tw [(highlights the need to dev)11.3(ote mor)11.3(e)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0305 Tw [(r)16.1(esear)11.4(ch and dev)11.4(elopment into Chi-)]TJ T* 0.0046 Tc 0.1258 Tw (nese-made three-way catalytic con-)Tj T* 0.0002 Tc 0.1246 Tw [(v)6.7(e)-2.7(rters. I)11.1(n)-0.8( China the percentage of)]TJ T* -0.0031 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(v)14.4(e)0.2(hicles with carbur)7.8(etors is v)7.8(e)4.9(r)-24.9(y)0.7( high,)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc -0.0494 Tw (but the contents of sulfur and lead in)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0022 Tw [(fuel ar)10.7(e also v)10.7(e)-3.1(r)-11.1(y)0.2( high. Although the)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0546 Tw (pace of the lead phase-out for auto-)Tj T* -0.0182 Tw (mobile gasoline has sped up and will)Tj T* 0.0009 Tc 0.0534 Tw [(be intr)11.8(oduced nationwide on 1 J)44.5(uly)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0639 Tw [(2000, in actuality leaded petr)10.9(oleum)]TJ T* -0.0545 Tw [(will still exist in the mar)10.9(ket for a long)]TJ ET 0.9 0.9 0.9 rg 0.9 0.9 0.9 RG 0.96 w 1000 M /GS1 gs 72.48 238.87 485.04 -170.99 re B* BT /F9 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 94.2 219.6 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs -0.0009 Tc 0.0079 Tw [(T)97.4(a)-1.2(b)20.9(le 7.)42.7( Rail)20.9(wa)20.9(y )119(T)97.4(ranspor)-22.7(t in Four Urban Center)10(s)]TJ ET 0 0 0 RG 2.04 w 10 M /GS1 gs 72 238.62 m 558 238.62 l 72 67.26 m 558 67.26 l S BT /F8 1 Tf 4.7 0 0 4.7 106.08 84.24 Tm /GS2 gs 0.0341 Tc 0 Tw ( a)Tj 8 0 0 8 110.16 81.6 Tm -0.0011 Tc 0.0454 Tw [( Source f)43.9(or Guangzhou inf)28.9(or)-31.1(mation:)43.9( www)58.9(.gzmtr)73.9(.com/html)]TJ ET 0.96 w /GS1 gs 106.08 96 m 513.48 96 l S /EmbeddedDocument /MC17 BDC BT /F15 1 Tf 9.9971 0 0 10 127.6007 192.5013 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS3 gs -0.003 Tc 0 Tw [(City)-4075(Subway)]TJ 5.0425 -1.2 TD (Established)Tj 8.7054 1.2 TD (Subway)Tj -0.964 -1.2 TD (Length \(km\))Tj 19.3622 1.1999 TD -0.001 Tc (Planned)Tj -0.3315 -1.2 TD (Light Rail)Tj -0.832 -1.2 TD (Construction)Tj ET 3.174 i 103.848 202.7 409.92 0.48 re f 103.848 164.781 0.479 37.92 re f 171.388 164.781 0.48 37.92 re f 243.367 164.781 0.48 37.92 re f 324.344 164.781 0.479 37.92 re f 427.753 164.781 0.48 37.92 re f 513.289 164.781 0.479 37.92 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 9.9971 0 0 10 109.4859 154.2211 Tm 0 Tc [(Bei)17.6(jing)-5723.1(1969)-3957.3(40.3 \(1987\))-4879.9(12.3 k)-25.7(m)-5863(44.3 k)-25.7(m)]TJ ET 103.848 164.3 409.92 0.48 re f 103.848 151.58 0.479 12.72 re f 171.388 151.58 0.48 12.72 re f 243.367 151.58 0.48 12.72 re f 324.344 151.58 0.479 12.72 re f 427.753 151.58 0.48 12.72 re f 513.289 151.58 0.479 12.72 re f BT 9.9971 0 0 10 109.4859 141.141 Tm -0.0001 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(Shang)42.1(hai)-4532.4(1993)-3956.8(16.1 \(1994\))-5011.5(284 km)-6165.9(179 km)]TJ ET 103.848 151.101 409.92 0.48 re f 103.848 138.38 0.479 12.721 re f 171.388 138.38 0.48 12.721 re f 243.367 138.38 0.48 12.721 re f 324.344 138.38 0.479 12.721 re f 427.753 138.38 0.48 12.721 re f 513.289 138.38 0.479 12.721 re f BT 9.9971 0 0 10 109.4859 127.9408 Tm 0.001 Tc 0 Tw [(Tian)-66.2(jin)-5685.3(1980)-4231.6(7.4 \(1984\))-3449.1(2nd &)-169.6( 3rd )-9.2(lin)-153.2(e)-4759(44 km)]TJ ET 103.848 137.901 409.92 0.479 re f 103.848 125.181 0.479 12.72 re f 171.388 125.181 0.48 12.72 re f 243.367 125.181 0.48 12.72 re f 324.344 125.181 0.479 12.72 re f 427.753 125.181 0.48 12.72 re f 513.289 125.181 0.479 12.72 re f BT 9.9971 0 0 10 109.4859 114.7406 Tm 0 Tc [(Guang)-27.5(z)19.9(hou)]TJ 6.998 0 0 7 161.1114 119.9369 Tm (a)Tj 9.9971 0 0 10 196.5805 114.7406 Tm 0.001 Tc [(1998)-3953.9(12.7 \(19)5.4(98\))-2297.3(23.21 k)-16.2(m)-6( \(2nd line)-103.1(\))]TJ ET 103.848 124.821 409.92 0.479 re f 103.848 111.621 0.479 13.2 re f 104.327 111.621 67.061 0.48 re f 171.388 111.621 0.48 13.2 re f 171.868 111.621 71.499 0.48 re f 243.367 111.621 0.48 13.2 re f 243.847 111.621 80.497 0.48 re f 324.344 111.621 0.479 13.2 re f 324.823 111.621 102.93 0.48 re f 427.753 111.621 0.48 13.2 re f 428.234 111.621 85.055 0.48 re f 513.289 111.621 0.479 13.2 re f BT /F15 1 Tf 9.9971 0 0 10 336.0294 191.9173 Tm -0.003 Tc (Planned Subway)Tj 0.8595 -1.2 TD (Construction)Tj ET EMC endstream endobj 67 0 obj << /Title (article 5-7 graphs.eps) /Creator (Adobe Illustrator\(R\) 8.0) /Author (Karin Mueller) >> endobj 68 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 159 0 R /Resources 69 0 R /Contents 70 0 R /Thumb 144 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 69 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F4 177 0 R /F5 179 0 R /F6 181 0 R /F8 194 0 R /F9 192 0 R /F10 199 0 R /F15 100 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 211 0 R /GS2 212 0 R /GS4 94 0 R >> /Properties << /MC18 71 0 R >> >> endobj 70 0 obj << /Length 22809 >> stream BT /F4 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 56.28 26.4 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs 0.0067 Tc 0 Tw (46)Tj ET 1 0 0.027 RG 0 J 0 j 0.48 w 10 M []0 d /GS1 gs 1 i 55.08 42.96 m 541.08 42.96 l 55.08 39.48 m 541.08 39.48 l S BT 9 0 0 9 396.96 25.08 Tm /GS2 gs 0 Tc (C)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 403.56 25.08 Tm 0.0439 Tc (HINA)Tj 9 0 0 9 420.84 25.08 Tm 0.045 Tc ( E)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 429 25.08 Tm 0.0425 Tc [(NVIR)42.5(ONMENT)]TJ 9 0 0 9 475.44 25.08 Tm 0.041 Tc ( S)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 482.88 25.08 Tm 0.0458 Tc (ERIES)Tj 9 0 0 9 501.12 25.08 Tm 0.0451 Tc [( )14.3( I)]TJ 6.3 0 0 6.3 517.92 25.08 Tm 0.0481 Tc (SSUE)Tj 9 0 0 9 533.76 25.08 Tm 0.0483 Tc ( 3)Tj /F6 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 53.9999 729.2401 Tm -0.0093 Tc -0.062 Tw [(time. )45.7(Ther)12.5(efore, research and produc-)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0027 Tc 0.1253 Tw (tion of sulfur-proof and lead-proof)Tj T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0578 Tw [(thr)11.1(ee-way catalytic converters to fil-)]TJ T* 0.0439 Tc 0.1257 Tw [(ter out lead emissions is gr)11.2(eatly)]TJ T* -0.0005 Tc 0 Tw (needed.)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 86.76 680.04 Tm -0.0063 Tc (20)Tj /F5 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 53.9999 650.04 Tm -0.0013 Tc 0.0121 Tw [(N)30.5(ational Clean )42.3(V)111.1(ehicle A)20.5(ction)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0203 Tc 0.125 Tw [(W)9.4(ith the goal of significantly)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0184 Tc 0.1262 Tw [(lo)18.4(wering pollution fr)7.5(om v)7.5(ehicular)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0409 Tw [(emissions and cleaning air by devel-)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.1217 Tw [(oping adv)11.5(anced and new technolo-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0211 Tw (gies, twelve Chinese cities began the)Tj T* 0.0127 Tc 0.125 Tw [(implementation of the Clean )23.6(V)110.5(e)-2.2(-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.1232 Tw [(hicles A)11.2(ction)76.7( in 1999. )54.4(This policy)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0233 Tw (aims to promote linking the current)Tj T* 0.0233 Tc 0.1258 Tw (science and technology industries)Tj T* -0.0023 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(with experiments in cities. )52.3(The Clean)]TJ T* -0.0074 Tc -0.0623 Tw [(V)112.2(ehicles A)14.4(ction includes several goals:)]TJ 1.6364 -2.4 TD 0.0008 Tc 0.0068 Tw [( )55.3(T)137.2(o)0.1( speed up the pr)11.7(oduction of)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0 Tc 0.0092 Tw (clean fuel motor vehicles.)Tj 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0003 Tc 0.0937 Tw [( )44(T)136.7(o)-0.1( expedite the matching ap-)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0167 Tc 0.1255 Tw [(plication of closed-loop electr)5.8(onic)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0924 Tw [(fuel injection system and thr)11.1(ee-way)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0185 Tw (catalytic converters.)Tj 16.7236 28.8 TD 0.0266 Tc 0.1257 Tw [( )37.8(T)141.1(o)-0.2( emphasiz)4.8(e the spr)4.8(ead of)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0032 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(high-efficiency and lo)18.6(w emission gas-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0078 Tw [(fir)11.2(ed technology buses and taxis.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0007 Tc -0.0545 Tw [()6( )44.4(T)137.1(o)0.3( enhance the constr)-10.2(uction of)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0003 Tc 0.0193 Tw (adding-gas stations and other neces-)Tj T* 0.0009 Tc 0.027 Tw [(sar)-20.9(y infrastr)-10(uctur)11.8(es.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0261 Tw [( )44.3(T)136.8(o)-0.4( build up satisfactor)-10.5(y ser)-10.5(vice)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0081 Tw (system for clean fuel vehicles.)Tj 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0005 Tc 0.1228 Tw [( )54.2(T)136.9(o)1.8( reinfor)11.4(ce r)11.4(esear)11.4(ch and de-)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0003 Tc 0.0044 Tw [(velopment of electric and hybrid v)11.2(e)7.2(-)]TJ T* -0.0086 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(hicles, which will be the basis of a ne)-8.6(w)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0105 Tw [(automobile industr)-21.3(y of China.)]TJ 1.6364 -2.2909 TD 0.0006 Tc 0.0031 Tw [(E)28.2(v)7.1(en befor)11.5(e this N)33.3(ational Clean)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0003 Tc 0.0199 Tw [(V)109(ehicle A)11.2(ction policy)98.5(, China had al-)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.026 Tw [(ready begun to intr)11(oduce clean tech-)]TJ T* -0.0094 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(nology vehicles. B)12.4(y)0( the late 1990s, the)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0354 Tw (number of clean natural gas \(CNG\))Tj T* 0.0024 Tc 0.125 Tw (and liquefied petroleum gas \(LPG\))Tj T* -0.0095 Tc -0.062 Tw [(vehicles rose to mor)12.3(e than 10,000 and)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc -0.0558 Tw [(appro)6.5(ximately sev)11.4(enty gas stations to)]TJ T* -0.0017 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(fuel such vehicles w)9.2(e)6.3(re built.)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 337.68 456.84 Tm -0.0063 Tc 0 Tw (21)Tj 11 0 0 11 344.16 453.24 Tm -0.0033 Tc -0.0663 Tw [( B)7.6(egin-)]TJ -11.2909 -1.2 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0374 Tw [(ning in N)21.7(o)16.8(v)6.4(ember 1998, tw)10.8(elve cit-)]TJ T* -0.0062 Tc -0.0621 Tw (ies in China began experiments in de-)Tj T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0863 Tw (veloping and using CNG and LPG)Tj 15.0982 28.6909 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.1251 Tw [(v)6.9(ehicles and gas stations. )44.1(Thr)11.3(ough-)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD -0.0011 Tc -0.0622 Tw [(out the y)9.8(ear)75.3(, clean gas engine vehicles)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0081 Tw [(developed at a steady pace and )54.9(T)125.6(able)]TJ T* -0.0033 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(8 pr)7.6(o)13.6(vides some comparisons of LPG)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0762 Tw (and CNG vehicles in these demon-)Tj T* 0.0113 Tc 0.1227 Tw (stration cities.)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 448.56 666.84 Tm 0.0125 Tc 0 Tw (22)Tj 11 0 0 11 455.04 663.24 Tm 0.01 Tc 0.1261 Tw [( )47.9(T)124.5(able 9 sho)10(ws the)]TJ -6.2727 -1.2 TD -0.0002 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(magnitude of LPG and CNG v)10.7(ehicle)]TJ T* 0.0407 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(incr)8(ease in sev)8(en of these cities.)]TJ T* 0.0017 Tc 0.1258 Tw [(Clearly)99.9(, the number of gas stations)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0774 Tw [(lags behind the incr)11.2(ease in v)11.2(ehicles.)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0772 Tw (Although the number of CNG and)Tj T* -0.0009 Tc -0.0622 Tw (LPG buses and taxis account for only)Tj T* -0.0093 Tc [(ten per)12.5(c)-0.2(ent of the total vehicles in use,)]TJ T* -0.0009 Tc -0.062 Tw [(they account for for)-11.8(ty to fifty percent)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.059 Tw [(of the miles driv)11.3(en on Chinese urban)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0.0016 Tw (roads. Cleaner fuels will help all cars)Tj T* 0.0006 Tc -0.0187 Tw (to run clean and this policy could be)Tj T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0273 Tw [(easier to implement than v)11.3(ehicle in-)]TJ T* -0.0618 Tw [(spection and maintenance pr)11.3(ograms.)]TJ /F5 1 Tf 0 -2.4 TD -0.0011 Tc -0.0044 Tw [(A)6.9(d)1.7(v)9.8(anced V)122.2(ehicle )10.9(T)148(echnologies)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0009 Tc -0.0576 Tw [(D)6.4(e)-0.2(v)11.8(elopment and application of)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0556 Tw [(v)6.6(ehicles using clean alternative fuels)]TJ T* -0.0018 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(will open up new methods to pre)8(v)-1.8(ent)]TJ T* 0.0133 Tc 0.1251 Tw [(and contr)13.3(ol vehicular pollution in)]TJ ET 0.9 0.9 0.9 rg 0.9 0.9 0.9 RG 0.96 w 1000 M /GS1 gs 54.48 396.47 485.04 -328.44 re B* 0 0 0 RG 2.04 w 10 M 54 397.14 m 540 397.14 l 54 66.54 m 540 66.54 l S BT /F9 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 63.84 376.2 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs -0.0009 Tc 0.0872 Tw [(T)97.4(a)-1.2(b)20.9(le 8.)42.7( Number of CNG/LPG )97.4(V)55.2(ehic)20.9(les and Gas Stations in )119.2(T)75.6(welve Demonstration Cities)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (\(1998\))Tj ET /EmbeddedDocument /MC18 BDC BT /F15 1 Tf 9.463 0 0 10 170.6053 345.985 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS4 gs 0 Tc (Classified Capacity)Tj 1.2785 -1.3161 TD (of Gas-Vehicle)Tj 10.466 1.3161 TD [(Gas Stations)-4240.1(Supply Capacity of Gas)]TJ ET 3.175 i 75.955 358.268 0.475 -0.501 re f 75.955 358.268 0.475 -0.501 re f 76.429 358.268 88.482 -0.501 re f 164.912 358.268 0.475 -0.501 re f 165.386 358.268 97.379 -0.501 re f 262.765 358.268 0.474 -0.501 re f 263.239 358.268 95.6 -0.501 re f 358.839 358.268 0.475 -0.501 re f 359.314 358.268 150.754 -0.501 re f 510.068 358.268 0.473 -0.501 re f 510.068 358.268 0.473 -0.501 re f 75.955 357.767 0.475 -26.447 re f 164.912 357.767 0.475 -26.447 re f 262.765 357.767 0.474 -26.447 re f 358.839 357.767 0.475 -26.447 re f 510.068 357.767 0.473 -26.447 re f BT 9.463 0 0 10 88.5271 345.985 Tm (City/Province)Tj 9.6388 -2.6949 TD [(CNG)-3042.3(LPG)-2794.7(CNG)-2942(LPG)-4449.2(CNG)]TJ 20.4557 -1.2038 TD 0.6949 Tc [(\(1)694.9(0)]TJ 6.6241 0 0 7 393.9466 312.6379 Tm 0 Tc (8)Tj 9.463 0 0 10 397.2688 306.9987 Tm (m)Tj 6.6241 0 0 7 405.8098 312.6379 Tm (3)Tj 9.463 0 0 10 409.2493 306.9987 Tm (/a\))Tj 5.6152 1.2038 TD (LPG)Tj -1.1032 -1.2038 TD (\()Tj 0.3763 0.0002 TD (x)Tj 0.6516 -0.0002 TD (10)Tj 6.6241 0 0 7 472.5872 312.6379 Tm (4)Tj 9.463 0 0 10 476.0247 306.9987 Tm ( t/a\))Tj ET 75.955 331.32 0.475 -0.5 re f 164.912 331.32 0.475 -0.5 re f 165.386 331.32 51.715 -0.5 re f 217.101 331.32 0.473 -0.5 re f 217.574 331.32 45.191 -0.5 re f 262.765 331.32 0.474 -0.5 re f 263.239 331.32 47.208 -0.5 re f 310.447 331.32 0.475 -0.5 re f 310.921 331.32 47.918 -0.5 re f 358.839 331.32 0.475 -0.5 re f 359.314 331.32 76.027 -0.5 re f 435.341 331.32 0.475 -0.5 re f 435.816 331.32 74.252 -0.5 re f 510.068 331.32 0.473 -0.5 re f 75.955 330.82 0.475 -27.325 re f 164.912 330.82 0.475 -27.325 re f 217.101 330.82 0.473 -27.325 re f 262.765 330.82 0.474 -27.325 re f 310.447 330.82 0.475 -27.325 re f 358.839 330.82 0.475 -27.325 re f 435.341 330.82 0.475 -27.325 re f 510.068 330.82 0.473 -27.325 re f BT /F10 1 Tf 9.463 0 0 10 81.5291 290.0822 Tm [(Shanghai)-6115.6(None)-3162.6(300)-2894.5(None)-2673.7(None)-4215.5(None)-4115.2(Imported as)]TJ 39.7208 -1.3161 TD (needed)Tj ET 75.955 303.495 0.475 -1.63 re f 76.429 303.495 88.482 -0.502 re f 76.429 302.492 88.482 -0.501 re f 164.912 301.99 0.475 -0.125 re f 164.912 303.495 1.424 -0.502 re f 164.912 302.492 1.424 -0.501 re f 166.336 303.495 50.766 -0.502 re f 166.336 302.492 50.766 -0.501 re f 217.101 301.99 0.473 -0.125 re f 217.101 303.495 1.422 -0.502 re f 217.101 302.492 1.422 -0.501 re f 218.523 303.495 44.242 -0.502 re f 218.523 302.492 44.242 -0.501 re f 262.765 301.99 0.474 -0.125 re f 262.765 303.495 1.423 -0.502 re f 262.765 302.492 1.423 -0.501 re f 264.188 303.495 46.258 -0.502 re f 264.188 302.492 46.258 -0.501 re f 310.447 301.99 0.475 -0.125 re f 310.447 303.495 1.422 -0.502 re f 310.447 302.492 1.422 -0.501 re f 311.868 303.495 46.971 -0.502 re f 311.868 302.492 46.971 -0.501 re f 358.839 301.99 0.475 -0.125 re f 358.839 303.495 1.424 -0.502 re f 358.839 302.492 1.424 -0.501 re f 360.263 303.495 75.078 -0.502 re f 360.263 302.492 75.078 -0.501 re f 435.341 301.99 0.475 -0.125 re f 435.341 303.495 1.424 -0.502 re f 435.341 302.492 1.424 -0.501 re f 436.765 303.495 73.303 -0.502 re f 436.765 302.492 73.303 -0.501 re f 510.068 303.495 0.473 -1.63 re f 75.955 301.865 0.475 -26.321 re f 164.912 301.865 0.475 -26.321 re f 217.101 301.865 0.473 -26.321 re f 262.765 301.865 0.474 -26.321 re f 310.447 301.865 0.475 -26.321 re f 358.839 301.865 0.475 -26.321 re f 435.341 301.865 0.475 -26.321 re f 510.068 301.865 0.473 -26.321 re f BT 9.463 0 0 10 81.5291 263.2599 Tm [(Xian)-9016.5(78)-3387.8(None)-3501(1)-10398.9(3.67)-5799.9(None)]TJ ET 75.955 275.418 0.475 -0.501 re f 76.429 275.418 88.482 -0.501 re f 164.912 275.418 0.475 -0.501 re f 165.386 275.418 51.715 -0.501 re f 217.101 275.418 0.473 -0.501 re f 217.574 275.418 45.191 -0.501 re f 262.765 275.418 0.474 -0.501 re f 263.239 275.418 47.208 -0.501 re f 310.447 275.418 0.475 -0.501 re f 310.921 275.418 47.918 -0.501 re f 358.839 275.418 0.475 -0.501 re f 359.314 275.418 76.027 -0.501 re f 435.341 275.418 0.475 -0.501 re f 435.816 275.418 74.252 -0.501 re f 510.068 275.418 0.473 -0.501 re f 75.955 274.917 0.475 -13.287 re f 164.912 274.917 0.475 -13.287 re f 217.101 274.917 0.473 -13.287 re f 262.765 274.917 0.474 -13.287 re f 310.447 274.917 0.475 -13.287 re f 358.839 274.917 0.475 -13.287 re f 435.341 274.917 0.475 -13.287 re f 510.068 274.917 0.473 -13.287 re f BT 9.463 0 0 10 81.5291 249.4723 Tm [(Wulumuqi)-6284.2(400)-3496(100)-3847(2)-4520.5(2)-5610.5(1.8)-6306.1(3.06)]TJ ET 75.955 261.755 0.475 -0.501 re f 76.429 261.755 88.482 -0.501 re f 164.912 261.755 0.475 -0.501 re f 165.386 261.755 51.715 -0.501 re f 217.101 261.755 0.473 -0.501 re f 217.574 261.755 45.191 -0.501 re f 262.765 261.755 0.474 -0.501 re f 263.239 261.755 47.208 -0.501 re f 310.447 261.755 0.475 -0.501 re f 310.921 261.755 47.918 -0.501 re f 358.839 261.755 0.475 -0.501 re f 359.314 261.755 76.027 -0.501 re f 435.341 261.755 0.475 -0.501 re f 435.816 261.755 74.252 -0.501 re f 510.068 261.755 0.473 -0.501 re f 75.955 261.255 0.475 -13.287 re f 164.912 261.255 0.475 -13.287 re f 217.101 261.255 0.473 -13.287 re f 262.765 261.255 0.474 -13.287 re f 310.447 261.255 0.475 -13.287 re f 358.839 261.255 0.475 -13.287 re f 435.341 261.255 0.475 -13.287 re f 510.068 261.255 0.473 -13.287 re f BT 9.463 0 0 10 81.5291 235.8102 Tm [(Guangzhou)-5170.6(None)-3162.6(210)-2894.5(None)-3639(1)-5084.2(None)-4115.2(Imported as)]TJ 39.7208 -1.3286 TD (needed)Tj ET 75.955 247.968 0.475 -0.501 re f 76.429 247.968 88.482 -0.501 re f 164.912 247.968 0.475 -0.501 re f 165.386 247.968 51.715 -0.501 re f 217.101 247.968 0.473 -0.501 re f 217.574 247.968 45.191 -0.501 re f 262.765 247.968 0.474 -0.501 re f 263.239 247.968 47.208 -0.501 re f 310.447 247.968 0.475 -0.501 re f 310.921 247.968 47.918 -0.501 re f 358.839 247.968 0.475 -0.501 re f 359.314 247.968 76.027 -0.501 re f 435.341 247.968 0.475 -0.501 re f 435.816 247.968 74.252 -0.501 re f 510.068 247.968 0.473 -0.501 re f 75.955 247.466 0.475 -26.447 re f 164.912 247.466 0.475 -26.447 re f 217.101 247.466 0.473 -26.447 re f 262.765 247.466 0.474 -26.447 re f 310.447 247.466 0.475 -26.447 re f 358.839 247.466 0.475 -26.447 re f 435.341 247.466 0.475 -26.447 re f 510.068 247.466 0.473 -26.447 re f BT 9.463 0 0 10 81.5291 208.861 Tm [(Shenzhen)-5837.6(None)-2874.4(1800)-2626.7(None)-3639(1)-5084.2(None)-4115.2(Imported as)]TJ 39.7208 -1.3285 TD (needed)Tj ET 75.955 221.019 0.475 -0.501 re f 76.429 221.019 88.482 -0.501 re f 164.912 221.019 0.475 -0.501 re f 165.386 221.019 51.715 -0.501 re f 217.101 221.019 0.473 -0.501 re f 217.574 221.019 45.191 -0.501 re f 262.765 221.019 0.474 -0.501 re f 263.239 221.019 47.208 -0.501 re f 310.447 221.019 0.475 -0.501 re f 310.921 221.019 47.918 -0.501 re f 358.839 221.019 0.475 -0.501 re f 359.314 221.019 76.027 -0.501 re f 435.341 221.019 0.475 -0.501 re f 435.816 221.019 74.252 -0.501 re f 510.068 221.019 0.473 -0.501 re f 75.955 220.518 0.475 -26.446 re f 164.912 220.518 0.475 -26.446 re f 217.101 220.518 0.473 -26.446 re f 262.765 220.518 0.474 -26.446 re f 310.447 220.518 0.475 -26.446 re f 358.839 220.518 0.475 -26.446 re f 435.341 220.518 0.475 -26.446 re f 510.068 220.518 0.473 -26.446 re f BT 9.463 0 0 10 81.5291 181.9138 Tm [(Chongqing)-5893.2(300)-9011.1(3)-10687(1.0)-6067.7(None)]TJ ET 75.955 194.072 0.475 -0.502 re f 76.429 194.072 88.482 -0.502 re f 164.912 194.072 0.475 -0.502 re f 165.386 194.072 51.715 -0.502 re f 217.101 194.072 0.473 -0.502 re f 217.574 194.072 45.191 -0.502 re f 262.765 194.072 0.474 -0.502 re f 263.239 194.072 47.208 -0.502 re f 310.447 194.072 0.475 -0.502 re f 310.921 194.072 47.918 -0.502 re f 358.839 194.072 0.475 -0.502 re f 359.314 194.072 76.027 -0.502 re f 435.341 194.072 0.475 -0.502 re f 435.816 194.072 74.252 -0.502 re f 510.068 194.072 0.473 -0.502 re f 75.955 193.57 0.475 -13.285 re f 164.912 193.57 0.475 -13.285 re f 217.101 193.57 0.473 -13.285 re f 262.765 193.57 0.474 -13.285 re f 310.447 193.57 0.475 -13.285 re f 358.839 193.57 0.475 -13.285 re f 435.341 193.57 0.475 -13.285 re f 510.068 193.57 0.473 -13.285 re f BT 9.463 0 0 10 81.5291 168.1257 Tm [(Hainan Province)-3969.8(3)-4319.8(5)0(2)-4114.8(1)-4520.5(2)-5322.4(5.24)-6476.9(30)]TJ ET 75.955 180.41 0.475 -0.501 re f 76.429 180.41 88.482 -0.501 re f 164.912 180.41 0.475 -0.501 re f 165.386 180.41 51.715 -0.501 re f 217.101 180.41 0.473 -0.501 re f 217.574 180.41 45.191 -0.501 re f 262.765 180.41 0.474 -0.501 re f 263.239 180.41 47.208 -0.501 re f 310.447 180.41 0.475 -0.501 re f 310.921 180.41 47.918 -0.501 re f 358.839 180.41 0.475 -0.501 re f 359.314 180.41 76.027 -0.501 re f 435.341 180.41 0.475 -0.501 re f 435.816 180.41 74.252 -0.501 re f 510.068 180.41 0.473 -0.501 re f 75.955 179.909 0.475 -13.288 re f 164.912 179.909 0.475 -13.288 re f 217.101 179.909 0.473 -13.288 re f 262.765 179.909 0.474 -13.288 re f 310.447 179.909 0.475 -13.288 re f 358.839 179.909 0.475 -13.288 re f 435.341 179.909 0.475 -13.288 re f 510.068 179.909 0.473 -13.288 re f BT 9.463 0 0 10 81.5291 154.4645 Tm [(Sichuan Province)-2659.9(3500)-2852.4(None)-3212.6(34)-3287.5(None)-4453.7(5.13)-5799.9(None)]TJ ET 75.955 166.621 0.475 -0.5 re f 76.429 166.621 88.482 -0.5 re f 164.912 166.621 0.475 -0.5 re f 165.386 166.621 51.715 -0.5 re f 217.101 166.621 0.473 -0.5 re f 217.574 166.621 45.191 -0.5 re f 262.765 166.621 0.474 -0.5 re f 263.239 166.621 47.208 -0.5 re f 310.447 166.621 0.475 -0.5 re f 310.921 166.621 47.918 -0.5 re f 358.839 166.621 0.475 -0.5 re f 359.314 166.621 76.027 -0.5 re f 435.341 166.621 0.475 -0.5 re f 435.816 166.621 74.252 -0.5 re f 510.068 166.621 0.473 -0.5 re f 75.955 166.121 0.475 -13.286 re f 164.912 166.121 0.475 -13.286 re f 217.101 166.121 0.473 -13.286 re f 262.765 166.121 0.474 -13.286 re f 310.447 166.121 0.475 -13.286 re f 358.839 166.121 0.475 -13.286 re f 435.341 166.121 0.475 -13.286 re f 510.068 166.121 0.473 -13.286 re f BT 9.463 0 0 10 81.5291 140.6755 Tm [(Beijing)-7728.2(300)-3496(600)-3847(2)-4520.5(4)-5322.4(15.0)-6476.9(10)]TJ ET 75.955 152.96 0.475 -0.502 re f 76.429 152.96 88.482 -0.502 re f 164.912 152.96 0.475 -0.502 re f 165.386 152.96 51.715 -0.502 re f 217.101 152.96 0.473 -0.502 re f 217.574 152.96 45.191 -0.502 re f 262.765 152.96 0.474 -0.502 re f 263.239 152.96 47.208 -0.502 re f 310.447 152.96 0.475 -0.502 re f 310.921 152.96 47.918 -0.502 re f 358.839 152.96 0.475 -0.502 re f 359.314 152.96 76.027 -0.502 re f 435.341 152.96 0.475 -0.502 re f 435.816 152.96 74.252 -0.502 re f 510.068 152.96 0.473 -0.502 re f 75.955 152.458 0.475 -13.285 re f 164.912 152.458 0.475 -13.285 re f 217.101 152.458 0.473 -13.285 re f 262.765 152.458 0.474 -13.285 re f 310.447 152.458 0.475 -13.285 re f 358.839 152.458 0.475 -13.285 re f 435.341 152.458 0.475 -13.285 re f 510.068 152.458 0.473 -13.285 re f BT 9.463 0 0 10 81.5291 127.0143 Tm [(Tianjin)-7395.6(None)-3450.9(80)-3162.3(None)-3639(3)-5610.5(4.0)-6456.4(105)]TJ ET 75.955 139.173 0.475 -0.501 re f 76.429 139.173 88.482 -0.501 re f 164.912 139.173 0.475 -0.501 re f 165.386 139.173 51.715 -0.501 re f 217.101 139.173 0.473 -0.501 re f 217.574 139.173 45.191 -0.501 re f 262.765 139.173 0.474 -0.501 re f 263.239 139.173 47.208 -0.501 re f 310.447 139.173 0.475 -0.501 re f 310.921 139.173 47.918 -0.501 re f 358.839 139.173 0.475 -0.501 re f 359.314 139.173 76.027 -0.501 re f 435.341 139.173 0.475 -0.501 re f 435.816 139.173 74.252 -0.501 re f 510.068 139.173 0.473 -0.501 re f 75.955 138.672 0.475 -13.287 re f 164.912 138.672 0.475 -13.287 re f 217.101 138.672 0.473 -13.287 re f 262.765 138.672 0.474 -13.287 re f 310.447 138.672 0.475 -13.287 re f 358.839 138.672 0.475 -13.287 re f 435.341 138.672 0.475 -13.287 re f 510.068 138.672 0.473 -13.287 re f BT 9.463 0 0 10 81.5291 113.2272 Tm [(Changchun)-5226.6(None)-3450.9(40)-3162.3(None)-3639(1)-5610.5(3.6)-5967.6(30-40)]TJ ET 75.955 125.385 0.475 -0.501 re f 76.429 125.385 88.482 -0.501 re f 164.912 125.385 0.475 -0.501 re f 165.386 125.385 51.715 -0.501 re f 217.101 125.385 0.473 -0.501 re f 217.574 125.385 45.191 -0.501 re f 262.765 125.385 0.474 -0.501 re f 263.239 125.385 47.208 -0.501 re f 310.447 125.385 0.475 -0.501 re f 310.921 125.385 47.918 -0.501 re f 358.839 125.385 0.475 -0.501 re f 359.314 125.385 76.027 -0.501 re f 435.341 125.385 0.475 -0.501 re f 435.816 125.385 74.252 -0.501 re f 510.068 125.385 0.473 -0.501 re f 75.955 124.884 0.475 -13.286 re f 164.912 124.884 0.475 -13.286 re f 217.101 124.884 0.473 -13.286 re f 262.765 124.884 0.474 -13.286 re f 310.447 124.884 0.475 -13.286 re f 358.839 124.884 0.475 -13.286 re f 435.341 124.884 0.475 -13.286 re f 510.068 124.884 0.473 -13.286 re f BT 9.463 0 0 10 81.5291 99.4391 Tm [(Haerbin)-6617.6(None)-3162.6(350)-2894.5(None)-3639(3)-5322.4(0.18)-6476.9(56)]TJ ET 75.955 111.722 0.475 -0.502 re f 76.429 111.722 88.482 -0.502 re f 164.912 111.722 0.475 -0.502 re f 165.386 111.722 51.715 -0.502 re f 217.101 111.722 0.473 -0.502 re f 217.574 111.722 45.191 -0.502 re f 262.765 111.722 0.474 -0.502 re f 263.239 111.722 47.208 -0.502 re f 310.447 111.722 0.475 -0.502 re f 310.921 111.722 47.918 -0.502 re f 358.839 111.722 0.475 -0.502 re f 359.314 111.722 76.027 -0.502 re f 435.341 111.722 0.475 -0.502 re f 435.816 111.722 74.252 -0.502 re f 510.068 111.722 0.473 -0.502 re f 75.955 111.22 0.475 -13.286 re f 164.912 111.22 0.475 -13.286 re f 217.101 111.22 0.473 -13.286 re f 262.765 111.22 0.474 -13.286 re f 310.447 111.22 0.475 -13.286 re f 358.839 111.22 0.475 -13.286 re f 435.341 111.22 0.475 -13.286 re f 510.068 111.22 0.473 -13.286 re f BT 9.463 0 0 10 81.5291 84.6481 Tm [(Total)-8217.9(4581)-2940.1(6232)-3290.9(43)-3964.3(24)-5230.4(n.a.)-6316.3(n.a.)]TJ ET 75.955 97.934 0.475 -1.628 re f 76.429 97.934 88.482 -0.501 re f 76.429 96.932 88.482 -0.501 re f 164.912 96.431 0.475 -0.125 re f 164.912 97.934 1.424 -0.501 re f 164.912 96.932 1.424 -0.501 re f 166.336 97.934 50.766 -0.501 re f 166.336 96.932 50.766 -0.501 re f 217.101 96.431 0.473 -0.125 re f 217.101 97.934 1.422 -0.501 re f 217.101 96.932 1.422 -0.501 re f 218.523 97.934 44.242 -0.501 re f 218.523 96.932 44.242 -0.501 re f 262.765 96.431 0.474 -0.125 re f 262.765 97.934 1.423 -0.501 re f 262.765 96.932 1.423 -0.501 re f 264.188 97.934 46.258 -0.501 re f 264.188 96.932 46.258 -0.501 re f 310.447 96.431 0.475 -0.125 re f 310.447 97.934 1.422 -0.501 re f 310.447 96.932 1.422 -0.501 re f 311.868 97.934 46.971 -0.501 re f 311.868 96.932 46.971 -0.501 re f 358.839 96.431 0.475 -0.125 re f 358.839 97.934 1.424 -0.501 re f 358.839 96.932 1.424 -0.501 re f 360.263 97.934 75.078 -0.501 re f 360.263 96.932 75.078 -0.501 re f 435.341 96.431 0.475 -0.125 re f 435.341 97.934 1.424 -0.501 re f 435.341 96.932 1.424 -0.501 re f 436.765 97.934 73.303 -0.501 re f 436.765 96.932 73.303 -0.501 re f 510.068 97.934 0.473 -1.628 re f 75.955 96.306 0.475 -13.161 re f 75.955 83.145 0.475 -0.502 re f 75.955 83.145 0.475 -0.502 re f 76.429 83.145 88.482 -0.502 re f 164.912 96.306 0.475 -13.161 re f 164.912 83.145 0.475 -0.502 re f 165.386 83.145 51.715 -0.502 re f 217.101 96.306 0.473 -13.161 re f 217.101 83.145 0.473 -0.502 re f 217.574 83.145 45.191 -0.502 re f 262.765 96.306 0.474 -13.161 re f 262.765 83.145 0.474 -0.502 re f 263.239 83.145 47.208 -0.502 re f 310.447 96.306 0.475 -13.161 re f 310.447 83.145 0.475 -0.502 re f 310.921 83.145 47.918 -0.502 re f 358.839 96.306 0.475 -13.161 re f 358.839 83.145 0.475 -0.502 re f 359.314 83.145 76.027 -0.502 re f 435.341 96.306 0.475 -13.161 re f 435.341 83.145 0.475 -0.502 re f 435.816 83.145 74.252 -0.502 re f 510.068 96.306 0.473 -13.161 re f 510.068 83.145 0.473 -0.502 re f 510.068 83.145 0.473 -0.502 re f BT /F15 1 Tf 9.463 0 0 10 377.344 306.9758 Tm (x)Tj ET EMC BT /F8 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 323.4 263.64 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs 0.0033 Tc (None)Tj -10.5067 -9.0933 TD [(None)-8090(None)]TJ ET endstream endobj 71 0 obj << /Title (article 5-8 graphs.eps) /Creator (Adobe Illustrator\(R\) 8.0) /Author (Karin Mueller) >> endobj 72 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 159 0 R /Resources 73 0 R /Contents 74 0 R /Thumb 146 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 73 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F4 177 0 R /F5 179 0 R /F6 181 0 R /F9 192 0 R /F10 199 0 R /F15 100 0 R /F16 101 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 211 0 R /GS2 212 0 R /GS4 94 0 R >> /Properties << /MC19 75 0 R >> >> endobj 74 0 obj << /Length 16928 >> stream 1 0 0.027 RG 0 J 0 j 0.48 w 10 M []0 d /GS1 gs 1 i 72 42.96 m 558 42.96 l 72 39.48 m 558 39.48 l S BT /F4 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 72 25.08 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (C)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 78.48 25.08 Tm 0.0439 Tc (HINA)Tj 9 0 0 9 95.76 25.08 Tm 0.045 Tc ( E)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 104.04 25.08 Tm 0.0425 Tc [(NVIR)42.5(ONMENT)]TJ 9 0 0 9 150.36 25.08 Tm 0.041 Tc ( S)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 157.92 25.08 Tm 0.0458 Tc (ERIES)Tj 9 0 0 9 176.16 25.08 Tm 0.0451 Tc [( )14.3( I)]TJ 6.3 0 0 6.3 192.96 25.08 Tm 0.0481 Tc (SSUE)Tj 9 0 0 9 208.8 25.08 Tm 0.0483 Tc ( 3)Tj 37.7733 0.08 TD 0.0067 Tc (47)Tj /F6 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 72 729.2401 Tm 0 Tc 0.0184 Tw [(China. I)10.9(n)-1.1( or)10.9(der to meet the incr)10.9(eas-)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0062 Tc 0.125 Tw [(ingly strict emission standar)6.2(ds, the)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc -0.0219 Tw [(main manufactur)11.4(ers in the world ar)11.4(e)]TJ T* -0.0012 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(t)-5.8(r)-12.1(ying to develop div)9.7(ersified lo)9.7(w-pol-)]TJ T* 0.0474 Tc 0.1259 Tw [(lution v)14.7(ehicles using alternative)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0976 Tw [(po)11(w)5.6(e)-2.8(r)76.5(,)0.3( such as vehicles that r)-10.8(un on)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0215 Tw [(natural gas, liquefied petr)11.3(oleum gas,)]TJ T* 0.0021 Tc 0.1258 Tw (methanol, ethanol, biological fuels,)Tj T* 0.0145 Tc 0.1259 Tw [(hybrid fuels, hydrogen, electricity)90.9(,)]TJ T* 0.0075 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(and solar energy)94.8(. Among this long)]TJ T* -0.0076 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(laundr)-18.5(y list of alternativ)14.2(es, natural gas)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0239 Tw [(v)6.8(ehicles and liquefied petr)11.2(oleum gas)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.029 Tw [(v)6.7(ehicle are curr)11.1(ently the most practi-)]TJ T* -0.0037 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(cal and popular clean energy v)7.2(ehicles.)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.1257 Tw [(As discussed abo)22.4(v)7.1(e, tw)-10.3(elv)11.5(e cities in)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0147 Tw [(China ar)11.2(e experimenting with CNG)]TJ T* 0.0065 Tc 0.1247 Tw [(and LPG public transport. H)17.4(ybrid)]TJ T* 0.0117 Tc 0.1251 Tw [(fuel and electric vehicles repr)11.7(esent)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.1239 Tw [(other pr)11(omising clean vehicle tech-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0018 Tw [(nologies in the futur)11.3(e.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0019 Tc 0.1256 Tw [(F)27.2(u)0.1(el cell vehicles are view)7.4(ed as)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0003 Tc 0.108 Tw [(one of cleanest futur)11.2(e technologies,)]TJ T* -0.0057 Tc -0.0628 Tw [(but the technology for mar)5.2(keting fuel)]TJ T* -0.0007 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(cells in China is not yet matur)10.2(e. N)32(ev-)]TJ T* 0.0067 Tc 0.1253 Tw [(er)-15.1(theless, because of China)83.1()89(s)-0.1( sever)6.7(e)]TJ T* -0.0038 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(pollution pr)7.1(oblems, the Chinese go)18(v)6.4(-)]TJ T* 0.0197 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(ernment should pr)8.8(omote fuel cell)]TJ T* -0.0111 Tc -0.0623 Tw (technology so that it could be put into)Tj T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0203 Tw [(use, which in turn will help to cr)11.2(eate)]TJ T* 0.0009 Tc 0.0241 Tw [(a mar)11.8(ket for it.)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 136.44 350.04 Tm -0.0063 Tc 0 Tw (23)Tj 11 0 0 11 142.8 346.44 Tm 0.0002 Tc 0.0248 Tw [( I)11.1(n)0( light of the cur-)]TJ -6.4364 -1.2 TD 0 Tc 0.0421 Tw [(rently av)10.9(ailable electric vehicle tech-)]TJ T* -0.006 Tc -0.0628 Tw [(nology)103.1(, a Chinese M)4.9(inistr)-16.9(y of Science)]TJ T* 0.0026 Tc 0.125 Tw [(and )57.1(T)139(echnology study has outlined)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.1137 Tw [(the futur)11.5(e potential of for dev)11.5(elop-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0568 Tw [(ing electric v)11.3(ehicles in China.)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 199.44 284.04 Tm -0.0063 Tc 0 Tw (24)Tj 11 0 0 11 205.92 280.44 Tm 0 Tc 0.0118 Tw [( The)]TJ -12.1745 -1.2 TD 0.0003 Tc 0.0113 Tw [(study identified the follo)11.2(wing goals:)]TJ 16.7236 42 TD 0.0294 Tc 0.1249 Tw [()6.9( )40.2(T)143.9(o)0.7( develop electric v)7.6(ehicles)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0051 Tc 0.1252 Tw [(driv)5.1(en b)-5.8(y)-0.1( storage batter)-16.7(y for buses)]TJ T* 0.0009 Tc 0.1068 Tw [(and other public transpor)-10(tation v)11.8(e)7.8(-)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0758 Tw [(hicles. N)21.8(ickel-hy)10.9(drogen batter)-21.8(y and)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0226 Tw [(lithium batter)-21.4(y should be applied as)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0425 Tw [(soon as possible to ensure the per)-10.7(for-)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0067 Tw [(mance and r)11.5(eliability)98.8(.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0044 Tc -0.0625 Tw [( )50.4(T)132(o)0( encourage the pr)6.5(oduction of)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0099 Tw (hybrid vehicles and promote the use)Tj T* 0.0005 Tc 0.024 Tw (of such vehicles on buses in cities to)Tj T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0068 Tw [(impro)17.2(v)6.8(e the urban air quality)98.5(.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.001 Tc 0.0556 Tw [()7.2( )44.8(T)137.4(o)-1( pr)11.9(omote the inno)22.8(v)7.5(ation of)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0 Tc -0.0272 Tw [(fuel cell vehicles as a long-term strat-)]TJ T* -0.0007 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(egy)86.6(. China should strive for commer-)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0071 Tw [(cial use of fuel cell vehicles by 2010.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0047 Tc -0.0627 Tw [( )49.9(T)142.6(o)0.1( establish the pr)6.2(oduction and)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0626 Tc 0.142 Tw (supply system for methanol to)Tj T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0363 Tw (complement the industrialization of)Tj T* -0.0005 Tc 0.0134 Tw (fuel cell vehicles.)Tj /F5 1 Tf 0 -2.4 TD 0.0154 Tw [(M)34.5(unicipal I)21.3(nspection and M)10.4(ainte-)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD -0.0002 Tc 0.0091 Tw [(nance \(I/M\) P)21.6(r)11.8(ograms)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0005 Tc 0.0739 Tw [(The extant municipal I/M pro-)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.008 Tc -0.0623 Tw (grams generally include yearly inspec-)Tj T* -0.0099 Tc -0.0621 Tw (tions, first-class maintenance, second-)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.025 Tw [(class maintenance, and vehicle o)11(v)6.6(er-)]TJ T* -0.0111 Tc -0.0627 Tw (haul. I/M programs also mandate that)Tj T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0462 Tw [(buses and taxis be inspected and r)11.5(e)7.5(-)]TJ T* 0.0281 Tc 0.1247 Tw [(paired r)17.2(egularly)93.5(. B)6.3(eijing City has)]TJ T* 0.0123 Tc 0.1257 Tw (adopted and systematically carried)Tj T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0154 Tw (out the policy of compelling inspec-)Tj T* 0.0006 Tc (tions and vehicle maintenance.)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 369.6 323.64 Tm -0.0063 Tc 0 Tw (25)Tj 11 0 0 11 375.96 320.04 Tm -0.0024 Tc 0.0182 Tw [( Al-)]TJ -12.5455 -1.2 TD -0.0002 Tc -0.0076 Tw [(though I/M programs ar)10.7(e only a fe)-11.1(w)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0068 Tw (years old, studies of the I/M policies)Tj T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0492 Tw [(in several large cities, such as B)11.1(e)-0.7(ijing,)]TJ T* 0.0226 Tc 0.1258 Tw [(S)9.8(hanghai, and G)11.7(uangzhou, reveal)]TJ 15.0982 42 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0277 Tw [(that they hav)11.1(e been fairly effective in)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0137 Tw [(lo)21.7(w)5.4(ering vehicle emissions.)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 518.64 719.64 Tm -0.0063 Tc 0 Tw (26)Tj 11 0 0 11 525.1201 716.04 Tm 0.0009 Tc 0.0075 Tw [( F)44.5(or )-8.4(ex-)]TJ -11.0073 -1.2 TD -0.0022 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(ample, in B)8.7(eijing, the emissions fro)5.4(m)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.1213 Tw [(v)6.5(ehicles hav)10.9(e been cut do)10.9(wn by an)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.1008 Tw [(av)11.4(erage of thirty-seven to sixty per-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0947 Tw (cent in the operating mode of dual)Tj T* 0.0296 Tc 0.125 Tw [(idling, and lo)18.7(we)4.9(r)7.8(ed b)7.8(y)-0.2( a total of)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.1211 Tw [(tw)11.3(enty-eight to for)-10.5(ty-eight per)11.3(cent.)]TJ T* 0.0387 Tw [(I)21.9(n)-3.2( S)22.1(hanghai City)98.5(, the emission con-)]TJ T* -0.0048 Tc -0.062 Tw [(centrations of CO and HC hav)17(e been)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.1001 Tw [(decr)11.4(eased on av)11.4(erage b)11.4(y)-0.4( thir)-10.4(ty-nine)]TJ T* 0.003 Tc 0.1256 Tw [(per)13.9(cent. H)13.9(o)19.9(w)8.5(e)1.9(ver)68.4(,)1.6( more r)13.9(eductions)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0419 Tw [(could be accomplished with str)10.8(onger)]TJ T* 0.0075 Tc 0.1257 Tw [(maintenance pr)7.5(ograms and stricter)]TJ T* 0.0231 Tc 0.1251 Tw [(super)-20.5(vision. Cost-benefit analyses)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0774 Tw [(sho)11.1(w that the implementation of I/)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0038 Tw [(M pr)11.3(ogram is inexpensive and effec-)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc 0.0042 Tw [(tiv)11.6(e in lo)11.6(w)6.2(ering polluting emissions.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0065 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(The experience of S)15.3(henzhen City)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0008 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(in mandating y)10.1(early emission inspec-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0911 Tw [(tions of v)11.1(ehicles is repr)11.1(esentative of)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0609 Tw (the challenges Chinese cities face in)Tj T* 0.0117 Tc 0.1258 Tw [(effectively implementing I/M pr)11.7(o-)]TJ T* -0.0083 Tc -0.0617 Tw [(grams. F)46.2(r)-3.6(om 1991 to 1995, the yearly)]TJ T* 0.0226 Tc 0.1259 Tw [(emission inspections in S)11.7(henzhen)]TJ T* 0.0094 Tc 0.1248 Tw [(City w)20.3(e)6.5(re per)-12.4(formed at inspection)]TJ T* 0.0024 Tc 0.1252 Tw [(stations, which wer)13.3(e)-0.1( established by)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.1098 Tw [(fiv)11(e enterprises o)11(v)6.6(erseen by the po-)]TJ T* 0.0009 Tc 0.0574 Tw [(lice and transportation depar)-10(tments)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0416 Tw [(of S)22.1(henzhen. D)11.2(ue to the lack of co-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0499 Tw [(or)22(dination and limited kno)11.1(wledge of)]TJ T* -0.0036 Tc -0.0623 Tw [(go)29.1(vernment r)7.3(egulations and laws, the)]TJ T* -0.0049 Tc [(enterprises r)6(esponsible for the inspec-)]TJ T* 0.0126 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(tions w)12.6(e)-1.2(r)12.6(e)0.4( not reliable in the I/M)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.1259 Tw [(work and N)43.6(o)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 463.2 276.72 Tm 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 465.9601 280.44 Tm 0.0012 Tc 0.125 Tw [( emissions continued)]TJ -5.6291 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0796 Tw [(to gr)11(o)6.1(w)-1.3( in S)21.9(henzhen City)87.4(. N)43.7(otably)87.4(,)]TJ ET 0.9 0.9 0.9 rg 0.9 0.9 0.9 RG 0.96 w 1000 M /GS1 gs 72.48 251.57 485.04 -184.34 re B* 0 0 0 RG 2.04 w 10 M 72 252.06 m 558 252.06 l 72 66.54 m 558 66.54 l S BT /F9 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 81.6 233.64 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs -0.0011 Tc -0.0011 Tw [(T)97.2(a)-1.4(b)20.7(le 9.)42.5( Gr)20.7(o)20.8(wth in Liquefied P)20.7(etr)20.7(oleum Gas \(LPG\) and Clean Natural Gas )107.9(V)55(ehic)20.7(les \(CNG\))]TJ T* -0.0013 Tc 0.0136 Tw (and Stations)Tj ET /EmbeddedDocument /MC19 BDC BT /F15 1 Tf 10.0069 0 0 10 216.3312 192.3381 Tm 0 0 0 1 k /GS4 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw [(Number of LPG/CNG Vehicles)-3185.2(LPG/CNG Gas Station)]TJ ET 3.175 i 99.552 204.044 0.478 -0.478 re f 99.552 204.044 0.478 -0.478 re f 100.03 204.044 109.966 -0.478 re f 209.996 204.044 0.478 -0.478 re f 210.474 204.044 157.06 -0.478 re f 367.535 204.044 0.477 -0.478 re f 368.012 204.044 151.323 -0.478 re f 519.335 204.044 0.478 -0.478 re f 519.335 204.044 0.478 -0.478 re f 99.552 203.566 0.478 -12.661 re f 209.996 203.566 0.478 -12.661 re f 367.535 203.566 0.477 -12.661 re f 519.335 203.566 0.478 -12.661 re f BT 10.0069 0 0 10 122.6209 192.3381 Tm (City/Province)Tj 10.762 -1.3019 TD [(12/1998)-4257.4(11/1999)-4269.3(12/1998)-3970.7(11/1999)]TJ ET 99.552 190.905 0.478 -0.478 re f 209.996 190.905 0.478 -0.478 re f 210.474 190.905 75.781 -0.478 re f 286.255 190.905 0.478 -0.478 re f 286.734 190.905 80.801 -0.478 re f 367.535 190.905 0.477 -0.478 re f 368.012 190.905 75.9 -0.478 re f 443.912 190.905 0.479 -0.478 re f 444.391 190.905 74.944 -0.478 re f 519.335 190.905 0.478 -0.478 re f 99.552 190.426 0.478 -12.661 re f 209.996 190.426 0.478 -12.661 re f 286.255 190.426 0.478 -12.661 re f 367.535 190.426 0.477 -12.661 re f 443.912 190.426 0.479 -12.661 re f 519.335 190.426 0.478 -12.661 re f BT /F16 1 Tf 10.0069 0 0 10 105.1699 165.1047 Tm [(Shanghai)-9248.4(300)-5665.8(10000)-6190.4(7)-6754(1)0(7)]TJ ET 99.552 177.765 0.478 -1.552 re f 100.03 177.765 109.966 -0.477 re f 100.03 176.81 109.966 -0.478 re f 209.996 176.332 0.478 -0.119 re f 209.996 177.765 1.434 -0.477 re f 209.996 176.81 1.434 -0.478 re f 211.43 177.765 74.825 -0.477 re f 211.43 176.81 74.825 -0.478 re f 286.255 176.332 0.478 -0.119 re f 286.255 177.765 1.434 -0.477 re f 286.255 176.81 1.434 -0.478 re f 287.69 177.765 79.845 -0.477 re f 287.69 176.81 79.845 -0.478 re f 367.535 176.332 0.477 -0.119 re f 367.535 177.765 1.434 -0.477 re f 367.535 176.81 1.434 -0.478 re f 368.969 177.765 74.943 -0.477 re f 368.969 176.81 74.943 -0.478 re f 443.912 176.332 0.479 -0.119 re f 443.912 177.765 1.435 -0.477 re f 443.912 176.81 1.435 -0.478 re f 445.348 177.765 73.987 -0.477 re f 445.348 176.81 73.987 -0.478 re f 519.335 177.765 0.478 -1.552 re f 99.552 176.213 0.478 -12.542 re f 209.996 176.213 0.478 -12.542 re f 286.255 176.213 0.478 -12.542 re f 367.535 176.213 0.477 -12.542 re f 443.912 176.213 0.479 -12.542 re f 519.335 176.213 0.478 -12.542 re f BT 10.0069 0 0 10 105.1699 152.0847 Tm [(Shenzhen)-8695.7(1800)-5659.4(2800)-6471.7(1)-7028.8(2)]TJ ET 99.552 163.791 0.478 -0.478 re f 100.03 163.791 109.966 -0.478 re f 209.996 163.791 0.478 -0.478 re f 210.474 163.791 75.781 -0.478 re f 286.255 163.791 0.478 -0.478 re f 286.734 163.791 80.801 -0.478 re f 367.535 163.791 0.477 -0.478 re f 368.012 163.791 75.9 -0.478 re f 443.912 163.791 0.479 -0.478 re f 444.391 163.791 74.944 -0.478 re f 519.335 163.791 0.478 -0.478 re f 99.552 163.313 0.478 -12.662 re f 209.996 163.313 0.478 -12.662 re f 286.255 163.313 0.478 -12.662 re f 367.535 163.313 0.477 -12.662 re f 443.912 163.313 0.479 -12.662 re f 519.335 163.313 0.478 -12.662 re f BT 10.0069 0 0 10 105.1699 139.0652 Tm [(Chongqing)-8637.4(300)-6215.4(430)-6752.9(3)-7028.8(6)]TJ ET 99.552 150.652 0.478 -0.478 re f 100.03 150.652 109.966 -0.478 re f 209.996 150.652 0.478 -0.478 re f 210.474 150.652 75.781 -0.478 re f 286.255 150.652 0.478 -0.478 re f 286.734 150.652 80.801 -0.478 re f 367.535 150.652 0.477 -0.478 re f 368.012 150.652 75.9 -0.478 re f 443.912 150.652 0.479 -0.478 re f 444.391 150.652 74.944 -0.478 re f 519.335 150.652 0.478 -0.478 re f 99.552 150.174 0.478 -12.66 re f 209.996 150.174 0.478 -12.66 re f 286.255 150.174 0.478 -12.66 re f 367.535 150.174 0.477 -12.66 re f 443.912 150.174 0.479 -12.66 re f 519.335 150.174 0.478 -12.66 re f BT 10.0069 0 0 10 105.1699 125.9265 Tm [(Beijing)-10472.4(900)-5665.8(12000)-6190.4(6)-6754(1)0(9)]TJ ET 99.552 137.513 0.478 -0.478 re f 100.03 137.513 109.966 -0.478 re f 209.996 137.513 0.478 -0.478 re f 210.474 137.513 75.781 -0.478 re f 286.255 137.513 0.478 -0.478 re f 286.734 137.513 80.801 -0.478 re f 367.535 137.513 0.477 -0.478 re f 368.012 137.513 75.9 -0.478 re f 443.912 137.513 0.479 -0.478 re f 444.391 137.513 74.944 -0.478 re f 519.335 137.513 0.478 -0.478 re f 99.552 137.035 0.478 -12.662 re f 209.996 137.035 0.478 -12.662 re f 286.255 137.035 0.478 -12.662 re f 367.535 137.035 0.477 -12.662 re f 443.912 137.035 0.479 -12.662 re f 519.335 137.035 0.478 -12.662 re f BT 10.0069 0 0 10 105.1699 112.7879 Tm [(Changchun)-8634.1(40)-6496.7(326)-6752.9(1)-7028.8(1)]TJ ET 99.552 124.493 0.478 -0.479 re f 100.03 124.493 109.966 -0.479 re f 209.996 124.493 0.478 -0.479 re f 210.474 124.493 75.781 -0.479 re f 286.255 124.493 0.478 -0.479 re f 286.734 124.493 80.801 -0.479 re f 367.535 124.493 0.477 -0.479 re f 368.012 124.493 75.9 -0.479 re f 443.912 124.493 0.479 -0.479 re f 444.391 124.493 74.944 -0.479 re f 519.335 124.493 0.478 -0.479 re f 99.552 124.014 0.478 -12.66 re f 209.996 124.014 0.478 -12.66 re f 286.255 124.014 0.478 -12.66 re f 367.535 124.014 0.477 -12.66 re f 443.912 124.014 0.479 -12.66 re f 519.335 124.014 0.478 -12.66 re f BT 10.0069 0 0 10 105.1699 99.7673 Tm (Ha)Tj /F10 1 Tf 1.278 0 TD ()Tj /F16 1 Tf 0.222 0 TD [(erbin)-9750.4(350)-5940.6(1200)-6471.7(3)-6754(1)0(0)]TJ ET 99.552 111.354 0.478 -0.478 re f 100.03 111.354 109.966 -0.478 re f 209.996 111.354 0.478 -0.478 re f 210.474 111.354 75.781 -0.478 re f 286.255 111.354 0.478 -0.478 re f 286.734 111.354 80.801 -0.478 re f 367.535 111.354 0.477 -0.478 re f 368.012 111.354 75.9 -0.478 re f 443.912 111.354 0.479 -0.478 re f 444.391 111.354 74.944 -0.478 re f 519.335 111.354 0.478 -0.478 re f 99.552 110.877 0.478 -12.661 re f 209.996 110.877 0.478 -12.661 re f 286.255 110.877 0.478 -12.661 re f 367.535 110.877 0.477 -12.661 re f 443.912 110.877 0.479 -12.661 re f 519.335 110.877 0.478 -12.661 re f BT 10.0069 0 0 10 105.1699 86.6277 Tm [(Sichuan Province)-5417.6(3500)-5659.4(5000)-6196.9(34)-6353.3(n/a)]TJ ET 99.552 98.335 0.478 -0.478 re f 100.03 98.335 109.966 -0.478 re f 209.996 98.335 0.478 -0.478 re f 210.474 98.335 75.781 -0.478 re f 286.255 98.335 0.478 -0.478 re f 286.734 98.335 80.801 -0.478 re f 367.535 98.335 0.477 -0.478 re f 368.012 98.335 75.9 -0.478 re f 443.912 98.335 0.479 -0.478 re f 444.391 98.335 74.944 -0.478 re f 519.335 98.335 0.478 -0.478 re f 99.552 97.857 0.478 -12.663 re f 99.552 85.194 0.478 -0.477 re f 99.552 85.194 0.478 -0.477 re f 100.03 85.194 109.966 -0.477 re f 209.996 97.857 0.478 -12.663 re f 209.996 85.194 0.478 -0.477 re f 210.474 85.194 75.781 -0.477 re f 286.255 97.857 0.478 -12.663 re f 286.255 85.194 0.478 -0.477 re f 286.734 85.194 80.801 -0.477 re f 367.535 97.857 0.477 -12.663 re f 367.535 85.194 0.477 -0.477 re f 368.012 85.194 75.9 -0.477 re f 443.912 97.857 0.479 -12.663 re f 443.912 85.194 0.479 -0.477 re f 444.391 85.194 74.944 -0.477 re f 519.335 97.857 0.478 -12.663 re f 519.335 85.194 0.478 -0.477 re f 519.335 85.194 0.478 -0.477 re f EMC endstream endobj 75 0 obj << /Title (article 5-9 graphs.eps) /Creator (Adobe Illustrator\(R\) 8.0) /Author (Karin Mueller) >> endobj 76 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 160 0 R /Resources 77 0 R /Contents 78 0 R /Thumb 148 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 77 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F4 177 0 R /F6 181 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 211 0 R /GS2 212 0 R >> >> endobj 78 0 obj << /Length 12258 >> stream BT /F4 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 56.28 26.4 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs 0.0067 Tc 0 Tw (48)Tj ET 1 0 0.027 RG 0 J 0 j 0.48 w 10 M []0 d /GS1 gs 1 i 55.08 42.96 m 541.08 42.96 l 55.08 39.48 m 541.08 39.48 l S BT 9 0 0 9 396.96 25.08 Tm /GS2 gs 0 Tc (C)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 403.56 25.08 Tm 0.0439 Tc (HINA)Tj 9 0 0 9 420.84 25.08 Tm 0.045 Tc ( E)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 429 25.08 Tm 0.0425 Tc [(NVIR)42.5(ONMENT)]TJ 9 0 0 9 475.44 25.08 Tm 0.041 Tc ( S)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 482.88 25.08 Tm 0.0458 Tc (ERIES)Tj 9 0 0 9 501.12 25.08 Tm 0.0451 Tc [( )14.3( I)]TJ 6.3 0 0 6.3 517.92 25.08 Tm 0.0481 Tc (SSUE)Tj 9 0 0 9 533.76 25.08 Tm 0.0483 Tc ( 3)Tj /F6 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 53.9999 729.2401 Tm 0.001 Tc 0.1217 Tw [(the city)33.7()94.2(s)2.7( Envir)11.9(onmental P)22.8(r)5.7(otection)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0655 Tw [(B)16(u)4.1(reau \(EPB\) was not permitted to)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0514 Tw [(take par)-10.7(t in the I/M program)76.6()93.4(s)0( super-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0045 Tw (vision, due to historically poor insti-)Tj T* 0.0276 Tc 0.1258 Tw [(tutional cooperation betw)5.8(een the)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0463 Tw (EPB and the city traffic administra-)Tj T* -0.0103 Tw [(tion. )44(The enterprises performing the)]TJ T* -0.0067 Tc -0.0622 Tw [(y)5.8(early inspection of vehicles incr)15.1(eased)]TJ T* 0.0134 Tc 0.125 Tw (to eleven in 1997 and because air)Tj T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0464 Tw (quality continued to worsen, the city)Tj T* 0.0289 Tc 0.1251 Tw [(go)18(vernment decided to allo)18(w the)]TJ T* 0.0009 Tc -0.0253 Tw [(S)9.9(henzhen E)11.8(nvironmental P)33.6(r)5.6(otection)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0146 Tw [(B)16.5(u)4.6(reau to assign experts to emission)]TJ T* 0.0035 Tc 0.1238 Tw [(stations. )56.1(These EPB repr)14.4(esentativ)14.4(e)2.5(s)]TJ T* -0.0085 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(no)13.3(w actively super)-19.4(vise the inspections)]TJ T* -0.003 Tc -0.0622 Tw [(accor)7.9(ding to national r)18.8(egulations and)]TJ T* 0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (NO)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 71.4 514.32 Tm 0 Tc (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 74.16 518.04 Tm -0.0626 Tw [( emissions have begun to dr)10.9(op)10.9(.)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 201.72 521.64 Tm -0.0063 Tc 0 Tw (27)Tj 11 0 0 11 53.9999 504.84 Tm 0.0001 Tc -0.0417 Tw [(I)10.8(n)0.4( S)11(henzhen and other cities the lack)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0749 Tw [(of cooperation between v)11.4(arious city)]TJ T* 0.0331 Tc 0.1258 Tw [(depar)-10.5(tments on contr)11.3(olling local)]TJ T* -0.0084 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(emissions will hinder the effectiv)-8.4(eness)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.009 Tw (of I/M program and other pollution)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0859 Tw [(control policies. )43.3(The empo)11(w)5.6(erment)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.1121 Tw (of EPBs in this area is a promising)Tj T* 0.0015 Tc 0 Tw [(tr)12.4(end.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0047 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(I)27.8(t)0( will take time and considerable)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0007 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(investment to str)10.2(engthen the existing)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.073 Tw [(regulations, to dev)11(elop technologies)]TJ T* 0.019 Tc 0.1258 Tw (of internal-combustion engine, to)Tj T* 0.0076 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(impr)7.6(o)13.6(v)14.1(e fuel quality)84(, and to adopt)]TJ T* 0.0121 Tc (other measures to mitigate vehicle)Tj T* 0.0147 Tc 0.1257 Tw [(emissions. I)14.7(nspection and mainte-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0018 Tw (nance \(I/M\) programs offer an inex-)Tj T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0046 Tw [(pensive and effective means to lo)11.1(w)5.7(e)-2.7(r)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc -0.061 Tw [(emissions in the shor)-10.4(t term. )22.2(W)11.4(ithout)]TJ T* 0.0219 Tc 0.1262 Tw [(proper maintenance even v)11(ehicles)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0237 Tw [(with advanced pollution contr)11.2(ol de-)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc -0.0611 Tw [(vices can ex)10.7(ceed emission. )43.7(Ther)10.7(efor)10.7(e,)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0429 Tw [(I/M systems clearly should be par)-10.8(t of)]TJ T* 0.0018 Tc 0.1255 Tw (a long-term effective policy tool in)Tj T* 0.0187 Tc 0.1253 Tw [(China)84.1()90.1(s)0.3( pollution control strategy)106(.)]TJ T* 0.0427 Tc 0.1251 Tw [(Compr)10(ehensiv)10(e cooperation and)]TJ T* -0.004 Tc -0.0628 Tw [(mor)6.9(e stringent super)-14.9(vision have to be)]TJ T* 0.0284 Tc 0.125 Tw [(r)11.3(einfor)6.6(ced. )50.2(The settings of major)]TJ T* 0.0057 Tc 0.1257 Tw [(characteristic parameters for futur)5.7(e)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc 0.0336 Tw (projects on the system of inspection)Tj T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0873 Tw (and monitoring could be similar to)Tj T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0181 Tw [(the follo)10.7(wing:)]TJ 1.6364 -2.4 TD -0.0036 Tc -0.0624 Tw [( )51.3(T)132.8(o)-0.3( adopt concentrated I/M sys-)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0078 Tc (tems and maintain yearly inspections.)Tj 16.7236 60 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0281 Tw [( )44.1(T)136.9(o)0( adopt ASM method in test-)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.0502 Tw (ing electronic fuel injection vehicles)Tj T* 0.001 Tc 0 Tw (\(HC/CO/NO)Tj 6.4 0 0 6.4 281.16 699.12 Tm 0 Tc (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 283.8 702.84 Tm -0.0027 Tc (\).)Tj -4.1673 -1.2 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.0729 Tw [( )44(T)136.6(o)-0.1( adopt dual-idle method in)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0083 Tc -0.0618 Tw [(testing carburetor v)13.5(ehicles \(HC/CO\).)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0499 Tc 0.1254 Tw [()5.6( )39.4(T)142.6(o)-0.8( adopt fr)17.2(ee acceleration)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0017 Tc 0.1259 Tw (smoke monitoring measurement in)Tj T* 0.0002 Tc 0.007 Tw (testing diesel vehicles.)Tj 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0007 Tc 0.0193 Tw [( T)137.1(o)-0.3( )-44.6(institutionalize )-44.8(inspections)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0052 Tc -0.062 Tw [(within existing go)5.7(v)12.3(ernment transpor-)]TJ T* 0.0013 Tc 0.0003 Tw [(tation bur)12.2(eaus.)]TJ 1.6364 -2.4 TD -0.0066 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(M)21.8(o)-6.8(r)15.2(e)2.7(o)15.2(v)10.9(er)58.9(, ther)15.2(e exist some shor)-6.6(t-)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0005 Tc 0.0172 Tw [(comings of I/M programs that must)]TJ T* 0.003 Tc 0.125 Tw [(quickly be addressed. F)46.6(or example,)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc 0.0964 Tw (the data in road inspections should)Tj T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0863 Tw (be more detailed and exact, includ-)Tj T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0463 Tw [(ing r)-10.6(unning mileage of vehicles, clas-)]TJ T* -0.0021 Tc -0.0627 Tw (sification of vehicle type, and exhaust)Tj T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0738 Tw [(volume. D)11.4(atabases of I/M informa-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0763 Tw (tion should be updated regularly so)Tj T* 0.0136 Tc 0.1254 Tw (as to monitor and understand the)Tj T* 0.028 Tc 0.1248 Tw (scope of vehicles lacking mainte-)Tj T* 0.014 Tc 0.1251 Tw [(nance. )46.8(The curr)14(ent emission stan-)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0792 Tw [(dar)11.5(ds wer)22.4(e)0.4( mainly r)11.5(efer)11.5(enced singly)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0369 Tw [(from E)21.9(u)4.1(rope, so the futur)11(e standar)11(ds)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0316 Tw [(will need to be mor)11.1(e compr)11.1(ehensive.)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0137 Tw [(T)147.6(raining programs for workers in r)11.2(e)7.2(-)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.1128 Tw (pair shops should be expanded, for)Tj T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0257 Tw [(the curr)11.3(ent quality of workers is v)11.3(e)-2.5(r)-21.4(y)]TJ T* -0.0011 Tc 0 Tw [(low)80.7(.)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 4.5709 -3.6 TD 0 Tc (C)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 277.8 293.64 Tm [(ONCL)31.2(USION)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 237.96 267.24 Tm 0.0005 Tc -0.0147 Tw [(S)9.5(ince China is facing sever)11.4(e pol-)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0195 Tc 0.1257 Tw [(lution fr)8.6(om urban transportation,)]TJ T* -0.0045 Tc -0.0625 Tw (Chinese leaders must formulate com-)Tj T* 0.0256 Tc 0.125 Tw [(p)-8.1(r)14.7(ehensive technology)91(, economic,)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.1114 Tw [(and transpor)-21.3(t policies to encourage)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0908 Tw (the development of clean emissions)Tj T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0386 Tw (technology and create incentives for)Tj T* 0.0005 Tc -0.05 Tw (producers and consumers to meet air)Tj T* -0.0026 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(quality standards. Belo)19.2(w w)8.3(e)0( integrate)]TJ T* 0.0129 Tc 0.1249 Tw (various policies and programs dis-)Tj T* 0.0042 Tc 0.1255 Tw (cussed in the previous section into)Tj T* 0 Tc 0.0422 Tw [(thr)10.9(ee policy ar)10.9(eastechnology)98.2(, eco-)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0091 Tw [(nomic, and transpor)-21.3(t.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0116 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj /F4 1 Tf 0.5673 0 TD -0.0065 Tc -0.0665 Tw [(T)130(echnolog)-28.3(y P)69.9(olicy)91.7(. )]TJ /F6 1 Tf 7.3964 0 TD -0.0069 Tc 0 Tw [(T)129.5(echnology)]TJ -9.6 -1.2 TD 0.0092 Tc 0.1254 Tw (policy should mainly focus on the)Tj T* 0.0131 Tc 0.1257 Tw (advanced technologies in combus-)Tj 15.0982 60 TD 0.0005 Tc 0.0827 Tw [(tion, super lo)22.3(w emission, and alter-)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.001 Tc -0.0412 Tw [(nativ)11.9(e po)11.9(w)6.5(e)-1.9(r)77.4(.)1.4( I)11.9(n)0.3( manufacturing con-)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0421 Tw [(v)6.6(entional vehicles, the Chinese auto)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.1075 Tw [(industr)-21.3(y is somewhat outdated and)]TJ T* -0.0081 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(only in nascent r)13.7(esearch stage for elec-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0521 Tw [(tric automobiles and hybrid v)11.2(ehicles.)]TJ T* 0.0379 Tw [(I)21.9(n)-1.6( or)11.2(der to catch up with the dev)11.2(el-)]TJ T* -0.0021 Tc -0.0628 Tw [(oped countries in futur)8.8(e, China must)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc -0.0483 Tw [(target specific adv)11.4(anced technologies)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.082 Tw [(in certain areas, for example, dev)11.1(el-)]TJ T* 0.002 Tc 0.125 Tw (oping engines specifically for using)Tj T* 0.0074 Tc 0.1248 Tw [(CNG or LPG; pr)7.4(oducing catalytic)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0118 Tw [(conv)11.5(er)-10.3(ters to r)11.5(emo)22.4(v)7.1(e)0.5( NO)]TJ 6.4 0 0 6.4 494.76 567.12 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (x)Tj 11 0 0 11 497.52 570.84 Tm 0.0001 Tc 0.0136 Tw (; and pro-)Tj -10.1345 -1.2 TD 0.0083 Tc 0.1247 Tw (moting particulate-capturing emis-)Tj T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0136 Tw [(sion technology)98.8(.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0007 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj /F4 1 Tf 0.7418 0 TD -0.0005 Tc 0.1051 Tw [(E)12.2(conomic P)64.9(olicy)97.7(. )]TJ /F6 1 Tf 7.2218 0 TD 0.0006 Tc 0.1068 Tw [(I)22.2(n)-0.1( or)11.5(der to)]TJ -9.6 -1.2 TD 0.0003 Tc 0.1197 Tw [(decr)11.2(ease and pr)11.2(ev)11.2(ent vehicular pol-)]TJ T* 0.0228 Tw [(lution, economic policy can be used)]TJ T* 0.0008 Tc 0.1125 Tw [(to guide pr)11.7(oduction and consump-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0262 Tw [(tion to)11.3(war)22.2(ds cleaner emissions tech-)]TJ T* 0.018 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(nology and cleaners fuels. F)39.8(or in-)]TJ T* 0.0017 Tc 0.125 Tw [(stance, considering the r)12.6(elation be-)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.026 Tw [(tw)11.5(een engine displacement and pol-)]TJ T* 0.0387 Tc 0.1258 Tw (lutant emission, Chinese policy-)Tj T* 0 Tc -0.025 Tw [(makers should cr)10.9(eate economic poli-)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc -0.0012 Tw (cies to encourage the manufacturing)Tj T* 0.0019 Tc 0.1255 Tw [(of v)12.8(ehicles with small cylinder v)12.8(ol-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.1191 Tw [(ume. )55(Thus, if the number of auto-)]TJ T* -0.0057 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(mobiles w)5.2(e)2.3(r)5.2(e)-0.1( equal, the exhaust emis-)]TJ T* -0.0095 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(sion would be much lo)12.3(w)6.9(e)-1.5(r)66.9(.)-8( )56(The Clean)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0557 Tw [(V)119.8(ehicles A)11.1(ction, which was discussed)]TJ T* -0.0032 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(abo)18.6(v)14.3(e, was begun less than a year ago,)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc -0.0576 Tw (but it is encouraging that many cities)Tj T* -0.0083 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(have been activ)13.5(ely adjusting their eco-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0172 Tw (nomic policies to promote its imple-)Tj T* -0.0089 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(mentation. I)12.9(n)-0.3( 1998, the national go)23.8(v-)]TJ T* 0.0275 Tc 0.1258 Tw [(ernment successfully adopted the)]TJ T* 0.0427 Tc 0.1255 Tw [(measur)10(es to tax leaded oil mor)10(e)]TJ T* 0.0398 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(steeply than lead-fr)18(ee oil, which)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0363 Tw [(helped cr)11.5(eate incentiv)11.5(es to speed up)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0046 Tw (the phase-out of lead gasoline.)Tj 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0247 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj /F4 1 Tf 0.8073 0 TD 0.027 Tc 0.1333 Tw [(T)152.6(ranspor)-5.7(t P)70.6(olicy)92.4(.)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 7.2436 0 TD 0.0261 Tc 0.0839 Tw [( T)151.6(ranspor)-17.5(t)]TJ -9.6873 -1.2 TD 0.0003 Tc 0.0962 Tw (policies, such as limiting the use of)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0938 Tw [(high-polluting v)11(ehicles, creating in-)]TJ T* 0.0204 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(centiv)9.5(es for commuters to choose)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc -0.0261 Tw [(public transpor)-10.2(t, impr)11.6(o)17.6(ving the traf-)]TJ T* 0.049 Tc 0.1258 Tw (fic management equipment and)Tj T* 0.0055 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(methods, and adopting IT)16.4(S, could)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0348 Tw [(considerably decr)11(ease traffic conges-)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc -0.0197 Tw [(tion and pollution in urban ar)11.6(eas. I)11.6(n)]TJ T* -0.0117 Tc -0.0628 Tw [(some metr)10.1(opolises such as Beijing and)]TJ ET endstream endobj 79 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 160 0 R /Resources 80 0 R /Contents 81 0 R /Thumb 150 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 80 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F4 177 0 R /F5 179 0 R /F6 181 0 R /F12 97 0 R >> /XObject << /Fm2 90 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 211 0 R /GS2 212 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs9 95 0 R >> >> endobj 81 0 obj << /Length 12141 >> stream 1 0 0.027 RG 0 J 0 j 0.48 w 10 M []0 d /GS1 gs 1 i 72 42.96 m 558 42.96 l 72 39.48 m 558 39.48 l S BT /F4 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 72 25.08 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (C)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 78.48 25.08 Tm 0.0439 Tc (HINA)Tj 9 0 0 9 95.76 25.08 Tm 0.045 Tc ( E)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 104.04 25.08 Tm 0.0425 Tc [(NVIR)42.5(ONMENT)]TJ 9 0 0 9 150.36 25.08 Tm 0.041 Tc ( S)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 157.92 25.08 Tm 0.0458 Tc (ERIES)Tj 9 0 0 9 176.16 25.08 Tm 0.0451 Tc [( )14.3( I)]TJ 6.3 0 0 6.3 192.96 25.08 Tm 0.0481 Tc (SSUE)Tj 9 0 0 9 208.8 25.08 Tm 0.0483 Tc ( 3)Tj 37.7733 0.08 TD 0.0067 Tc (49)Tj /F6 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 72 729.2401 Tm -0.0092 Tc -0.0614 Tw [(S)10.7(hanghai, instituting high-occupancy)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0 Tc 0.1109 Tw [(v)6.5(ehicle lanes has helped to mediate)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc 0.0023 Tw (traffic congestion to some extent.)Tj 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0348 Tw [(V)109(ehicle emissions pose consider-)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0207 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(able thr)9.8(eats to human health and)]TJ T* 0.0428 Tc (quality of life in Chinese cities.)Tj T* 0.0149 Tc 0.1252 Tw [(P)62.1(olicymakers in China have made)]TJ T* -0.0004 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(gr)10.5(eat progr)10.5(ess in setting standar)10.5(ds for)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0084 Tw [(emissions and fuels. H)22.1(o)6.3(w)5.8(e)-0.8(v)11.2(e)-2.6(r)65.8(,)-0.9( in or-)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc -0.0292 Tw [(der to meet these standar)11.5(ds, national)]TJ T* -0.0071 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(and municipal go)25.6(vernments will need)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.1252 Tw [(to emphasize policies to str)11.3(engthen)]TJ T* 0.0009 Tc 0.1131 Tw [(infrastructur)11.8(e, expand public trans-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0395 Tw (port, and promote the development)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0077 Tw [(of clean v)10.8(ehicle technology)87.2(.)]TJ ET 0.96 w /GS1 gs 84.84 517.44 m 213.12 517.44 l S BT /F12 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 72 490.56 Tm /GS2 gs -0.0008 Tc 0.0995 Tw [(H)29.3(e)-1.7( K)10.1(ebin is an A)-11.7(ssociate P)21(r)2(ofessor in)]TJ 0 -1.1782 TD -0.0005 Tc -0.0413 Tw [(the D)10.4(epar)-11.4(tment of E)21.3(nvir)10.4(onmental Sci-)]TJ 0 -1.1891 TD -0.0009 Tc 0.0786 Tw [(ence and E)20.9(ngineering, )53.8(T)109.5(singhua U)31.8(ni-)]TJ 0 -1.1782 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0447 Tw [(v)11.4(ersity in Beijing. Chang Cheng is cur-)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD -0.0012 Tc -0.0618 Tw [(r)23.4(ently a M)9.7(a)-4.5(ster)20.6()32.3(s)0( student in the D)9.7(epart-)]TJ T* 0.0121 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(ment of E)23(nvironmental Science and)]TJ 15.0873 27.5673 TD -0.0006 Tc 0.0168 Tw [(E)19.9(ngineering at )43.2(T)120.7(singhua U)32.1(niv)10.3(ersity)75.8(.)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 5.0182 -3.3491 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (E)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 299.52 691.5601 Tm -0.0018 Tc [(NDNO)45(TES)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 5.8 0 0 5.8 246.96 670.92 Tm 0 Tc (1)Tj 10 0 0 10 249.96 667.5601 Tm ( )Tj /F12 1 Tf 0.396 0 TD 0.0169 Tc 0.1246 Tw [(China E)-7.1(conomics )52.5(T)38.9(imes)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 9.432 0 TD 0.0164 Tc 0.1259 Tw (, April 14,)Tj -11.028 -1.2 TD 0.0285 Tc 0.125 Tw (1999 and )Tj /F12 1 Tf 4.452 0 TD 0.0289 Tc 0.1244 Tw [(China S)28.9(tatistical )52.3(Y)100.9(earbook)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 10.704 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (,)Tj -15.156 -1.2 TD 0.0056 Tc (1978-1998.)Tj 5.8 0 0 5.8 246.96 634.92 Tm 0 Tc (2)Tj 10 0 0 10 249.96 631.5601 Tm 0.0242 Tc 0.1254 Tw [( China I)12.2(nternational Cooperation)]TJ -1.2 -1.2 TD -0.0009 Tc 0.0227 Tw [(Committee of Environment and D)11.1(evel-)]TJ T* -0.0014 Tc 0 Tw (opment. )Tj /F12 1 Tf 3.468 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0299 Tw [(P)23.9(r)4.9(oceedings of S)11.9(ymposium of U)35.9(r)0.9(-)]TJ -3.468 -1.2 TD 0.0281 Tc 0.1253 Tw [(ban )52.4(T)122.1(r)33.1(anspor)-7.9(tation and E)16.1(nvironment)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 15.156 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (,)Tj -15.156 -1.2 TD -0.0006 Tc 0.055 Tw [(\()-5.6(A)11.4(pril\):1-10, 1999.)]TJ 5.8 0 0 5.8 246.96 574.92 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (3)Tj 10 0 0 10 249.84 571.5601 Tm -0.001 Tc 0.1125 Tw [( Depar)-13(tment of E)11(nvironmental Sci-)]TJ -1.188 -1.2 TD -0.0006 Tc -0.0286 Tw [(ence and Engineering, )47.5(T)107.4(singhua U)47.4(niver-)]TJ T* -0.0065 Tc 0 Tw [(sity)89.5(. )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 1.644 0 TD -0.0632 Tw [(China R)5.4(oad )52.7(T)123.4(r)34.4(anspor)-6.6(t P)53.4(ollutant E)5.4(mis-)]TJ -1.644 -1.2 TD -0.0061 Tc -0.0623 Tw [(sion R)17.9(epor)-6.1(tfor Differ)17.9(ent )65.6(T)111.9(ypes of )53.6(V)111.9(ehicles)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 15.156 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (,)Tj -15.156 -1.2 TD -0.0012 Tc 0.0102 Tw (October 1999.)Tj 5.8 0 0 5.8 246.96 514.92 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (4)Tj 10 0 0 10 249.84 511.56 Tm -0.001 Tc 0.1125 Tw [( Depar)-13(tment of E)11(nvironmental Sci-)]TJ -1.188 -1.2 TD -0.0006 Tc -0.0286 Tw [(ence and Engineering, )47.5(T)107.4(singhua U)47.4(niver-)]TJ T* -0.001 Tc 0.0502 Tw [(sity)83(, et al. )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 3.984 0 TD -0.0005 Tc 0.0513 Tw [(R)9.5(esear)23.5(ch R)11.5(epor)-12.5(t of Planning of)]TJ -3.984 -1.2 TD 0.0313 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(V)101.3(ehicle E)19.3(mission P)55.3(ollution Control in)]TJ T* -0.0005 Tc -0.0244 Tw [(B)4.5(eijing City)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 4.416 0 TD -0.001 Tc -0.03 Tw (, December 1999.)Tj 5.8 0 0 5.8 246.96 454.92 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (5)Tj 10 0 0 10 249.84 451.56 Tm -0.0039 Tc -0.0551 Tw [( Lu )9.5(S)20.1(huyu. )6.8()-27.9(V)108.1(ehicular )6.6(P)68.1(ollution )7.2(Con-)]TJ -1.188 -1.2 TD -0.0007 Tc -0.0153 Tw [(trol S)23.3(trategies in City S)11.3(hanghai,)]TJ /F12 1 Tf 12.6 0 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0255 Tw [( S)12.5(hang-)]TJ -12.6 -1.2 TD 0.0628 Tc 0.1745 Tw [(hai E)14.8(nvir)14.8(onmental Sciences)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 12.096 0 TD 0.0617 Tc 0.18 Tw (, 1998,)Tj 4.512 30.24 TD 0.0622 Tc (17\(3\):1-3 \(in Chinese\) and Chen)Tj 0 -1.2 TD -0.0022 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(Changhong, et al. P)69.8(ollution Load of )9.8(V)121.8(e)-6.2(-)]TJ T* -0.0136 Tc -0.0622 Tw [(hicular Exhaust in City S)10.4(hanghai, )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 12.888 0 TD -0.0145 Tc 0 Tw [(S)24.5(hang-)]TJ -12.888 -1.2 TD -0.0048 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(hai E)19.2(nvir)7.2(onmental Sciences)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 9.876 0 TD -0.0046 Tc -0.0625 Tw (, 16 \(6\):26-29,)Tj -9.876 -1.2 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.015 Tw (1997 \(in Chinese\).)Tj 5.8 0 0 5.8 413.04 673.3201 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (6)Tj 10 0 0 10 415.92 669.96 Tm -0.001 Tc 0.1125 Tw [( D)11(epar)-13(tment of Environmental Sci-)]TJ -1.188 -1.2 TD -0.0006 Tc -0.0286 Tw [(ence and E)11.4(ngineering, )47.5(T)107.4(singhua U)47.4(niver-)]TJ T* -0.0009 Tc 0.1079 Tw [(sity)95.1(, et al)]TJ /F12 1 Tf 3.54 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.1077 Tw [(. China)131.9()27.9(s)-0.9( S)23.9(t)0.9(r)35.9(ategies for Contr)11.9(ol-)]TJ -3.54 -1.2 TD -0.0011 Tc 0.1239 Tw [(ling M)22.9(otor )47.5(V)104.9(ehicle E)10.9(missionsS)22.9(ummar)-25.1(y)]TJ T* -0.0017 Tc 0 Tw [(R)20.3(epor)-13.7(t)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 2.388 0 TD -0.0005 Tc 0.025 Tw (, 1997.)Tj 5.8 0 0 5.8 413.04 613.32 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (7)Tj 10 0 0 10 415.92 609.96 Tm -0.0006 Tc 0.0497 Tw [( G)11.4(uo )23.1(Yijun et al., )-12.6(V)99.4(ehicle Emission)]TJ -1.188 -1.2 TD 0.0054 Tc 0.1248 Tw [(P)62.4(ollution and I)29.4(ts Contr)-6.6(ol, )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 11.316 0 TD 0 Tw (Chongqing)Tj -11.316 -1.2 TD 0.0323 Tc 0.1247 Tw [(E)34.3(nvironmental Sciences)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 9.504 0 TD 0.0332 Tc 0.125 Tw (, 19 \(3\):9-13,)Tj -9.504 -1.2 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.015 Tw (1997 \(in Chinese\).)Tj 5.8 0 0 5.8 413.04 565.32 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (8)Tj 10 0 0 10 415.92 561.96 Tm -0.0005 Tc 0.0408 Tw [( S)23.5(ong R)11.5(uijin et al., S)23.5(tudy on Expo-)]TJ -1.188 -1.2 TD -0.001 Tc 0.0665 Tw [(sur)11(e Level of H)35(uman to the Exhaust of)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc -0.0318 Tw [(M)35.8(o)1.1(tor V)111.8(ehicles, )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 6.684 0 TD -0.001 Tc -0.0196 Tw [(J)39(our)-13(nal of E)23(nvir)11(onment)]TJ -6.684 -1.2 TD 0.0067 Tc 0.1245 Tw [(and H)30.7(e)-0.5(alth)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 4.392 0 TD 0.0077 Tc 0.125 Tw (, 15 \(5\):196-198, 1998 \(in)Tj -4.392 -1.2 TD 0.0007 Tc 0 Tw (Chinese\).)Tj 5.8 0 0 5.8 413.04 505.32 Tm -0.0069 Tc (9 )Tj 10 0 0 10 417.6 501.96 Tm -0.0005 Tc 0.0489 Tw [(P)56.5(eng B)11.5(aocheng et al., I)23.5(nvestigation)]TJ -1.356 -1.2 TD -0.0006 Tc 0.0472 Tw [(of I)11.4(mmune S)23.4(ystems of B)11.4(us D)11.4(riv)11.4(ers and)]TJ T* 0.0298 Tc 0.1245 Tw [(Conductors on )17.3(Y)87.8(uejiang )53.3(T)137.8(unnel B)17.8(u)0.8(s)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0 Tw (Line, )Tj /F12 1 Tf 2.748 0 TD 0.0006 Tc 0.1148 Tw [(China P)36.6(ublic H)24.6(e)-0.6(alth)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 7.956 0 TD -0.0003 Tc 0.1175 Tw (, 11 \(2\):65-)Tj -10.704 -1.2 TD 0 Tc 0.0133 Tw (66, 1995 \(in Chinese\).)Tj 5.8 0 0 5.8 413.04 445.32 Tm 0.0026 Tc 0 Tw (10 )Tj 10 0 0 10 420 441.96 Tm -0.0011 Tc -0.0387 Tw [(F)32.9(ei Qiuling et al., )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 6.876 0 TD -0.0012 Tc -0.0403 Tw [(M)20.8(oder)-25.2(n P)22.8(r)27.8(eventiv)10.8(e)]TJ -8.472 -1.2 TD -0.0001 Tc 0 Tw [(M)21.9(edicine, )]TJ /F6 1 Tf 3.912 0 TD -0.0008 Tc 0.0035 Tw (Beijing 1998 \(in Chinese\).)Tj ET 0.9 0.9 0.9 rg 0 0 0 RG 1.44 w 1000 M /GS1 gs 74.16 408.44 481.68 -335.08 re B* 0.24 w 72.12 410.48 485.76 -339.16 re S BT 10 0 0 10 104.04 363.72 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs -0.0005 Tc -0.0198 Tw [(The E)11.5(nvironmental Change and Security P)47.5(r)7.5(oject \(ECSP\) published its fifth issue of the )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 33.612 0 TD 0 Tc -0.0226 Tw [(E)14(nvir)12(onmental Change and)]TJ -35.412 -1.2 TD -0.0006 Tc -0.062 Tw [(S)14.4(ecurity P)23.4(r)4.4(oject R)11.4(epor)-12.6(t)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 8.16 0 TD -0.0626 Tw [(. A tool for researchers, policymakers, and educators, the ECSP R)23.4(eport examines the various aspects)]TJ -8.16 -1.2 TD -0.0034 Tw [(of linkages between environment, population, and security)107.3(.)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 TD -0.0049 Tw (Contents include features such as:)Tj /F12 1 Tf 0 -2.4 TD -0.0003 Tc 0.0001 Tw [(P)47.7(opulation, U)35.7(rbanization, E)11.7(nvir)11.7(onment, and S)11.7(ecurity: A S)11.7(u)0.5(mmar)-24.3(y)-0.6( of)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 TD -0.0008 Tc 0.0065 Tw [(the I)23.2(ssues)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 3.3 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0103 Tw [( - E)11.9(llen M. B)23.9(r)7.9(ennan)]TJ /F12 1 Tf -5.1 -1.2 TD -0.0012 Tw [(T)129.9(o)2.3( C)23.9(ultivate P)47.9(eace: A)11.9(gricultur)35.9(e)-0.2( in a )71.8(W)85.9(o)2.9(r)11.9(ld of Conflict)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 19.92 0 TD -0.0006 Tc [( - I)11.4(ndra de S)11.4(o)17.4(ysa)]TJ -18.12 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0063 Tw [(and N)24.1(ils P)72.1(etter Gleditsch)]TJ /F12 1 Tf -1.8 -1.2 TD -0.0003 Tc -0.0491 Tw [(E)25.7(nvironmental S)23.7(ecurity in an I)23.7(nter)-24.3(national Context: Ex)11.7(ecutive S)23.7(u)0.4(mmar)-24.3(y)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 TD -0.0017 Tc 0 Tw [(R)8.3(epor)-13.7(t)-7.7( )]TJ /F6 1 Tf 2.64 0 TD -0.0008 Tc -0.0013 Tw [(- K)23.2(u)3.2(r)-12.8(t)0.1( M. Lietzmann and Gar)-24.8(y)-1.9( D. )24(V)111.2(est)]TJ -4.44 -1.2 TD -0.0005 Tc -0.0115 Tw [(Official S)23.5(tatements and D)23.5(ocuments)]TJ T* -0.0004 Tc -0.008 Tw [(An U)35.6(pdate S)11.6(ection including:)]TJ 1.8 -1.2 TD -0.0007 Tc -0.0066 Tw [(N)26.3(ongo)23.3(v)11.3(ernmental & G)11.3(o)17.3(v)11.3(ernmental A)11.3(ctivities)]TJ T* -0.0079 Tw [(A)10.4(cademic & P)35.4(r)7.4(ofessional M)23.4(eetings)]TJ T* -0.001 Tc -0.0062 Tw [(I)13(nternet S)11(ites & R)11(esources)]TJ T* -0.0124 Tw [(B)15.9(ibliographic G)10.9(uide to the Literatur)10.9(e)]TJ -1.8 -2.4 TD -0.0029 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(S)18.1(ince October 1994, the )21.2(W)93.1(oodro)15.1(w)-7.1( )21.2(W)9.1(ilson Center)21.1()88.1(s)-0.5( ECSP has pr)9.1(o)15.1(v)0.9(ided)]TJ -1.8 -1.2 TD -0.0005 Tc -0.0213 Tw [(specialists and other inter)11.5(ested individuals with a )47.5(r)7.5(oad map)59.5( to the myriad)]TJ T* 0.0421 Tc 0.1251 Tw [(vie)-5.9(ws, activities, and policy initiativ)6.1(es falling under the r)-5.9(ubric of)]TJ T* -0.0007 Tc -0.0268 Tw [()55.3(environment, population, and security)95.3(. )47.5(Through meetings, publications, and the activities of the staff)23.3(, ECSP explores)]TJ T* -0.0005 Tc -0.0574 Tw [(a wide range of academic and policy-r)11.5(elated topics. )47.6(The )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 21.288 0 TD -0.0012 Tc -0.0546 Tw [(ECSP R)10.8(epor)-13.2(t)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 4.824 0 TD -0.0003 Tc -0.0578 Tw [( can be obtained b)11.7(y)0.2( email at ecspwwic@wwic.si.edu)]TJ -26.112 -1.356 TD -0.0007 Tc -0.0087 Tw [(or online at http://ecsp)11.3(.si.edu/ECSP-R)23.3(epor)-12.7(t5.)]TJ ET 2.04 w /GS1 gs 75.17 407.23 479.56 -24.56 re B* BT /F5 1 Tf 12 0 0 12 176.4 391.8 Tm /Cs9 cs 0 scn -0.0001 Tc 0.0026 Tw [(E)17.9(nvir)9.9(onmental Change and S)9.9(ecurity P)29.9(r)1.9(oject R)9.9(epor)-10.1(t)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 19.86 0 TD 0.0003 Tc 0.0043 Tw [(, I)20.3(ssue 5)]TJ ET 0.65 0.65 0.65 rg 0.65 0.65 0.65 RG 388.92 332.88 155.16 -201.01 re B* q 384.75 337.85 158.4 -204.4 re W n /Fm2 Do Q endstream endobj 82 0 obj << /Length 783 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream H  !!!"""###$$$%%%&&&'''((()))***+++,,,---...///000111222333444555666777888999:::;;;<<<===>>>???@@@AAABBBCCCDDDEEEFFFGGGHHHIIIJJJKKKLLLMMMNNNOOOPPPQQQRRRSSSTTTUUUVVVWWWXXXYYYZZZ[[[\\\]]]^^^___```aaabbbcccdddeeefffggghhhiiijjjkkklllmmmnnnooopppqqqrrrssstttuuuvvvwwwxxxyyyzzz{{{|||}}}~~~ b~ endstream endobj 83 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 82 0 R ] endobj 84 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Image /Width 175 /Height 225 /BitsPerComponent 8 /ColorSpace 83 0 R /Length 39376 >> stream ¾¿ļǿÿſȿ˺xzz|{|zyy{z{zyyywxvxvxxwvvxxvtuxwuvwwvuuvssuutrsrsssvtutustsuutsvwuttssrrsrsrqtqprqnpqprpoonoooonnoomlmmonmmmmllmmmmnmommnonmmmnnnmlmlmmkmmnnnnmlnllkk¢Ŀƿo\Vke[}[yee{`]b~Wa~gi^yYuVPyMNNtǿMzVTw\sZoiflcltv}~{}zq{{nkibz\sSLzMNMv}|~~}wuǾO{RRvVkKWlcem]rcJQ_zKsbLfoO_v}QlNWabiNm£mdaw[sVOUvMPPpJyK}LMpYS[jtP}OQ|xOɿM{OQxXhayWnadoYuoIJ{LLmcMOO^zOOxxQleawYpUMTwPOSnoIhVKry~LlQckNYO{OsWxPMwPPxQyVr\Xxn~zx}|oKlRQLmrKlcpdN_N{Ro\QwOġjc`vWrTRuMSoIvK}KLmoM[U|QPzvP¡NwReMsW]Uq_XypGSPJMoNjOt|Q]RxPle`rLSnW~NRySSmIKcL{dKkuNm`zPPbuN˾LvOibMwVfqVu^Zzvre]r\gl]anocmq\bzairjxh^rahd\tjd^eN^pTgQWwPfVlt{q|~}ãLuMgNwMq|UuN~{}p~~|âlha\rZUvYģOPVlc`ãʻwwvxywwwxzyzxwvwwwwyyxxwwvwwxxxyyxwwxxvwxwwyxxxzwvxyyzxzy{z{|{|{}}|}y}{}{||||}{}{{{{zyz{{z{y|{|}|z||}|{|}~~~}~}~~~~~~~|~̙Ȣþ½ɦϦʾѱ͗ǰ˝˝˜˞̛ϢÝϨȸʡȮ˲̡͗øжѮҰ͒źȽѮȑ˼̖ΘȧɡЬʗ–͚͡ɮϭțǻϗҮаίѰӰҲүϪʲϬ϶аϱηϼΡʡ̚УїΰΙ͸˞ϯй¹´·ϫΫϵ̵Ū̷үѴưĻ¶ñîýѰοͫͨҬѰʠ˫ƩǟѰοʹ¹ŲλϹ÷ЮӯгϟҲѢ̗ҰѻɻýϰӯճϑȲѰίѳаұҰаβ̶ӹͺȯϿӱǨŵɅ±åɜū΢Ǟϴѯưñŭ̷̳¯ǦɨDzʲίïӯбҼϯԯϲѰϧȣƶοίѱα̭ķкʮѵиΤҥ˗ѪƝЮѯΞʵɑ˔О̨ͯˤеȯѱκӰԹ¹˺ʮĴȤйŵмѯ԰й;̴̾Ұβϲȟӱ駮ӳ˱ҰЦȞͿʢͨұʧѫӱТ̵ƻӱЛѪ½Πлķ›ŧƼ͸ձϓǥ͙ǴƹМ͠ӰĞӲʷ̷¶¶ҵӳͶİӚѝĩӲɥɯˆȧүγОηְѷǜִη˾ѴԯһĹοɷйİӲңɟǷϸЯӲѵơϺѲԳѷͯ˺ִϝüӲҴسϺ̹ͲвЯΫͬӲʧֳҺĮ˥մӲѣϭǨĭΩԴǯϗ̡Šֲ»ðȺǶ׳ֲџϝʭմҾМִԳԾػӦԵХϚ¹ΕϭӬɵԶгʝ׾ijöγ»ӳӳϼѹк׳ХТµմѵŢղղүѿξԲ͓ȥ˯ԳеϦԜżĸþӚʹļΚʿѿѲϽΠϧɬƈШӲɜΠҳžǪѲ԰ѩϮ˭ŰҾԿԲǗϛЬťԳйȼɫίҘľüǿÿԗӲϻИŬřÜҎӳѢϧ˫Ϩձ˞̢оͿֱо¶ϿɵѫϗѱǶʺРôͥѫԲբɩԠĩӨɛџӫӴϗКИֳԻŠʿղЭֳϿӵҘǣٱбαմղӸ͸ικιϾ׳Ѥͧ͜׳ӴϪҬПԷҥ˷ƿѦ˲ԵιѲóԗʵͮ֟ƍʷƙӥʰԯѮλвпüԿĿ˽ȾҾżǷҿƾԲʈӤȦزйϥ̴ϫŽάƽҙʣҠӱоˢҥ՝Ҳϸȸ˶;β͵ľұԱ̋֯͜ӷͩӰմӰѳײ׳ӶѴҳӼԵӻշسԥ҄ФӊӮʯ¸¤ֵѺĶĴʬϼ»ɲøĹȼԮԹöɭִִҪϲӪ½ӯղ֬شա˪ӟԠƚӥȎӥаУըձԸýȽɸĺӰǿýɿҽ»þǼɼѷǼƹøҿԱýż׿ִճ͸̵˷շҦ̼ԣ;ŦНӲмћȫשԢɯǑʼƬҢŎӝȘг֚©ԲռʩӪҿĹǰɩŶùӾÿǽӼϾþüļ;¿ԳкճӥήɳͥԪԡѫӡǩͺԴѲɦšǝԿ֡Ӵ¼ͬѷƵ½ͽĿϡӲԴӰȸǺϠɨΞԴҡɰĄֵձ̿Ͻȿصа¶ɣȼȳ̷¿էгúʷִћĨϤĤΞԶѮШ׶ҵسֵԻ endstream endobj 85 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /ImageC /ImageI ] /XObject << /Im1 84 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 211 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs10 83 0 R >> >> endobj 86 0 obj << /2.0 << /Type /OPI /Version 2 /Size [ 1050 1355 ] /CropRect [ 0 0 1050 1355 ] /F (H:\\ECSP\\China\\China Series\\Issue 3\\ECSP Report_CES3.tif) /Inks [ /monochrome (Red)0 (Green)0 (Blue)0 ] /Overprint false /IncludedImageDimensions [ 175 226 ] /IncludedImageQuality 1 >> >> endobj 87 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Form /FormType 1 /BBox [ -2.429 -0.653 1.435 3.222 ] /Resources 85 0 R /Matrix [ 1 0 0 1 0 0 ] /Length 35 /OPI 86 0 R >> stream /GS1 gs q 1 0 0 1 0 0 cm /Im1 Do Q endstream endobj 88 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF ] /XObject << /Fm1 87 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 211 0 R >> >> endobj 89 0 obj << /1.3 << /Type /OPI /Version 1.3 /CropFixed [ 0 0 1050 1355 ] /CropRect [ 0 0 1050 1355 ] /Size [ 1050 1355 ] /F (H:\\ECSP\\China\\China Series\\Issue 3\\ECSP Report_CES3.tif) /Overprint false /Position [ 384.75 133.45 384.75 337.85001 543.14999 337.85001 543.14999 133.45 ] /Resolution [ 477.27299 477.27299 ] /Tint 1 /ImageType [ 1 8 ] >> >> endobj 90 0 obj << /Type /XObject /Subtype /Form /FormType 1 /BBox [ 384.75 133.45 543.14999 337.85001 ] /Resources 88 0 R /Matrix [ 1 0 0 1 0 0 ] /Length 96 /OPI 89 0 R >> stream q 1 i 384.75 337.85 158.4 -204.4 re W n /GS1 gs q 158.4 0 0 204.4 384.75 133.45 cm /Fm1 Do Q Q endstream endobj 91 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 160 0 R /Resources 92 0 R /Contents 93 0 R /Thumb 152 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 92 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F4 177 0 R /F5 179 0 R /F6 181 0 R /F12 97 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 211 0 R /GS2 212 0 R >> >> endobj 93 0 obj << /Length 11955 >> stream BT /F4 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 56.28 26.4 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs 0.0067 Tc 0 Tw (50)Tj ET 1 0 0.027 RG 0 J 0 j 0.48 w 10 M []0 d /GS1 gs 1 i 55.08 42.96 m 541.08 42.96 l 55.08 39.48 m 541.08 39.48 l S BT 9 0 0 9 396.96 25.08 Tm /GS2 gs 0 Tc (C)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 403.56 25.08 Tm 0.0439 Tc (HINA)Tj 9 0 0 9 420.84 25.08 Tm 0.045 Tc ( E)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 429 25.08 Tm 0.0425 Tc [(NVIR)42.5(ONMENT)]TJ 9 0 0 9 475.44 25.08 Tm 0.041 Tc ( S)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 482.88 25.08 Tm 0.0458 Tc (ERIES)Tj 9 0 0 9 501.12 25.08 Tm 0.0451 Tc [( )14.3( I)]TJ 6.3 0 0 6.3 517.92 25.08 Tm 0.0481 Tc (SSUE)Tj 9 0 0 9 533.76 25.08 Tm 0.0483 Tc ( 3)Tj ET 0.9 0.9 0.9 rg 0 0 0 RG 1.92 w 1000 M /GS1 gs 57 344.95 481.1 -271.4 re B* 0.36 w 54.18 347.77 486.74 -277.04 re S BT 12 0 0 12 213.72 311.28 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs 0 Tc (H)Tj 8.4 0 0 8.4 223.44 311.28 Tm -0.0634 Tc (OW)Tj 12 0 0 12 237.72 311.28 Tm 0 Tc ( )Tj 8.4 0 0 8.4 240.96 311.28 Tm -0.0391 Tc (TO)Tj 12 0 0 12 252.96 311.28 Tm 0.009 Tc ( R)Tj 8.4 0 0 8.4 264 311.28 Tm -0.0065 Tc [(EA)7.8(CH)]TJ 12 0 0 12 286.56 311.28 Tm 0 Tc ( )Tj 8.4 0 0 8.4 289.8 311.28 Tm -0.0032 Tc (OUR)Tj 12 0 0 12 308.16 311.28 Tm 0.011 Tc ( C)Tj 8.4 0 0 8.4 319.8 311.28 Tm 0.0006 Tc [(ONTRIB)29.2(UT)29.2(ORS)]TJ /F5 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 112.8 271.2 Tm -0.0009 Tc -0.0303 Tw [(D. T)50(illy )-32(Chang, )]TJ /F6 1 Tf 6.3382 0 TD 0.0005 Tc 0.0017 Tw [(W)87.8(orld B)11.4(ank, East Asia )43.2(T)147.8(ranspor)-10.4(t )-5.2(S)22.3(ector U)33.2(nit, )]TJ /F5 1 Tf 17.8473 0 TD -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (Tchang@worldbank.org)Tj -17.2691 -2.4 TD -0.001 Tc -0.0045 Tw (Chang Cheng, )Tj /F6 1 Tf 5.7382 0 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0039 Tw [(T)114.9(singhua U)44(niv)11.3(ersity)87.7(, )]TJ /F5 1 Tf 8.1491 0 TD -0.001 Tc 0 Tw (ch-ch@263.net)Tj -15.5891 -2.4 TD -0.0006 Tc 0.0015 Tw [(H)18.7(e)3( K)10.3(ebin)]TJ /F12 1 Tf 3.6982 0 TD 0.0036 Tc 0 Tw (, )Tj /F6 1 Tf 0.5127 0 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0063 Tw [(T)114.6(singhua U)43.7(niversity)98.3(,)-5.8( )]TJ /F5 1 Tf 8.1709 0 TD -0.001 Tc 0 Tw (hekb@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn)Tj -20.9345 -2.4 TD -0.0009 Tc 0.0103 Tw [(Chris N)31.8(ielsen)]TJ /F12 1 Tf 5.1709 0 TD 0 Tw (, )Tj /F6 1 Tf 0.5127 0 TD 0.0005 Tc 0.0132 Tw [(H)10.1(a)5.6(r)-21.3(v)7(a)5.6(r)0.5(d U)44.1(niv)11.4(ersity Committee on Environment China P)33.2(r)5.2(oject, )]TJ /F5 1 Tf 24.96 0 TD -0.0008 Tc 0 Tw [(nielsen@eps.har)-22.6(v)15.7(a)1.2(r)21(d.edu)]TJ -29.1273 -2.4 TD -0.0017 Tc 0.0057 Tw [(Rober)-12.6(t E. P)63.7(aasw)20.1(ell)]TJ /F12 1 Tf 7.2109 0 TD -0.0027 Tc 0 Tw (, )Tj /F6 1 Tf 0.5018 0 TD 0.0006 Tc 0.0055 Tw [(R)12.9(egion II U)44.2(niv)11.5(ersity )54.9(T)147.9(ranspor)-10.3(tation Center at the City College in N)22.4(e)3.9(w )22.1(Y)105.5(o)0.4(rk)]TJ /F5 1 Tf 3.7855 -1.2 TD 0.0015 Tc 0 Tw [(paasw)34.2(ell@ti-mail.engr)77.9(.ccny)34.2(.cuny)12.4(.edu)]TJ -4.2873 -2.4 TD -0.0008 Tc -0.0137 Tw [(R)12.1(e)2.1(ad V)122.5(anderbilt, )]TJ /F6 1 Tf 6.7745 0 TD 0.0004 Tc 0 Tw (Consultant, )Tj /F5 1 Tf 4.8545 0 TD -0.0009 Tc [(r)11.1(ead@alumni.princeton.edu.)]TJ -10.3527 -2.4655 TD -0.0017 Tc 0.014 Tw [(M)11.5(ichael P)205.6(.)-1.7( )42.3(W)113(alsh)]TJ /F12 1 Tf 6.5345 0 TD -0.0009 Tc 0 Tw (, )Tj /F6 1 Tf 0.5236 0 TD 0.0008 Tc (Consultant, )Tj /F5 1 Tf 4.8545 0 TD -0.0003 Tc [(mp)10.6(walsh@igc.apc.org)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 5.8 0 0 5.8 62.9999 733.3201 Tm -0.0069 Tc (11)Tj 10 0 0 10 68.76 729.96 Tm -0.001 Tc 0.0402 Tw [( Depar)-13(tment of E)11(nvironmental Sci-)]TJ -1.476 -1.2 TD -0.0006 Tc -0.0286 Tw [(ence and Engineering, )47.5(T)107.4(singhua U)47.4(niv)11.4(er-)]TJ T* -0.0011 Tc 0.0503 Tw [(sity)82.9(, et al. )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 3.984 0 TD -0.0005 Tc 0.0513 Tw [(R)21.5(esear)11.5(ch R)23.5(epor)-24.5(t of Planning of)]TJ -3.984 -1.2 TD 0.0313 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(V)101.3(ehicle E)19.3(mission P)55.3(ollution Control in)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0208 Tw [(B)4.8(eijing C)11.8(ity)71.8(,)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 4.632 0 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0224 Tw [( \(12\):145-150, 1999.)]TJ 5.8 0 0 5.8 62.9999 673.3201 Tm 0.0138 Tc 0 Tw (12)Tj 10 0 0 10 68.88 669.96 Tm 0.0096 Tc 0.1256 Tw [( Zheng Yisheng et al., E)9.6(conomic)]TJ -1.488 -1.2 TD -0.0045 Tc -0.0616 Tw [(Loss Caused b)7.5(y)0.3( E)7.5(nvir)-4.5(onmental P)67.5(ollution)]TJ T* -0.0006 Tc -0.0341 Tw [(in the M)11.4(i)-0.4(d-1990s in the PR)35.4(C, )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 12.096 0 TD 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (Manage-)Tj -12.096 -1.2 TD -0.0025 Tc -0.1175 Tw [(ment W)83.5(o)0.5(r)21.5(l)-2.5(d)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 4.212 0 TD -0.0011 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(, F)34.9(ebr)-13.1(u)4.9(a)4.9(r)-25.1(y 1999 \(in Chinese\).)]TJ 5.8 0 0 5.8 62.9999 625.32 Tm -0.0052 Tc 0 Tw (13 )Tj 10 0 0 10 69.84 621.96 Tm -0.0082 Tc -0.0613 Tw [(Chinese S)27.8(tate Envir)15.8(onmental P)27.8(r)11.8(otec-)]TJ -1.584 -1.2 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.07 Tw [(tion Agency \(SEP)47.9(A\). )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 8.46 0 TD -0.0003 Tc 0.075 Tw [(N)42.7(a)-0.1(tional E)11.7(nvir)11.7(on-)]TJ -8.46 -1.2 TD 0.0428 Tw [(mental Quality R)11.6(epor)-12.4(t)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 8.376 0 TD 0.001 Tc 0.0447 Tw [(, 1997 and SEP)49(A,)]TJ /F12 1 Tf -8.376 -1.2 TD -0.0005 Tc -0.0163 Tw [(S)26.5(tandar)11.5(ds of A)23.5(mbient Air Quality)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 12.48 0 TD -0.001 Tc -0.02 Tw (, 1996.)Tj 5.8 0 0 5.8 62.9999 577.32 Tm -0.0043 Tc 0 Tw (14 )Tj /F12 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 70.92 573.96 Tm -0.0006 Tc 0.112 Tw [(China E)23.4(nvironment Daily)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 9.984 0 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.1127 Tw [(, J)48.2(u)0.4(ly 21,)]TJ -11.676 -1.2 TD 0.0045 Tc 0 Tw (1998.)Tj 5.8 0 0 5.8 62.9999 553.32 Tm 0.0138 Tc (15)Tj 10 0 0 10 69 549.96 Tm 0.015 Tc 0.1258 Tw [( China I)27(nternational Cooperation)]TJ -1.5 -1.2 TD -0.001 Tc 0.0228 Tw [(Committee of Envir)11(onment and Dev)11(el-)]TJ T* -0.0016 Tc 0 Tw (opment)Tj /F12 1 Tf 3 0 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0301 Tw [(. P)23.9(r)4.9(oceedings of S)23.9(ymposium of U)35.9(r)0.9(-)]TJ -3 -1.2 TD 0.0281 Tc 0.1253 Tw [(ban )52.4(T)122.1(r)45.1(anspor)-19.9(tation and E)16.1(nvironment)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 15.156 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (,)Tj -15.156 -1.2 TD -0.0004 Tc 0.025 Tw [(A)10.6(pril 1999.)]TJ 5.8 0 0 5.8 62.9999 493.32 Tm 0.0026 Tc 0 Tw (16 )Tj 10 0 0 10 70.08 489.96 Tm -0.0004 Tc -0.0397 Tw [(Xi G)23.6(uohua et al., S)23.6(tudy and Dev)11.6(el-)]TJ -1.608 -1.2 TD -0.0012 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(opment of Rail )46.7(T)154.8(ranspor)-13.2(tation S)10.8(ystem in)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc -0.0226 Tw (Large Cities of China, )Tj /F12 1 Tf 9.096 0 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0224 Tw [(E)26.5(lectric Drive for)]TJ -9.096 -1.2 TD -0.0004 Tc 0 Tw (Locomotive)Tj /F6 1 Tf 4.164 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0148 Tw [(, no)24(. 3:1-3, 1999.)]TJ 5.8 0 0 5.8 62.9999 445.32 Tm -0.0026 Tc 0 Tw (17 )Tj 10 0 0 10 71.04 441.96 Tm 0.0027 Tc 0.1265 Tw [(R)11.7(esearch I)14.7(nstitute of H)14.7(ighways. )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 13.104 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (A)Tj -14.808 -1.2 TD -0.0004 Tc -0.0581 Tw [(S)26.6(tudy on the Developmental S)35.6(t)0.6(r)23.6(ateg)-48.4(y of the)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0025 Tw (ITS in China)Tj /F6 1 Tf 5.076 0 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0033 Tw [(,)5.8( M)12.5(ay )-5.8(1998.)]TJ 5.8 0 0 5.8 62.9999 409.32 Tm -0.0069 Tc 0 Tw (18)Tj 10 0 0 10 68.76 405.96 Tm -0.001 Tc 0.0402 Tw [( Depar)-13(tment of E)11(nvironmental Sci-)]TJ -1.476 -1.2 TD -0.0006 Tc -0.0286 Tw [(ence and Engineering, )47.5(T)107.4(singhua U)47.4(niv)11.4(er-)]TJ T* -0.0005 Tc 0.0005 Tw [(sity)83.5(, et al. )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 3.828 0 TD -0.0012 Tc 0.0002 Tw [(S)13.8(u)-0.4(mmar)-25.2(y R)10.8(epor)-13.2(t)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 6.228 0 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.005 Tw (, 1997)Tj 5.8 0 0 5.8 62.9999 373.32 Tm -0.0069 Tc 0 Tw (19)Tj 10 0 0 10 68.76 369.96 Tm -0.0076 Tc -0.0623 Tw [( Chinese Association of Envir)16.4(onmen-)]TJ 15.12 36 TD -0.0003 Tc 0.026 Tw [(tal P)23.7(r)7.7(otection I)23.7(ndustr)-24.3(y)101.7(.)-1.6( )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 9.228 0 TD 0.03 Tw [(Collection of P)59.7(a)-4.3(-)]TJ -9.228 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0411 Tw [(pers in the S)12.1(ymposium of I)24.1(ndustrialization)]TJ T* 0.003 Tc 0.1247 Tw [(and Dev)15(elopment S)27(t)4(r)27(ategies in )62.7(V)109(ehicular)]TJ T* 0.0431 Tc 0.1251 Tw [(C)5.1(atalytic and Cleaning )43.2(T)149.1(echnologies)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 15.156 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (,)Tj -15.156 -1.2 TD -0.0006 Tc 0.0599 Tw [(\()-5.6(A)11.4(pril\):35-40, 1999.)]TJ 5.8 0 0 5.8 228.96 673.3201 Tm 0.0035 Tc 0 Tw (20 )Tj 10 0 0 10 236.4 669.96 Tm -0.0008 Tc (Ibid:30-34.)Tj 5.8 0 0 5.8 228.96 661.3201 Tm 0.0017 Tc (21 )Tj /F12 1 Tf 10 0 0 10 236.28 657.96 Tm -0.0006 Tc 0.015 Tw [(Collection of P)47.4(apers at the M)23.4(eeting of)]TJ -1.632 -1.2 TD 0.0146 Tc 0.1249 Tw [()94.6(A)-0.7(ir I)26.6(mpro)12.6(v)8.6(ement P)14.6(r)7.6(ogr)26.6(amClean )62.5(V)108.6(e)-3.4(-)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc 0 Tw (hicles, )Tj /F6 1 Tf 2.46 0 TD -0.0007 Tc 0.0127 Tw [(Beijing, \(A)23.3(pril\):25-27, 1999.)]TJ 5.8 0 0 5.8 228.96 625.32 Tm -0.0069 Tc 0 Tw (22)Tj 10 0 0 10 234.72 621.96 Tm -0.0622 Tw [( Chinese Ministr)-6.9(y of Science & )41.4(T)125.1(ech-)]TJ -1.476 -1.2 TD 0 Tc 0.005 Tw [(nology)96(. 1999 )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 5.292 0 TD -0.0007 Tc 0.006 Tw [(Beijing I)23.3(nter)-12.7(national A)23.3(uto-)]TJ -5.292 -1.2 TD -0.0001 Tc -0.0422 Tw [(mobile E)11.9(nvir)11.9(onmental P)23.9(r)4.9(otection )59.4(T)141.9(echnol-)]TJ T* 0.0038 Tc 0.1237 Tw [(og)-56.2(y P)27.8(r)20.8(esentation S)15.8(eminar)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 9.636 0 TD 0.002 Tc 0.1241 Tw (, December 1,)Tj -9.636 -1.2 TD 0.0045 Tc 0 Tw (1999.)Tj 5.8 0 0 5.8 228.96 565.32 Tm -0.0009 Tc (23 )Tj 10 0 0 10 236.4 561.96 Tm 0.0363 Tw [(H)13.1(e)-0.3( K)11.1(ebin et al., )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 6.528 0 TD -0.0008 Tc 0.0394 Tw [(Assessment M)11.2(ethods)]TJ -8.172 -1.2 TD 0.0069 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(and A)6.9(pplications of A)18.9(lter)-5.1(nativ)6.9(e F)42.9(uel for)]TJ T* -0.0125 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(V)105.5(ehicles G)23.5(lobally)71.5(, N)35.5(ationally and at the C)11.5(ity)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0 Tw (Level,)Tj /F6 1 Tf 2.16 0 TD -0.0005 Tc -0.0575 Tw [( T)107.5(singhua )-57.3(U)35.5(niv)11.5(ersity)95.5(, )-57.7(1999.)]TJ 5.8 0 0 5.8 228.96 517.32 Tm 0.0181 Tc 0 Tw (24 )Tj 10 0 0 10 237.36 513.96 Tm 0.0207 Tc 0.1264 Tw [(Chinese M)20.7(inistr)-15.3(y of Science and)]TJ -1.74 -1.2 TD 0.0019 Tc 0 Tw [(T)121.9(echnology)97.9(. )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 5.04 0 TD 0.0032 Tc 0.1255 Tw [(1999 Beijing I)27.2(nter)-20.8(national)]TJ -5.04 -1.2 TD 0.0343 Tc 0.1251 Tw [(A)18.3(utomobile E)22.3(nvironmental P)22.3(r)3.3(otection)]TJ T* 0 Tc -0.0294 Tw [(T)142(echnolog)-48(y P)24(r)29(esentation S)24(eminar)60(,)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 12.204 0 TD -0.0011 Tc -0.0379 Tw [( Beijing,)]TJ -12.204 -1.2 TD -0.0008 Tc 0.0125 Tw (December 3, 1999.)Tj 5.8 0 0 5.8 228.96 457.32 Tm -0.0009 Tc 0 Tw (25 )Tj 10 0 0 10 236.4 453.96 Tm -0.0011 Tc 0.042 Tw [(W)94.9(ang X)10.9(uechun. )]TJ /F12 1 Tf 6.552 0 TD -0.0006 Tc 0.0426 Tw [(S)26.4(tudy on I)23.4(n-use )58.7(V)105.4(e)5.4(-)]TJ -8.196 -1.2 TD 0.0034 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(hicle I)27.4(nspection/Maintenance \(I/M\) P)27.4(r)8.4(o-)]TJ T* -0.0082 Tc -0.0593 Tw [(g)6.8(r)27.8(am in Beijing.)]TJ /F6 1 Tf 5.772 0 TD -0.0079 Tc -0.0741 Tw [( Master)16.1()95.1(s)-2.2( )29.3(Thesis, )41.3(T)112.1(singhua)]TJ -5.772 -1.2 TD -0.0003 Tc 0.0181 Tw [(U)37.7(niversity)107.7(, \()-36.3(J)44.7(une\):6-8, 1999.)]TJ 5.8 0 0 5.8 228.96 409.32 Tm -0.0069 Tc 0 Tw (26)Tj 10 0 0 10 234.84 405.96 Tm -0.001 Tc 0.0402 Tw [( D)11(epar)-25(tment of E)11(nvironmental Sci-)]TJ -1.488 -1.2 TD -0.0006 Tc -0.0286 Tw [(ence and Engineering, )47.5(T)107.4(singhua U)47.4(niver-)]TJ T* -0.0017 Tc 0 Tw (sity)Tj /F12 1 Tf 1.332 0 TD -0.0002 Tc -0.0607 Tw [(. R)23.8(epor)-12.2(t: )4.1(Demonstr)35.8(ation of )49.1(T)129.8(ypical Cit-)]TJ -1.332 -1.2 TD 0.0155 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(ies for Controlling )51.4(V)109.5(ehicle E)27.5(missions in)]TJ 16.608 36 TD -0.001 Tc 0 Tw (China)Tj /F6 1 Tf 2.34 0 TD -0.0007 Tc 0.009 Tw (, December 1999.)Tj 5.8 0 0 5.8 395.04 721.3201 Tm -0.0009 Tc 0 Tw (27 )Tj 10 0 0 10 402.48 717.9601 Tm -0.0004 Tc 0.0369 Tw [(Zhou Zhanming et al., )95.6(Analysis of)]TJ -1.644 -1.2 TD 0.0615 Tc 0.3868 Tw [(E)9.5(nvironmental Behavior in City)]TJ T* 0.0028 Tc 0.0982 Tw [(S)11.8(henzhen)86.8()81.8(s)-7.2( Y)96.8(early )-26.3(I)14.8(nspection )-27(S)26.8(tations,)]TJ /F12 1 Tf T* 0.0626 Tc 0.3297 Tw [(China E)26.6(nvir)14.6(onmental M)14.6(onitoring,)]TJ /F6 1 Tf T* -0.0002 Tc 0.055 Tw (15\(1\):12, 1999.)Tj ET 0.96 w 10 M /GS1 gs 198 302.4 m 396 302.4 l S endstream endobj 94 0 obj << /Type /ExtGState /SA true /SM 0.02 /OP true /BG 217 0 R /UCR 214 0 R /TR /Identity >> endobj 95 0 obj [ /Separation /All /DeviceCMYK 96 0 R ] endobj 96 0 obj << /FunctionType 0 /Domain [ 0 1 ] /Range [ 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 ] /BitsPerSample 8 /Size [ 255 ] /Length 394 /Filter /FlateDecode >> stream H m۶m\m~ټl۶m۶"0AJ0"4aK8D"2QJ4"6qK<Ⓚ$"1IHJ2"5iHK:ғd"3YJ6"7yK>SĂ0(1%()<H%*ST:5I-jSԣ> hH#ӄ49-hI+Zӆ=H':Ӆt;=I/zӇ? 3 c8#(F3c<Lb2S43b6s<泀,b1KX2b5kX:ֳlb3[6b7{>să081s489s2¸5s6ɸ=ć<1Ox3󂗼5ox;|3_77?e endstream endobj 97 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 181 /Widths [ 250 206 380 500 500 863 770 208 320 320 400 560 250 320 250 250 500 500 500 500 510 500 500 500 500 500 250 250 560 560 560 300 770 596 581 646 739 566 533 703 761 341 340 623 546 874 739 730 552 730 574 471 634 734 622 878 576 564 601 320 340 320 560 500 360 444 466 338 474 346 261 382 475 278 259 448 246 729 501 406 448 465 341 262 284 496 426 657 420 366 406 320 260 320 560 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 208 380 0 0 0 1000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 250 0 500 500 0 0 0 0 0 825 0 0 0 320 0 0 0 560 0 0 0 496 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /DGCPMM+AGaramond-Italic /FontDescriptor 102 0 R >> endobj 98 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 181 /Widths [ 250 333 408 500 500 833 778 180 333 333 500 564 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 278 278 564 564 564 444 921 722 667 667 722 611 556 722 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 556 722 667 556 611 722 722 944 722 722 611 333 278 333 469 500 333 444 500 444 500 444 333 500 500 278 278 500 278 778 500 500 500 500 333 389 278 500 500 722 500 500 444 480 200 480 541 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 500 500 250 250 250 250 250 760 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 564 250 250 250 500 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /DGDFPG+Times-Roman /FontDescriptor 104 0 R >> endobj 99 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 181 /Widths [ 250 333 555 500 500 1000 833 278 333 333 500 570 250 333 250 278 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 333 333 570 570 570 500 930 722 667 722 722 667 611 778 778 389 500 778 667 944 722 778 611 778 722 556 667 722 722 1000 722 722 667 333 278 333 581 500 333 500 556 444 556 444 333 500 556 278 333 556 278 833 556 500 556 556 444 389 333 556 500 722 500 500 444 394 220 394 520 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 500 500 250 250 250 250 250 747 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 570 250 250 250 556 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /DGDHLE+Times-Bold /FontDescriptor 106 0 R >> endobj 100 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 181 /Widths [ 278 333 474 556 556 889 722 238 333 333 389 584 278 333 278 278 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 333 333 584 584 584 611 975 722 722 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 556 722 611 833 722 778 667 778 722 667 611 722 667 944 667 667 611 333 278 333 584 556 333 556 611 556 611 556 333 611 611 278 278 556 278 889 611 611 611 611 389 556 333 611 556 778 556 556 500 389 280 389 584 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 556 556 278 278 278 278 278 737 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 584 278 278 278 611 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /DGCABD+Helvetica-Bold /FontDescriptor 200 0 R >> endobj 101 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /Type1 /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 181 /Widths [ 278 278 355 556 556 889 667 191 333 333 389 584 278 333 278 278 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 556 278 278 584 584 584 556 1015 667 667 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 500 667 556 833 722 778 667 778 722 667 611 722 667 944 667 667 611 278 278 278 469 556 333 556 556 500 556 556 278 556 556 222 222 500 222 833 556 556 556 556 333 500 278 556 500 722 500 500 500 334 260 334 584 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 556 556 278 278 278 278 278 737 278 278 278 278 278 278 278 584 278 278 278 556 ] /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /BaseFont /DGCAEH+Helvetica /FontDescriptor 195 0 R >> endobj 102 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 720 /CapHeight 663 /Descent -270 /Flags 98 /FontBBox [ -182 -285 1150 851 ] /FontName /DGCPMM+AGaramond-Italic /ItalicAngle -18.5 /StemV 74 /XHeight 408 /CharSet (/colon/h/J/w/P/slash/i/F/L/d/y/n/j/N/M/z/one/k/A/quoteright/m/Q/x/three/\ o/parenleft/R/K/p/quotedblleft/S/parenright/E/q/U/T/emdash/B/r/space/V/b\ /g/C/s/W/c/D/comma/a/t/l/e/G/hyphen/u/Y/f/nine/I/H/period/v) /FontFile3 103 0 R >> endobj 103 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 8941 /Subtype /Type1C >> stream H|yPWǻ[3Ntftd̮qˣ<5!1@ rp\==3! 1TwU4ny&uHo=?v7^{|k `>$*"?$ȲߪLγѿ?,Ϗ郂?!ߴ˲0b=e*s0V+N)7T*(LK 䌵2nWa:*ݧ&=P5͓`H̩ /zGpOw0-eo _TX^̯7!Cx_u)F%9JWcPVޔ+ 5ʌؕG_}~ܹjȦu3:9xhc0xaK؅\k"[oCL& E5zן?ݺ{o#-f`EYIm`7ˑے>{.$^&.جr*B?E?1@f#Uş lڀ?W%GǏr*-k o$v`J2 ca鱤ǬDoPR^OV^kC{fB:ft8$U=;yjB)iPIjԗjMVi4Nkz@88I@ĠÆ[e%d+&S!.˩pyD'@hU sYK**u* Cuzs uX-^@|=8H V_J=ATtLAS$73|5M!4L%PʼM-whZF6h&~e}8x8ÊQIt)D^䙞x.v;?],E$l:x7t1UDUgcˈr[+ȆYt=[`&[lMX&m&tyFbWFuUGT6ӟA茦3K 8MWz8McT@-ׯHa֚֮ R0#Sމ<v0X˗PkdWkIzCoƻ_չ 77}^`iO!O@\hP_ހ.+@i q{.:OWEljVa.̕~ Y.—Hϖ =uc,K v@[%Z9MH!JMˢSc4$Ubvp=|=HPhht~[c?(8Hךn MS֨Zj186*͐;udzx D\ƗבIATA\$m!0B|9mrh-P.<P20PP$!nPd]L+km3U7?HAmZǢVSٴ4ɽ%|,$I{S!+ELzNQ_qSAVgK}@- v]=QLXB}EeF:g]=s?59(TܭBmm/+ShXqiA3tT;T0gLvns8\ynZxS!P|9}8 ԓv--IF5T@g#XHD6a7G2V }ʢGN]wKMUTˠ)"urewywB&Y]Z|DAD /녯@d UAT K&(3EdVCWdkWLq c=790*F抟널K ۔;1׿p^?[.=. F!.>x|;tjYA3CU nfZuh3 a>ܱl_$6-4´ڱ%oJs25矴{Ѿڪ¶x9Am<-nNn0Gc;t8Y7{DL?/N܇g6m$;vU>QFZ'eQw8qWіxLz=!á?i}uwJG:ڨՕiMHRX8.N߼!`1 g&7+ah$2:eNvtܮhn )J\~ROs7բ~ NYک1mBH@{*Ƈ {lR4f{ftD&Swg}8x׺A8&V,u5qa\l^ڲiSz=GIk*B$Bvy!&/IBETx:Vu:q7s3ws}~|*P &kXb˗IkM2lڥ5^\9J} N !\S5DFJ,+W9}Eم}xIO9{,=8 5ƪ EȦ∖ף7 gV3V,.݈0 fR DI2IN8JZ NxG |4*x oU\ v?`u6Ww EcwoKO/>۳񺳾;ܽ5-Ű]8Ύ·!0'վpٱմƽ۽Z͒47,vx KcC3)xvD+;<64duw|Q0qvCvbXޱr_fpxv^©"dzR2Qt+(چ098@pT:^E:uOQ8$"ª*DOĆ"ڇp>W+$^Ons\!K H]LUN5jbQӧ@VNaӏ&fƣ7tyfbP٦T"l4P$i!-*$1w-@k:za"ZX_"@+Ĺk fS0u&ka~:_"Il fB\RmѰ!Vd/O:X2el\N /@CkS:F U[w wca"LY씆#h$وqLh,q|Noɿ0!{11/C=x#zZ>L8ۍPD7۳#ڐ5*NN63o޺۳ܰڧuڧUݎʰ䵱9ʦ Q&tv93BSaHMih׽$xv$EN5ڰ>nqYng|#T#DNI+Ts]p$;ӛat a2ٌ.sHޡL`D y,WAC#>$ޟ:"^vqΆ՗ _ Utę@`ji9!}:'J$]YK$M?hbyNJ @k#'yPry+ֱ[0R!9yh=: 4J&M6fͷً-zK18ڼN| 9,^0PEk7޿qxM 2Xl DA7䗽,D-9@z' b!,Xhl^yC7 ϨY;w?XWdiV8j6$K*3pxZ)҄uy_>k?O|8dJ xV n`װvsy|%H<Oο/s(-{Um>l1̀5̯&; $]UbNEGH^R"L|,|}r6v~=AyA$j\.e4lK/$U-:c GARSvƘ\muvKG8de*ViQ\8 A+Ej LC }8Cŭfq# nqs8Knmvi; z{Ni[ڍL Qf|*q$|t|.Ήe za_U_ȱ\ĴvP [KᕴO&:&ypH^TBd .cjHV/tHLֶ ٬dp0`)[~A]?Ϥ#pX`}~s]8h_PT~F2ԛv68U'evS=`W7TƃMlGI)lkڇx$؍. TTgiVy <<1V564/oe%hOpΣfzxT>kW;Kσk[,v}^1/]Qs qP6ć'thA߫>¥"?،畉4좣%U]19$=Ixې56-˻٤g9۳ݴʱ\?8*x<.{Essox[F#wU8;ť,܂94> C]Pxt26SӉjd]R ?~Bv~y{tkCn}zT4fwYMn30Wi1v1sSX`p{':510gAH4S^~ ڭ%8jF7tG2Z+Is lJ ] pʑ:8% ?Ȟ8xrJ\oD9 Q& lMغ`f1kѯQSTQ^\ ,fL64~ieeQի~pUug{]{wѮ%:&Mhon*Q+ ,͊hgyJia#JT}B7/> \;SaB>Sg]+dmyFymM V/^p,XLja͊W(_TYVQ:ejp^ܔ1]}|W.ph_5e%ŅS'O,P.]ߒ&_X\QP%͙&J©;徛{aJ:=|ճn׺پL3,8Sԁ<ra/ ; endstream endobj 104 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 699 /CapHeight 662 /Descent -217 /Flags 34 /FontBBox [ -168 -218 1000 898 ] /FontName /DGDFPG+Times-Roman /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 84 /XHeight 450 /CharSet (/space) /FontFile3 105 0 R >> endobj 105 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 295 /Subtype /Type1C >> stream Hbd`ab`ddvqwq pM- M f!CIf``g``_PYQ`hia"%4`\1%?)U!$5X3/9 ($5EOA1'G!dZBPjqjQPdbDĔĢl4̼ʂT]T.Gwļ"LҤ̔Ģb`?aW;eSw}5OM;Ds9}}"٦xK endstream endobj 106 0 obj << /Type /FontDescriptor /Ascent 699 /CapHeight 676 /Descent -205 /Flags 262178 /FontBBox [ -168 -218 1000 935 ] /FontName /DGDHLE+Times-Bold /ItalicAngle 0 /StemV 139 /XHeight 461 /CharSet (/space) /FontFile3 107 0 R >> endobj 107 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 306 /Subtype /Type1C >> stream Hbd`ab`ddrqwqM-uIf!C> stream 8;Z]"@?-!`%#)7lH.]Im(N-O8JmeJ;[_V6u9ID0#9)[VAiY]Nk^&c,3EZSI=0h383 9\2aAfjMf5=?a_+=MPWu4U&h(,$rJ>7XhV^i->Ns-E-&)3csiD:%;^Ei%iHCMj7Q% @?k)])Th*F>`OpS:.$C%@E7S!/sF<%S$lW':'hBK48N:"[9HC`r28SdL&mN2 VKQ")kX"=j3ShKi;kRL;Ykj&/'#-oeYrj2i>-WD8@[:l]R&XZ!Pe=\[4*tCs.keb" 8rL1h[g8>;qjUs'Uh1Y%]>8VH7][o9?OEqoUYB.!Y3_JgY9QBCqLpbt>Z&b"@Nefu "s)eLpn-M[7SeIr0d6!Eo_lN'U@9WbI=Gu/igJh1cnApaJ9@m,a9tY`-)nY-T+Ld? ?#DDCr?W0rMd*giCPL#trTdiqq]7M-bZm`_Kjk3efed2YCYg_lr[$)36$]TPEjn6! rjB2#X8d[WSKOm8\No/PqWm-Erge4rB]SH[,>7'%LqM]XIFn%9j+)Sm1c?TRr endstream endobj 109 0 obj 567 endobj 110 0 obj << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Width 76 /Height 99 /ColorSpace 156 0 R /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 111 0 R >> stream 8;Z]"CQa;m&;96Gk=Nt9?b&a-%,oSf4V98DPtl1>[C#n0)1cquYJ1tg-`('r$Cl58 akR9[a*:2C27,gk@5+$g1J4[hAZrAtFg'``-f@<&%ZLPRqqB.lQZm2WX_*@hWkOpS kK;8+fZs=`;3'^0 Xu2.3ZR$iYlu/c@Q#"'8_KS$Dl&jl5FK$K%`,\GBg:0I8acV5^B'.6AO;H5CX222. hnXrSE`_&\JqQ!TVZLto()Qd8X20"IP**7>)U:KdlhrU]X P#j3:;'V^b81l?Dn+;$0Qh4?TK=T'G>MkbXk1]Dt8CA^h%:Yms2(i2'E?r*cS^S$Q g[jmW9D=fhJ8R#C13_-CP`NP(3uYH6IsQS'AZfY1/.:620=f<"#bi_&Ca Z!8lRS;V\8&"f^Fc_\h;?et((E\6&OEKsimQX6HMbddZ32CB7m,-OA)>m2,ELWfA# Cub(GRuoJiW"lhU3LiDg"s$Mg%/_l2/eQB4!$~> endstream endobj 111 0 obj 575 endobj 112 0 obj << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Width 76 /Height 99 /ColorSpace 156 0 R /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 113 0 R >> stream 8;Z\5>I&l(%*ee'e#nC3fLbO&"VM:U+lG>nEGB?HiB3hlk!+;@-oq$ds2Au8@D\@f ^C?mZ]GJ[NED%I?p!Se`9HfK-4)e1G_2G3S`Er5l:sEI0?r)?nn=#GFMb@lCm74]V 0.K+;W96(!PnAen?+;kIk!N#6"m)k'Y`L&TgA5cVV8*XqrntJ[SN1quWE(XhFeEji ^-/cGij+3R6X5QWU&>R+_RQ[Km4=A"NXD$:_'O"-'nKU1=,d\8hQ*!)po7YoA;QAc 1!"1/?A[Ths2=0+?GJE6=+!ESP&(;gR'3#^b^/4U\Ai!kO5F6350!9,?i12"(Zm6AW:HOq4qaUU-.t+^. endstream endobj 113 0 obj 528 endobj 114 0 obj << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Width 76 /Height 99 /ColorSpace 156 0 R /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 115 0 R >> stream 8;Z\uCU/R8%#)%fp%5C5Is!-JV'&?#!-qRW4LV\ML@:WlMYQCt+\7*WlS)]hNH q1)fXae&J^Gf5-o5+udG)!LZ2Bq@tQLW]BA8p-#H/L!E*;Sb4CFhWHI>I_F*>R]m+ gm[TUf.VF9.(65)K0NI\E#]X Z=!FO+^F"a7ko'+1YJ8\/bYPp:DdBQKcEcXVC!rOV*rWW=(XZlR[n2M>5QmUM-A[% '3R'lO+lThZ[jE(Bn=.$D*RafhWg.`/Emf&rX@NU0`'kZ(inX<]W HL@u[ooW]V)i*D,5:=HjNQc0K*s^rY^.n$*P>&,KP8!P&1['Ped&TZNXhX#%W$T;C ($Jr/+/&W7!2NQe0)~> endstream endobj 115 0 obj 547 endobj 116 0 obj << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Width 76 /Height 99 /ColorSpace 156 0 R /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 117 0 R >> stream 8;Z\7>B7Y)%-.?Mfq*o`F='YdfTI>n!Z%cROj Fg+2qGAE_g9(4U?d4Yu[_m^/paCqqMIS=LnB8b7@(*/)LJrS;BenGt_siUBEJoo::t 45L:'!^>Mr"ebMC5Y\WVP=tjZl[o>DpJq]uHch$D/=E:T/$8>,knct1bJ&%TCi4bE i$EYb748"fGf_*[$tI[;B7A',1hudo^jqK54CFb:DV7sY_7G7[UC^4U=M@7upGn6$ \NIsVT#BBImE8qogHgt1T#=65:-,+siFCUEWGHTHfaEe2d#>sRmm:?KJt9PqVXL]= NDa.!507S@%`sAE@"/S&Sg;'gmcB3#N.m0OI3aT7m0aog".O\k;(:Kj@-O0f8/VVnlkYp K9b]jdWab3H7)F2dR&qJd6G=b=W.5H*YqI(@P)jrs%Id116(u"Rf=gG",DHjH9O!s a1_cY.k(+a~> endstream endobj 117 0 obj 606 endobj 118 0 obj << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Width 76 /Height 99 /ColorSpace 156 0 R /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 119 0 R >> stream 8;Z]!>7uQ2$q7N&osAMV0C5KLjcorOPZ0_LVj0_G:+jU%EG?sJi$nmbNEo^QAjgmt0HhJ4T j\kB+:&l<4>Q]g2f:b'W=MeQq/onGdp'>-["UD?o\M3>4M%40_&?80>=``RF\X(T? ^dqJ-(lsjikN\2N[5R%t_k,Slf^aA.Y@lFf^_L8[*s"Alf*/<@.JOY)JWIUnpAK-] YJ![b3f8Ba_^,Ps_A)q%f7$&MkL,j?]<8?ZocIFeP.CKslGrECm&N$jflHu.oiuZ\ ol?H%QO.jcXfo//%K2a]^5Zp'TNpX2>[\jP\:2*Yr;h;qpA\oK9eO<5Igl%O9gp\' /G`X[[T@FY1 endstream endobj 119 0 obj 457 endobj 120 0 obj << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Width 76 /Height 99 /ColorSpace 156 0 R /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 121 0 R >> stream 8;Z]!;%eL($q,1:o<`/h(N.Y5"H`ghK%R?WFBYf`o!/DJR",$Y&/ph*\U_$EVl#^_ .V4/NSb7*th!@en2\P73N9h>km["n\>Zm'8ksuspOGaUOk`A$T di\;lkE<3ZIS$7+MhIY0jGK5j1A>`?/;D`NWp\3F(pEhl08b\Sm^f==HG#lNTX/?^ Db%5'Za57aR)`aSQg5]rY9qko?c[;Eq*i!q5+PHM7ipCI2TO6eOYi,l(c7;]pT=#( H62+6nE!n4Z%ZG7%I/0.IZ(`J&cQ$/97"D8pLa'Bre'K``I$RTR]A>3dA1H2FOTDd SlPMM5=E[W4NC+2,U?qbXYjYA`K&O?*!'PX/nG*86^nVAE1sU7E.faP0I_0p0`mqV C8i5%Q4'`YWB]N.>AmU)_tTE#f?1[CN-Yes<_M^5QfE@U$C>0;DN;/4X\+7_?N7fU ;2K3E8<3$fa)ZV:PO?rt\uENq-nQpZ4F*)$&2E(%q~> endstream endobj 121 0 obj 573 endobj 122 0 obj << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Width 76 /Height 99 /ColorSpace 156 0 R /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 123 0 R >> stream 8;Z]"CN@<8%"rd'o<`/X?[S&4bekP+>4[Q>:6iq/;gYjCUk6kh++GaG%7'5ufLPm? T`n%/Lt9rWbC/&pql60koX-CG*&04=l^6*?+o*=+cFWA"FF8uBXC5;!QRET0dgXHf j,c77_!h+\C0tE;bST1F%"BSHac1H8[nq8>Gto0ccdu&aQAAgRhSVF&;9V42P>bZL HqMSBrq_mhn[^d>X!%]?.\&1sl^:Qh[]V;%mD/%$lPofa-rfo:R65Mb@7p\e!V.m/+pJdoeP;N+$]9isU_'cM/V*iJosF&77pWq^[VP)/HQ_qo]T,?`TbmFKO*Z6kiML M,_N\N3Ft.NbH-hQs.Na?/pnd[7d.,+CCM#n>3=C:>XNKT!6K!q6C+I(BKK@ KWo[\2WOJuR:qiBl3[-8\o:HXG5s>LHG;UtI:9UIkZ-K`W;QKGUV]mB7^Z.#P/-Y= `@9&M0K\UdNn+=4`fRCookUHYX\j5I4PF.2>J6;a2%.9;rYPP[)kA!V1Jqq9%tB:6 ?$Mn(;f]VqIKfeF?LQ&~> endstream endobj 123 0 obj 615 endobj 124 0 obj << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Width 76 /Height 99 /ColorSpace 156 0 R /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 125 0 R >> stream 8;Z]!@?SJM%#''.oB9?JQbA73kuK6Y+cenQl56G-AkMX-&.ju-ICLl1q;^N`OWPcJ ,-_cSE?NlML8)1KN)sm;-%cLWk?=N_ZKler@\(Vu-^WbK`]?i?)$DCIA#7 E=63Aec*qL-K=@%*_WQ!U[pHJdkmL?n2?QTlhd$H6_esQ[RQJq]gK_!h-^iF/(DYn q^U>8G`fS"L6IpMN:'\C8L[6!j.\\,[W@HU@f%YtA2RV6P$kuW2'P%q?CMQ1NSlR_ Q!!_>6r5,fiA>S5HhOTPm*1[RW%@lpO%&JR^aPk16P=A]-j2a#:R361)Mg!Z][@AUJs3k.D!sIQH&&s[! :#j-Om/(2XgGF4sJm;.TBnuAp8KQB;LjJ`$BX]TEA)2(nWrQq6Wh,@P]"F(e"or,Y;qh~> endstream endobj 125 0 obj 532 endobj 126 0 obj << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Width 76 /Height 99 /ColorSpace 156 0 R /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 127 0 R >> stream 8;Z]!f+#VO$q.f/4NT-Z-fr7"3f6?RgB^+g!GmS)G>th8rp^LD((g8;I/j&Ng.YHR lJB<$*6D1!,I2$\T$G$)a(>l!_;Gsf5#i-Sk"=9.\JVbH9lN gi"sO?W<)(RfVk0f;<#Jeo@k"8*S^cHL-u,HH_L_aB(!55UQ665`]`.=OlqTh\rA0 5G6T/K_O5VNbrU2QJ:a#aJ(pOXdqrUgAu5:q[L=/lb#2L/a.2.BY_LeQ:E7ZV2]^. +JA2eW+q!$^R7j2:)[iZcV)dJWJ?gFpJ!/Xh4PN>HB2gVnN9;p%g%UdaRg;a.&X2uL(QVg.W0PF ku1*uf>:i-`NX[7R7Bp.gjj0la`T-^M1-%tG!(g`4n9b5/PGc+!HY;dN'pn9=oPC( m>?sOqRp#ej#$i,R&uk~> endstream endobj 127 0 obj 483 endobj 128 0 obj << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Width 76 /Height 99 /ColorSpace 156 0 R /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 129 0 R >> stream 8;Z]"@?Q6c%#&d&o=/GT?bOR!"fm_$M1Ol6VWi2%MN@3hX=3\L^3*a]mo%h6HbK/h M>*'9G!-hr>.\IML"T_^C32h`ehLV$liUfFfs1`dr8F-L%*Btn6=Wl G05pa%1nLQ,Ei>lW5gY456e7.V9u8?MFeagI2YeqB+^I`HH^NQK[TQI]m8AeIPGU) 7^aaJW8&T"G`P%j#1o7\1s+bQ6#sZXY:gsJV7,Lf m-]!8Pq=VGI4-1=;chLQ5El+OJR&PcN;[h'+&foV!-p9n_Z~> endstream endobj 129 0 obj 577 endobj 130 0 obj << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Width 76 /Height 99 /ColorSpace 156 0 R /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 131 0 R >> stream 8;Z\6d1sM@$tTB`FI)jA-JAM9OoqB^6simYCI]#NcTIDmu>Y)GbY=+uVG[R9^_%4a1=!T<+cc*?,d\b""WW/2= endstream endobj 131 0 obj 513 endobj 132 0 obj << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Width 76 /Height 99 /ColorSpace 156 0 R /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 133 0 R >> stream 8;Z\u=-g`H$q8kLH899`0Aaer0a?,UU*MoM,*h`/:D

WiT(*9KC?oF4XGt$OC=Rd5"d!g=Ff4n qtuer,9"olOudKUp8FBYDmbqV:J?r71QF&!,2!7=RR)d`LOel'J]fBH:#^LK0 [O;,1$?9u9#-4T0fZ:IX)H9ABUm?7A_J8(E)XQtQVAj`U`u:(H\Ibg.MdN"/YW;i$ *WC<85!Q_Ek1NBY=A.o.=;]XT&\(NF;RfUgE+Xu2FY4l"994*^$/27t>r:D`4s9jr UKj5_b[utfcHWjCKqm,hk6n]:-*_I_k0"AH>bNA`->@>V3h+$5KroV5L!=T)_H6\" /kbF*/'N.(]+.js(T_5lZ[p:42rcY0XCX_UYtf)U,1"kf"u"3SS$0q=lcu7Z9&>&E \3`c?fl`:Gh*L7JkOH4RY@#=]a1LuVG,a:X=*ea[j>*&^>Vl,&0@ta[[[kH1q(gUG !cAU2TqGS=&,ViHFX.NrrB@ca'E8.73&5SP~> endstream endobj 133 0 obj 565 endobj 134 0 obj << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Width 76 /Height 99 /ColorSpace 156 0 R /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 135 0 R >> stream 8;Z]"D0!Q;#_p%mH.oUo=)ZMYN)AOk,-,G+.@L,?/,8U+FI).JrjK?J6@g:-*8/Y< 3=.\b\Ro$?7d5C,Qb4XD.q.i2i9l3X[("VBS?7oh\QBMIHPIj25"!e7jRjY(?fEQs '&&OpcZt??;IooS7"m-MS]j$P9.N_DYN2g?oQ.teS5`:Z7]ubkNE!t_fFrn4JO!o? @#^RaeFNEr\]fX,PHkHP0[ZfIk3"Ac-ss#f/^V9[V` +FkWe\_?6?_#DkA-'ssJ+97ataJI`pqq+/5mh9pT7c))^RiVZDs#d9A*:9b^QnP3f'Ab&p%lCHONW)E/mFH?Y==X4 Y$(Y%;>=hs%f?+@A?KkBMreDW%LMtIm3gQ4!+;8l#l~> endstream endobj 135 0 obj 572 endobj 136 0 obj << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Width 76 /Height 99 /ColorSpace 156 0 R /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 137 0 R >> stream 8;Z]"%?eUO#Y&n8o5rn*nBXBBf&RElf]@A+R<"bd(6]=jt(T8S!!kRUh3oe97A]]%qT?I..$2[4IqRWimjaHK>!$k endstream endobj 137 0 obj 511 endobj 138 0 obj << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Width 76 /Height 99 /ColorSpace 156 0 R /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 139 0 R >> stream 8;Z\7>AhA%%*\[re"4P1ksr&_`oBQe"'oUmXgE)`Sf%qr+s6]L@>D;?.Bb*S;L[Ng =CqnS!F#WL3meG]fL'&V\pkAj0c<5-8a9m,EenYnW1:Z.7f-T!Y8=5L>;&4,73)&' ]`lVBY`X<%\F/S2S5HBXr&XjqWI'24%los98fc\)>^G(lZ^5$`(0f*)@Ep?-:';&X Cqf4P&524DUf5Pn`!,BR/i%#sY&OUFK(pOMZ+PO[45/^sjW#uqKok:bA#6K6jOh*+ E;$`L1M;:[bN6J3e>`7M"[&!1?hZK=QD,S?"LuYsP=`tVI&8QebONA@5_.lI>e3JA fmRfCYtepUlU6Ucf"JQ;2JUQ!Jd-c8%$;XUc*C*?BRVEX&#+oj1l?,0)/t7Ck#&P% *1;?oFJ*O(_Y#h)K4C2FcCuTSe endstream endobj 139 0 obj 547 endobj 140 0 obj << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Width 76 /Height 99 /ColorSpace 156 0 R /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 141 0 R >> stream 8;Z]"@1IoD#_ftlH/)Q4c@2-\/J!*.=DK[T-!`msHW[Nfq:jf"/_U@+($&fA'(+p0 J?d+/ga4B+!d%ne[VN5tLM@gIjf_/,0qm@5q]O,0f5VE2l(1!AH/eG(O97GRZ 12i2%km`V<;PS_%$RH-UE0Z[rlZe'@Cdk%^rMutfoc0Xoi+RjSBJ1je=M;+tI3R,i ,(iNs6TL\UPLu4M/"nj]OGcCfF#f^I0!h)kA9^MPj!%KA3%lI4-DN'u[]g:l?70,r cb(l```pEt_^XYU>&Tr2)Cor^6EY"WJ ^TmK@XE<+Q+RQY<&n6U0$5#>0DL[jI:.C;5hESo;)H.BfpdA$#`>=`3fE5=>t0c'/e(X`Q"@Cp?ERc(mfc8h4ha+.doAUh#q%m lQrTAIFeC)"kKoKoQ.]PQhT-V!+XO8Xo~> endstream endobj 141 0 obj 496 endobj 142 0 obj << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Width 76 /Height 99 /ColorSpace 156 0 R /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 143 0 R >> stream 8;Z]"D3BMo%#/j'oB`%pJ+Y.(/SI[A$j]utdle.s1irWC^kp$5Se-;lk6&<:[0EL,]!MB;;)4#AF@EEmVSEUAeoQR9NASqmm' Gf>s2RAKFgW.A2JB)pCm=i_+Oe&(/YPHJ'KA'P`O"GJq!Ml_WodaRWt[RAV\i\VjG Eum#rq!iU\Vui'n&KHk[T%'c *Rj[GGZ-I8&DI,,4AY,i2jrYu.+S]ON@sP%k'd#n1GZ?3kRNno=`7Orf2f6fYZdgR P>14TNsaL>@[E7RDGSH$8%QIim@p;sQ&nS8Er91728"[GF6sd*:;$IlJ@)Pj(7pb6 Vh,A\N\K@#ihA(LNt9?e<"H%kf4_>,0Y%fUd.mk0D?\,M&Pfkk>`B?220,8O&m=>- kgI>uIBd$_`ok.`Ln?aPF8^:^=>"2tPG+W.rIFY^!9uqgg]~> endstream endobj 143 0 obj 577 endobj 144 0 obj << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Width 76 /Height 99 /ColorSpace 156 0 R /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 145 0 R >> stream 8;Z\u>E6TD$q7l0olSd%0C34K*l\aQ0i!9hlE,e,`0fR8P;rtYION0:R7BP '\MJEM@H(YUC':8?niJ,XS2WS^FIiOYt&a+?D>ed?#SJ%UI1ccm-')>Y_oLG"4eBE ?g;L`b5jPZ^/jSotFq2-*pYD-Gjg(2i*H"#*?&fZN..0&HQSng8!fU-. P\V!3KTpruSS$okJTTjPe;3"eDsdE4I++nhB8&Q:*4]BmY2JdHg0?h["%#/oo*D%< (2%&6QSmHIbNM%.jf8c_$a/fTPL\IoI`&J,AB7mD,2r& (F]YW2l=OT\]-;.[2IB23.f([doh0o?U4N=f7s&(,i7lhRAEb_r1U8MJ"YrMkr UB+S-+Vt-#>bQ,%d;S$e"H_@]cNtVK.!6C(^.+nd]DA+B]V!dL,\BDn*W"X]l7_LH ^@-VlXn6C.1)K1ir!m.J%=EqCEQ*4p^+W`"$Q"oZG0RGc4Y\FS$f;#9j[GAQD!p>H ^;'2REuC[Wg`uI&V*p-AZbV~> endstream endobj 145 0 obj 575 endobj 146 0 obj << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Width 76 /Height 99 /ColorSpace 156 0 R /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 147 0 R >> stream 8;Z]"D3DdZ#_p%mH$7NN?bOS,`aTMLqh&FVA=Bq2iSfb7"7W_%A^((A5GNpEr%Ij# SideS"4n@Tg^n7HNBEbfT[)X<\Qmo';QeRhhk<2HE5_pHH7&JI`0-R3[&%7mc6>1F7N/=u\@"]oFUXkr[krHm42N'@:M%q)7BoSooD;7ch &VC]t/@1_R`mp)s[`6>KV2;7S(\L!sUQA2$.(cfK`!'r.eS"8N+\##37frGlY)6PV mkBH5TVoKE2tPG;YhT=r"?Ko o$XaFWVdb$1)A'EM1`cf endstream endobj 147 0 obj 517 endobj 148 0 obj << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Width 76 /Height 99 /ColorSpace 156 0 R /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 149 0 R >> stream 8;Z]">8"gr#XuB*oqZAC48k%6\NGfSbY4C<-_V=$`HNc7]a!jk%Cupn1rKGZk`"(p ^QjPF@%\3q!d^pdL\H%Q,bn4H4;S&J#`loej[]iO`tq>q_rbp+f*S_U@h8-%985p= +e0^\>XIi2jdogTfN=+X<[6\aQ%a4_6QA/!=NpW%UkiVY2@md2FM=g)La96j.W4X0J=/c0aWo?c`]p 4h/#O1L0]nEme?TEjf)O,qdBNmsgd#qB%M;Fk=DNC`kdf;-!e6E0c-^Xqs2`Ho)1N J2@'25[i!V%uSnSebefLc)]soBYH!i]VueafJkKs[^l>RNH"FAMsHh71OIj>,MPSP VVjhP^DT)NRnH"K5=]WHmPhO`ai7H?j8NZkS*1:7YNp=VNr9.^&9+Mu~> endstream endobj 149 0 obj 453 endobj 150 0 obj << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Width 76 /Height 99 /ColorSpace 156 0 R /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 151 0 R >> stream 8;Z\68Wpt6%.o&?+9.,rE-0sRD9DI6i/LG4/J-7(.WUZ*5c_MnfJrVbDcC14!h"ut >s:nj27#>YiE2)"8qn21T=(At^-ZRlh"r7TP=_P:RJBOZ.L$R,H\#NL=VRo8(6q4c YmK=6MMKUKX2NG"V#!9PH`'=S& +2nP^=PC..AQc=$J,tX=FFn@=RW+V1RX?3'dXbur]s"HXVGC!U`n1W3pAF!j:-`D; =!T:fS,$1J`:X$r#(m`UY--gG0]mts$O`&Nhu8:10@oTl^&XIk<3f[N0==-2QhIHM 6MZ=P(($R>OG!(Me$4U(f$Vbi>k:.\rDEE&c*i*[53BobAoM(U?Vp7cgZjL[#^3X< bU-<8l`b'CC\sCh$u.q/8!FhCQ(D%ih0&AKc>e98pdK;V_9:Inl?1%@`D;WDL$A5P 7"V@I;23T(_l`=3`mo?CbmF:Hngh*"J3&Dt0R/TJX)KVASPF%*`h(K3I3G-NU7l<+V7NI]l3o=)Q&N endstream endobj 151 0 obj 674 endobj 152 0 obj << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode ] /Width 76 /Height 99 /ColorSpace 156 0 R /BitsPerComponent 8 /Length 153 0 R >> stream 8;Z\6>8"dq%.*r=;pUWaH4srh:^A!A8LWN,N'E`Alm!MsqVr(e#=gf5_cA+@$U$Q! +]P.\`3R1bH=#V`(35QUAQM7(10[LD#CL?`0ruk endstream endobj 153 0 obj 395 endobj 154 0 obj 481 endobj 155 0 obj << /Filter [ /ASCII85Decode /LZWDecode ] /Length 154 0 R >> stream J,g]g+e/h_!_gCtO=0f)$P%cIi8Zdfc5&3j_8$7g.@L`YKUJNGBP\poR=_;Dl'P(T (7Boo^^S:71(MN]ZQX/+Cbu.lK"p74pe1T%s.DY%&\1TdJhr54.M9au6>79n6`Q:4 PbLSZTLEE(8E@'*1mg_*eTnN*;*'V3+gm-EEetX%;Bo$ur2ss*N`.-!.kG_q6GDD' dKoL!8Ka#EV,@V!\j8ZFbp6EE<9cn=N6j0nf;(&;QU6bUD')c@\ 9-d\DA=cZ0Q>gIM$$;cd2O@&a;X,Nn_aP(]I1aRc(K1^ue> gF/(+GaKo$qneLWDrQ#;5\S(\$q'4Q,85`-8;S(=Z"WSBOV*FM)4,?B],R endstream endobj 156 0 obj [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 155 0 R ] endobj 157 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Kids [ 174 0 R 1 0 R 5 0 R 9 0 R 13 0 R 17 0 R 21 0 R 25 0 R 30 0 R 34 0 R ] /Count 10 /Parent 158 0 R >> endobj 158 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Kids [ 157 0 R 159 0 R 160 0 R ] /Count 23 >> endobj 159 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Kids [ 37 0 R 41 0 R 45 0 R 50 0 R 55 0 R 58 0 R 61 0 R 64 0 R 68 0 R 72 0 R ] /Count 10 /Parent 158 0 R >> endobj 160 0 obj << /Type /Pages /Kids [ 76 0 R 79 0 R 91 0 R ] /Count 3 /Parent 158 0 R >> endobj 161 0 obj << /Dt (D:20000807124117) /JTM (Distiller) >> endobj 162 0 obj /This endobj 163 0 obj << /CP (Distiller) /Fi 162 0 R >> endobj 164 0 obj << /R [ 2540 2540 ] >> endobj 165 0 obj << /JTF 0 /MB [ 0 0 612 792 ] /R 164 0 R /W [ 0 22 ] >> endobj 166 0 obj << /Fi [ 163 0 R ] /P [ 165 0 R ] >> endobj 167 0 obj << /Dm [ 612 792 612 792 ] >> endobj 168 0 obj << /Me 167 0 R >> endobj 169 0 obj << /D [ 166 0 R ] /MS 168 0 R /Type /JobTicketContents >> endobj 170 0 obj << /A [ 161 0 R ] /Cn [ 169 0 R ] /V 1.10001 >> endobj 171 0 obj << /CreationDate (D:20000807124117) /Producer (Acrobat Distiller 4.0 for Windows) /Author (muellerk) /Creator (PageMaker 6.5) /Title (Articles3-sect2.p65) /ModDate (D:20000807124120-04'00') >> endobj xref 0 172 0000000000 65535 f 0000066959 00000 n 0000067127 00000 n 0000067348 00000 n 0000088015 00000 n 0000088133 00000 n 0000088301 00000 n 0000088536 00000 n 0000102545 00000 n 0000102663 00000 n 0000102833 00000 n 0000103069 00000 n 0000116128 00000 n 0000116247 00000 n 0000116418 00000 n 0000116648 00000 n 0000132341 00000 n 0000132460 00000 n 0000132631 00000 n 0000132867 00000 n 0000154105 00000 n 0000154224 00000 n 0000154395 00000 n 0000154631 00000 n 0000172631 00000 n 0000172750 00000 n 0000172921 00000 n 0000173169 00000 n 0000192066 00000 n 0000192185 00000 n 0000192304 00000 n 0000192475 00000 n 0000192699 00000 n 0000206247 00000 n 0000206366 00000 n 0000206537 00000 n 0000206679 00000 n 0000218538 00000 n 0000218709 00000 n 0000218978 00000 n 0000233294 00000 n 0000233413 00000 n 0000233584 00000 n 0000233796 00000 n 0000245876 00000 n 0000245995 00000 n 0000246166 00000 n 0000246448 00000 n 0000261376 00000 n 0000261495 00000 n 0000261614 00000 n 0000261785 00000 n 0000262048 00000 n 0000278692 00000 n 0000278811 00000 n 0000278930 00000 n 0000279101 00000 n 0000279255 00000 n 0000292355 00000 n 0000292526 00000 n 0000292680 00000 n 0000306367 00000 n 0000306538 00000 n 0000306680 00000 n 0000319018 00000 n 0000319189 00000 n 0000319439 00000 n 0000332473 00000 n 0000332592 00000 n 0000332763 00000 n 0000333000 00000 n 0000355864 00000 n 0000355983 00000 n 0000356154 00000 n 0000356392 00000 n 0000373375 00000 n 0000373494 00000 n 0000373665 00000 n 0000373795 00000 n 0000386108 00000 n 0000386279 00000 n 0000386492 00000 n 0000398688 00000 n 0000399545 00000 n 0000399598 00000 n 0000439123 00000 n 0000439273 00000 n 0000439571 00000 n 0000439791 00000 n 0000439893 00000 n 0000440261 00000 n 0000440550 00000 n 0000440721 00000 n 0000440875 00000 n 0000452885 00000 n 0000452999 00000 n 0000453057 00000 n 0000453616 00000 n 0000454320 00000 n 0000455110 00000 n 0000455901 00000 n 0000456695 00000 n 0000457485 00000 n 0000457942 00000 n 0000466976 00000 n 0000467223 00000 n 0000467610 00000 n 0000467861 00000 n 0000468259 00000 n 0000468987 00000 n 0000469009 00000 n 0000469745 00000 n 0000469767 00000 n 0000470456 00000 n 0000470478 00000 n 0000471186 00000 n 0000471208 00000 n 0000471975 00000 n 0000471997 00000 n 0000472615 00000 n 0000472637 00000 n 0000473371 00000 n 0000473393 00000 n 0000474169 00000 n 0000474191 00000 n 0000474884 00000 n 0000474906 00000 n 0000475550 00000 n 0000475572 00000 n 0000476310 00000 n 0000476332 00000 n 0000477006 00000 n 0000477028 00000 n 0000477754 00000 n 0000477776 00000 n 0000478509 00000 n 0000478531 00000 n 0000479203 00000 n 0000479225 00000 n 0000479933 00000 n 0000479955 00000 n 0000480612 00000 n 0000480634 00000 n 0000481372 00000 n 0000481394 00000 n 0000482130 00000 n 0000482152 00000 n 0000482830 00000 n 0000482852 00000 n 0000483466 00000 n 0000483488 00000 n 0000484323 00000 n 0000484345 00000 n 0000484901 00000 n 0000484923 00000 n 0000484945 00000 n 0000485523 00000 n 0000485578 00000 n 0000485725 00000 n 0000485810 00000 n 0000485959 00000 n 0000486057 00000 n 0000486122 00000 n 0000486146 00000 n 0000486200 00000 n 0000486243 00000 n 0000486322 00000 n 0000486380 00000 n 0000486430 00000 n 0000486468 00000 n 0000486548 00000 n 0000486618 00000 n trailer << /Size 172 /ID[<60cc8531cb3c394679ba57281c41d7a1><60cc8531cb3c394679ba57281c41d7a1>] >> startxref 173 %%EOF