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F)43.7(or example, S)11(handong)]TJ T* 0.0024 Tc 0.1247 Tw [(P)27.8(r)7.1(o)19.3(vince has a ver)-19.4(y)0.3( productive multi-cr)13.3(opping system)]TJ T* 0.05 Tc 0.1253 Tw [(with winter wheat follo)6.4(w)11.8(ed b)6.4(y)0.3( summer corn. I)6.4(n)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc -0.0576 Tw [(S)9.5(h)0.1(andong, wheat stays in the gr)11.4(ound until J)33.2(une and corn)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0602 Tw [(is planted in J)32.9(uly in or)11.1(der to be fed by monsoon rains.)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0467 Tw [(W)11.3(ith such later planting of the second crop)11.3(, it is difficult)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0028 Tw [(to produce large amounts of corn. I)11.1(n)0.1( theor)-21.6(y)100(,)1( crop yields)]TJ T* -0.0081 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(could be increased b)13.7(y)0.1( irrigating mor)-8.1(e areas, but this would)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0426 Tw (be difficult, for in the water-rich south almost all avail-)Tj T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0012 Tw [(able land has been irrigated and in the nor)-10.7(th there is in-)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc -0.0341 Tw [(sufficient water to expand irrigated ar)11.5(ea. I)11.5(n)-0.1( fact, without)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0386 Tw [(considerable conser)-21.4(v)6.9(ation actions, ther)11.3(e will be dramatic)]TJ T* -0.0019 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(dr)9(ops in irrigated area in some northern riv)9(er basins, such)]TJ T* 0.0032 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(as the Hai River B)14.1(asin. )14(W)101.4(ater from precipitation and)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0045 Tw [(ground water r)11.1(esources no longer meets demands in the)]TJ T* 0 Tw [(H)9.8(ai and the )11.1(Y)105.1(ello)11.1(w Riv)11.1(er B)11.1(asins, which include some of)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.01 Tw [(China)76.7()93.5(s)0.4( most fer)-10.6(tile wheat-gr)11.2(o)6.3(wing lands.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0005 Tc 0.0807 Tw [(G)27.5(rain pricing is another key issue that will impact)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.029 Tw [(domestic grain yields in China. )44.1(The central question is:)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0685 Tw [(what price level will be r)11(equir)11(ed to keep people on the)]TJ T* 0.0009 Tc 0.0935 Tw [(land and to keep marginal lands in pr)11.8(oduction? G)33.6(rain)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0454 Tw [(prices wer)11.2(e)0.1( raised in late 1994 by for)-10.6(ty-two per)11.2(cent in an)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.1239 Tw [(effor)-10.3(t to encourage pr)11.5(oduction, which it succeeded in)]TJ T* 0.0012 Tc 0.1248 Tw [(doing. )44.6(These price supports, ho)12.1(w)6.7(e)0.1(ver)66.7(,)0.3( exacerbated the)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0192 Tw [(central go)22.3(v)7(ernment)11.4()93.7(s)0.2( fiscal debt. )54.9(This led Beijing to cr)11.4(e)7.4(-)]TJ T* -0.0016 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(ate a tax law demanding mor)9.3(e)-0.5( money fr)9.3(om the pro)15.3(vinces,)]TJ T* 0 Tc -0.0341 Tw [(as w)10.9(ell as a push by the central go)10.9(v)6.5(ernment for pro)16.9(vinces)]TJ T* 0.0008 Tc -0.0263 Tw [(to suppor)-10.1(t the grain prices. I)11.7(n)0( an examination of )55.3(T)126.3(aiwan)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.1244 Tw [(and J)33.2(apan, the strain on state coffers is phenomenally)]TJ T* 0.0437 Tw [(high. P)33.2(rice suppor)-10.4(ts in )55(T)126(aiwan have succeeded in keep-)]TJ T* -0.0141 Tw [(ing a balance betw)11.4(een urban and r)-10.4(ural incomes, but had)]TJ T* 0.0784 Tw [(occurr)11.4(ed at a high cost to the state. )43.9(The r)22.3(eform mo)22.3(ve)7.4(-)]TJ T* -0.051 Tw [(ment in China to cut subsidies and devolv)11.4(e fiscal author-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0318 Tw [(ity raises the question whether the Chinese central go)22(v-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0154 Tw (ernment could even come close to sustaining such price)Tj T* 0.0028 Tc 0 Tw [(suppor)-19(ts.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.009 Tw [(The inability to maintain higher grain suppor)-10.3(ts and)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.0798 Tw [(the loss of irrigation lev)11.3(els caused by water scar)11.3(city ar)11.3(e)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.053 Tw [(factors that will directly affect futur)11.4(e grain pr)11.4(oductions)]TJ T* -0.0199 Tw [(in China. S)11.4(o)0.3(me calculations by the U.S. go)33.2(vernment in-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0601 Tw [(dicate that China will need to impor)-10.5(t 175-365 million)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0271 Tw [(metric tons by 2030. I)33.2(t)0( is doubtful that China will ev)11.4(er)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0504 Tw [(impor)-10.8(t anywhere near that scale, for such a magnitude of)]TJ 22.6364 60 TD -0.0014 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(grain will not be available on the world mar)9.5(ket. )52.9(The prin-)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0109 Tc 0.1253 Tw [(ciple grain expor)-10.9(ting countries and regions \(e.g., the)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0297 Tw [(U)37.5(nited S)33.3(tates, Argentina, and the E)11.5(u)4.6(ropean U)44.2(nion\) ex-)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc -0.0442 Tw [(por)-10.4(ted sixty million tons in 1960 up to 200 million met-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0103 Tw [(ric tons in 1980. Expor)-10.6(t rates hav)11.2(e remained at appr)11.2(oxi-)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0348 Tw [(mately 200 million tons per y)10.9(ear since 1980.This level-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0812 Tw [(ing of expor)-10.6(ts stems both from the fact that no strong)]TJ T* 0.0718 Tw [(gro)17.2(wth in demand for grain has occurr)11.2(ed in the 1990s)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc -0.0579 Tw [(and the inability for expor)-10.2(ting countries to incr)11.6(ease grain)]TJ T* 0 Tc -0.0283 Tw [(yields. )43.6(The U)43.6(nited S)21.8(tates, for example, has not been able)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0773 Tw [(to incr)11.1(ease their expor)-21.6(ts ev)11.1(en during the last two years)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0888 Tw [(when U.S. farmers brought back into pr)11.4(oduction land)]TJ T* 0.0052 Tc 0.125 Tw [(that been set aside. S)16.1(ome conser)-16.6(vation land could be)]TJ T* -0.0059 Tc -0.0623 Tw [(farmed sustainably to incr)5(ease grain pr)5(oduction, but ther)5(e)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0831 Tw [(a)5.3(r)0.2(e no for)11.1(eseeable technological changes that could in-)]TJ T* 0 Tc -0.0165 Tw [(cr)10.9(ease these yields. I)10.9(n)-0.5( an examination of India and other)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0275 Tw [(countries facing sev)11.4(er)11.4(e limits on water supply)87.8(, it is clear)]TJ T* 0.0015 Tc 0.1253 Tw [(that projected gro)18.4(wth on impor)-9.4(ted grain will incr)12.4(ease)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0352 Tw [(considerably in the coming decades. I)22.1(t)-1.3( r)11.2(emains unclear)76.7(,)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.1089 Tw [(ho)22.4(w)6.1(e)-0.5(ver)77(,)0.8( whether expor)-10.3(ting nations can raise their ex-)]TJ T* 0.1068 Tw [(por)-10.3(ts to meet this potential demand fr)11.5(om China. )55.1(The)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.096 Tw [(last half centur)-21.6(y was dominated by falling grain prices)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0141 Tw [(and the next half centur)-21.7(y will most likely be dominated)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0097 Tw [(b)9.4(y)1.8( scar)-10.6(city of grain and falling grain supply)98.5(.)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 6.0218 -3.6 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (C)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 376.92 386.04 Tm -0.0044 Tc (AN)Tj 11 0 0 11 387.72 386.04 Tm 0.0001 Tc ( C)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 398.16 386.04 Tm -0.0005 Tc (HINA)Tj 11 0 0 11 417.96 386.04 Tm -0.0026 Tc ( F)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 426.6 386.04 Tm 0.002 Tc (EED)Tj 11 0 0 11 441.6 386.04 Tm -0.009 Tc ( I)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 448.2 386.04 Tm 0.0016 Tc [(T)13.5(SELF)]TJ 11 0 0 11 470.16 386.04 Tm 0 Tc (?)Tj /F5 1 Tf -13.56 -2.4 TD 0.0107 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(Lester B)10.7(r)4.5(o)16.7(w)-4.3(n)76.1()93(s 1995 book, )]TJ /F11 1 Tf 11.2691 0 TD 0.0105 Tc 0.0498 Tw [(Who W)15.8(ill )-73.9(F)32.3(eed )-76.1(China)]TJ /F5 1 Tf -12.9055 -1.2 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0391 Tw [(\()-7.1(W)131.1(.W)142(. N)32.9(o)0(r)-10.7(ton 1995\) was one of the catalysts for a group)]TJ T* -0.0075 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(of U.S. federal agencies and the Har)-7.5(v)-1(ar)14.3(d U)47(niv)-7.5(ersity China)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0818 Tw [(P)25.8(r)5.1(oject to conduct a study of the agricultural sector in)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.1159 Tw [(China. )43.6(The study examined only grain, so village gar-)]TJ T* 0.0713 Tw [(dens, for)10.9(est agriculture and aquacultur)10.9(e, which are sig-)]TJ T* 0.0013 Tc 0.1252 Tw [(nificant contributors to China)77.7()83.6(s)0.4( food supply)99.5(,)5.8( )5.7(wer)12.2(e)0( not)]TJ T* -0.0019 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(included. )52.7(This study included wor)9(k to estimate the quan-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(tity of arable land and fr)11.2(eshwater availability and em-)]TJ T* 0.0328 Tc 0.1248 Tw [(plo)21.9(yed a U)43.7(nited S)21.9(tates D)-10.8(epartment of Agriculture)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.035 Tw [(\(USDA\) model to make pr)11.4(ojections and examine sev)11.4(e)-5.8(n)]TJ T* 0.0108 Tw [(scenarios of agricultural supply and price in China. )55.1(The)]TJ T* -0.0071 Tc -0.0623 Tw [(analysis of these estimates and modeling highlighted some)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0161 Tw [(potential policy r)11.2(ecommendations.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0019 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(The major implication fr)9(om this study was that there)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0003 Tc 0.1091 Tw [(does not exist fundamental resour)11.2(ce and technological)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc -0.0534 Tw [(constraints on China)77()93.8(s)0.1( ability to feed itself)22.4(. M)22.4(o)0.4(r)11.5(e)-1(o)22.4(v)7.1(er)66.1(, the)]TJ T* -0.0029 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(study indicates that China)84.4()79.4(s)0.3( demand for grain will str)18.9(etch,)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0006 Tw [(but not completely o)22.1(v)6.8(er)-21.5(whelm the world grain mar)11.2(kets.)]TJ T* -0.043 Tw (All the scenarios indicate that world food prices for grain)Tj T* -0.0022 Tc -0.0623 Tw [(will go up appr)8.7(oximately five per)8.7(cent in r)8.7(eal terms, which)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.1212 Tw [(is not as gr)11.1(eat as some western analysts had originally)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0637 Tw [(assumed. I)11.2(maging satellites have estimated that China)87.6()93.5(s)]TJ ET endstream endobj 26 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 156 0 R /Resources 27 0 R /Contents 28 0 R /Thumb 111 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 27 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F4 177 0 R /F5 176 0 R /F11 93 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 207 0 R /GS2 209 0 R >> >> endobj 28 0 obj << /Length 9182 >> stream 1 0 0.027 RG 0 J 0 j 0.48 w 10 M []0 d /GS1 gs 1 i 72 42.96 m 558 42.96 l 72 39.48 m 558 39.48 l S BT /F4 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 72 24.24 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (C)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 78.48 24.24 Tm 0.0439 Tc (HINA)Tj 9 0 0 9 95.76 24.24 Tm 0.045 Tc ( E)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 104.04 24.24 Tm 0.0425 Tc [(NVIR)42.5(ONMENT)]TJ 9 0 0 9 150.36 24.24 Tm 0.041 Tc ( S)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 157.92 24.24 Tm 0.0458 Tc (ERIES)Tj 9 0 0 9 176.16 24.24 Tm 0.0451 Tc [( )14.3( I)]TJ 6.3 0 0 6.3 192.96 24.24 Tm 0.0481 Tc (SSUE)Tj 9 0 0 9 208.8 24.24 Tm 0.0483 Tc ( 3)Tj 37.7733 0.1733 TD 0.0067 Tc (57)Tj /F5 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 72 729.2401 Tm 0.0003 Tc 0.0258 Tw [(cultiv)11.2(ated land ar)11.2(ea was between 133-147 million hect-)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.006 Tw [(ares \(.95 confidence inter)-10.8(v)6.6(al\). )44(This mean of 140 million)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.1175 Tw [(hectar)11.3(es is for)-10.5(ty-seven per)11.3(cent gr)11.3(eater than the official)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0764 Tw [(Chinese statistics, which, notably)87.4(, have been the statis-)]TJ T* -0.0007 Tc -0.063 Tw [(tics used pr)10.2(eviously b)10.2(y)3.9( western analysts to apprise China)75.7()92.5(s)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc -0.0169 Tw [(food security)98.7(.)-7.3( )55(This information underlines that yield per)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0014 Tw [(hectar)11.3(e in China is ev)11.3(en lo)22.2(w)5.9(er than pr)11.3(eviously assumed.)]TJ 3.2727 -1.2 TD -0.0136 Tw (The study also indicated that the need for addi-)Tj -3.2727 -1.2 TD 0.031 Tw [(tional grain to feed livestock may not be as gr)11.3(eat as ini-)]TJ T* -0.0103 Tw [(tially pr)11.2(edicted, for official Chinese go)11.2(v)6.8(ernment data on)]TJ T* -0.0278 Tw [(liv)11.2(estock appears to be o)22.1(v)6.8(erstated by twenty to for)-10.6(ty per-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0907 Tw [(cent. )54.5(This has occurr)11.1(ed because local go)11.1(v)6.7(ernment offi-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0778 Tw [(cials o)22.1(v)-4.1(erstate their numbers to appear mor)11.2(e successful)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc -0.039 Tw [(than they actually ar)10.7(e in or)10.7(der to receive awar)10.7(ds fr)10.7(om the)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0752 Tw [(central go)22.1(v)6.8(ernment. 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G)22.2(rain prices would then)]TJ T* 0.0772 Tw [(be lo)11.2(w)5.8(er and China would hav)11.2(e sufficient food, which)]TJ T* -0.0069 Tc -0.0623 Tw [(would promote social stability)102.2(. S)36.7(uch a food strategy would)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.063 Tw [(be better for China)76.4()82.3(s)0.6( envir)10.9(onment as w)-10.9(ell, for marginal)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0041 Tw (lands would not have to be used for grain, which would)Tj T* -0.003 Tc -0.0622 Tw [(decr)7.9(ease some er)7.9(osion problems. M)29.7(o)-3.2(r)18.8(e)-4.6(o)18.8(v)3.5(e)-5.9(r)73.4(, fr)-13.9(uit and v)7.9(eg-)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0303 Tw [(etable crops would conser)-21.9(v)6.4(e)-0.4( water)65.3(, for they ar)10.8(e less water)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc 0 Tw (intensive.)Tj 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0003 Tc 0.1216 Tw [(E)38.8(v)-4.1(er)-10.6(y year)76.7(, China and the U)33(nited S)22.1(tates consume)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0341 Tw [(390 million and 240 million tons of grain, r)11.3(espectively)98.6(.)]TJ T* 0.0692 Tw (Both of these countries have the potential to effect the)Tj T* -0.0006 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(world food balance. Agriculture pr)10.3(oduction can be a pro-)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0111 Tw [(ductive ar)11.4(ea for dialogue between the U)44.1(nited S)33.2(tates and)]TJ T* 0.1141 Tw [(China. Both the U)33.2(nited S)33.2(tates and China face similar)]TJ T* 0.0018 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(agricultural pr)12.7(oblems, which means the two countries)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.1202 Tw [(could hold a dialogue on this topic as equals. D)11.1(iscus-)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0733 Tw [(sions of r)11.4(esear)11.4(ch and dev)11.4(elopment to solve agricultural)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0671 Tw (problems in both countries could emerge as a building)Tj T* 0.1073 Tw [(block in the U.S.-China r)11.1(elations. )43.8(The food debate in)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.1102 Tw [(China is changing, for ther)11.3(e is an increasing openness)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc -0.059 Tw (and acceptance of foreign information and advice on this)Tj T* -0.0004 Tc 0.0011 Tw [(issue. F)43.2(or example, three years ago )]TJ /F11 1 Tf 13.4618 0 TD -0.0002 Tc -0.0731 Tw [(Who Will )-74.6(F)43.4(eed )-76.4(China)]TJ /F5 1 Tf -13.4618 -1.2 TD 0.0005 Tc 0.0798 Tw [(could not be legally sold in China and no)22.3(w it is being)]TJ 22.6364 60 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.011 Tw [(advertised on television. )11.5(While agricultur)11.3(e is not as sen-)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0812 Tw (sitive as topics such as human rights and carbon emis-)Tj T* 0.0006 Tc 0.005 Tw [(sions, the Chinese go)22.4(v)7.1(ernment is sensitiv)11.5(e about cer)-10.3(tain)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0375 Tw [(food issues. F)43.7(or example, suggestions for the central go)11(v-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0062 Tw [(ernment to lo)11.3(w)5.9(er subsidies to grain markets and impor)-10.5(t)]TJ T* 0.125 Tw [(our cheaper grain will raise tensions. )44(The Chinese are)]TJ T* -0.0016 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(concerned about the use of food as a w)9.3(eapon. 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O)10.9(n)-0.3( the U.S. side, the Depar)-10.9(t-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0517 Tw [(ment of Commer)11.2(ce, Depar)-10.6(tment of S)22.1(tate, D)11.2(epar)-21.5(tment)]TJ T* 0 Tc -0.0116 Tw [(of Energy)98.2(, the )10.9(White H)21.8(ouse Office of Science and )54.6(T)136.4(ech-)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc -0.035 Tw [(nology P)66(olicy and the Envir)11.5(onmental P)33.3(r)5.3(otection Agency)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0265 Tw [(a)5.6(r)0.5(e the key agencies par)-10.4(ticipating in these energy initia-)]TJ T* 0.0018 Tc 0 Tw (tives.)Tj 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.0373 Tw [(T)136.8(o)0.1( make pr)11.3(ogr)11.3(ess in the focus ar)11.3(eas of these energy)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0214 Tc 0.1247 Tw [(initiativ)10.5(es, Chinese policymakers will need to make)]TJ T* 0.0009 Tc -0.0372 Tw [(changes in financial markets and infrastr)-10(uctur)22.7(e planning)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc 0.1207 Tw [(in or)11.6(der to enhance China as an attractiv)11.6(e mar)11.6(ket for)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0697 Tw [(energy inv)11.1(estment. N)22(uclear agreement is mentioned in)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0229 Tw [(the Envir)11.2(onment and Energy I)11.2(nitiativ)11.2(e, but nuclear en-)]TJ 22.6364 53.9345 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0495 Tw [(ergy became a separate agr)11.1(eement, specifically a letter of)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0498 Tw [(intent)11.2( for futur)11.2(e cooperation. )43.5(The Energy and E)11.2(nviron-)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0429 Tw [(ment I)11.4(nitiativ)11.4(e F)44.1(o)0.3(r)-10.4(um is view)6(ed as quite successful as a)]TJ T* -0.0052 Tc -0.0622 Tw [(means for continuing engagement betw)5.7(een the two coun-)]TJ T* 0.0008 Tc 0.0887 Tw [(tries. M)22.6(o)0.6(r)11.7(e)-0.8(o)22.6(v)7.3(er)66.2(, the O)11.7(il and G)11.7(as F)44.4(o)0.6(r)-10.1(um is attracting a)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.006 Tw [(high level of attention fr)11.3(om U.S. companies.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0602 Tw (China needs at least U.S. $50 billion a year in invest-)Tj -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0009 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(ment to meet its need for clean energy infrastr)-10(uctur)11.8(e.)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0169 Tw [(I)21.8(deally)98.4(, to mitigate energy shor)-10.7(tages and impr)11.1(o)17.1(v)-4.2(e pollu-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0052 Tw [(tion pr)11.3(oblems, China will need considerable investment)]TJ T* 0.0309 Tw [(to leapfrog into high quality energy technology)98.6(. O)11.3(ne of)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0198 Tw [(China)76.5()93.3(s)0.2( gr)11(eatest challenges in the energy sector will be to)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0016 Tw [(develop ways to bring capital fr)11.2(om the priv)11.2(ate sector for)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0955 Tw [(n)-6.4(e)-0.1(w energy technology and r)10.8(enewable energy develop-)]TJ T* 0.0009 Tc 0.0403 Tw [(ment. One oppor)-10(tunity for joint public and priv)11.8(ate in-)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0575 Tw [(v)6.6(estment would be in the development of coal bed meth-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0591 Tw [(ane and liquefied natural gas \(LNG\), for ther)11.2(e exists con-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0479 Tw (siderable development potential for these energy types in)Tj T* 0 Tc -0.035 Tw [(China. N)32.7(otably)87.3(, in October of 1997 AR)43.6(CO signed thr)10.9(e)6.6(e)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.1045 Tw [(contracts wor)-10.6(th U.S. $30 million with the Chinese to)]TJ T* 0.1104 Tw [(explor)11.2(e for coal bed methane in S)11.2(hanxi P)43.9(r)5(o)17.2(vince. )44.1(The)]TJ T* -0.0396 Tw [(goal of the investment is to bring coal bed methane fr)11.3(om)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0313 Tw [(this western pr)11.4(o)17.4(vince via pipeline to Beijing in or)11.4(der to)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0078 Tw (replace urban coal burning.)Tj 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0045 Tw [(I)11(n)-0.1( terms of financing, the E)11.2(nvironment and Energy)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0008 Tc 0.0992 Tw [(I)11.5(nitiativ)11.7(e is setting up the financing seminars for Chi-)]TJ T* -0.0024 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(nese administrators in the energy sector)74(. M)19.4(o)-2.6(r)19.4(e)-4(o)19.4(v)4.1(e)5.6(r)63.1(, a U.S.)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0378 Tw [(g)5.2(o)11.4(v)7(ernment initiativ)11.4(e to promote clean energy technol-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.1207 Tw [(ogy in China is being undertaken by the U.S. E)11.3(xpor)-21.4(t)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tw [(I)11(mport B)11.2(ank. )55(The Expor)-10.6(t I)11.2(mport B)11.2(ank is in the process)]TJ T* 0.0523 Tw [(of cr)11.3(eating a U.S. $50 million credit facility for r)11.3(enew-)]TJ T* 0 Tc -0.0313 Tw (able energy technologies with a goal to target small com-)Tj T* 0.0018 Tc 0 Tw (panies.)Tj 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0292 Tw [(A wor)11.3(king group on climate change met for the first)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0008 Tc 0.0025 Tw [(time in A)22.6(u)0.6(gust of 1998 and had productiv)11.7(e discussions.)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc -0.0539 Tw [(An expansion in climate change discussions would cr)11.4(eate)]TJ T* -0.0101 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(ev)11.7(en greater oppor)-10.1(tunities for the U)44.4(nited S)33.5(tates and China)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0409 Tw (to work together on energy issues. Although these talks)Tj T* -0.0092 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(and initiatives ar)12.6(e promising, the U)45.3(nited S)23.5(tates must avoid)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc -0.062 Tw [(becoming too naive about U.S.-China envir)11.2(onmental r)11.2(e)7.2(-)]TJ T* 0.003 Tw [(lations, for ther)11.2(e still exists the possibility of discor)11.2(d, es-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0922 Tw [(pecially o)11.1(v)6.7(er climate change. )54.7(T)136.6(o)-0.2( continue the momen-)]TJ T* 0.0127 Tc 0.1251 Tw [(tum in environmental agr)12.7(eements, the U)34.5(nited S)34.5(tates)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc -0.0142 Tw [(should av)11.5(oid pr)11.5(essuring China and instead focus on cr)11.5(e)7.5(-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.1148 Tw [(ating mechanisms in which the Chinese ar)11.3(e genuinely)]TJ T* -0.0325 Tw [(inter)11.3(ested and which can solve sev)11.3(er)11.3(e local pollution and)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 20 0 0 20 123.96 722.04 Tm -0.0016 Tc 0.0235 Tw [(B)13.4(r)5.4(iefing on U.S.-PR)40.4(C Environmental I)10.4(nitiatives)]TJ 11 0 0 11 274.92 692.04 Tm 0.0001 Tc 0.0105 Tw [(9 S)11(eptember 1998)]TJ ET endstream endobj 42 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 158 0 R /Resources 43 0 R /Contents 44 0 R /Thumb 121 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 43 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F4 177 0 R /F5 176 0 R /F8 199 0 R /F9 195 0 R /F11 93 0 R /F12 94 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 207 0 R /GS2 209 0 R /GS4 91 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs9 197 0 R >> /Properties << /MC4 45 0 R >> >> endobj 44 0 obj << /Length 11165 >> stream BT /F4 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 56.28 26.4 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs 0.0067 Tc 0 Tw (62)Tj ET 1 0 0.027 RG 0 J 0 j 0.48 w 10 M []0 d /GS1 gs 1 i 55.08 42.96 m 541.08 42.96 l 55.08 39.48 m 541.08 39.48 l S BT 9 0 0 9 396.96 25.08 Tm /GS2 gs 0 Tc (C)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 403.56 25.08 Tm 0.0439 Tc (HINA)Tj 9 0 0 9 420.84 25.08 Tm 0.045 Tc ( E)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 429 25.08 Tm 0.0425 Tc [(NVIR)42.5(ONMENT)]TJ 9 0 0 9 475.44 25.08 Tm 0.041 Tc ( S)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 482.88 25.08 Tm 0.0458 Tc (ERIES)Tj 9 0 0 9 501.12 25.08 Tm 0.0451 Tc [( )14.3( I)]TJ 6.3 0 0 6.3 517.92 25.08 Tm 0.0481 Tc (SSUE)Tj 9 0 0 9 533.76 25.08 Tm 0.0483 Tc ( 3)Tj /F5 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 53.9999 406.32 Tm 0.0002 Tc -0.0198 Tw (energy problems. 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Cen-)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.1194 Tw [(ters could be established through sister city agr)10.9(ee-)]TJ T* 0.0008 Tc 0.0446 Tw [(ments that focus on common envir)11.7(onmental pr)11.7(ob-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0136 Tw (lems and/or industries.)Tj -1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0027 Tc -0.0626 Tw [()-1251.1(Assistance in developing Chinese-language television)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0442 Tw [(sho)11(ws and videos that describe U.S. envir)11(onmental)]TJ T* 0.0142 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(histor)-18.5(y)92.2(,)-0.2( practices, and successes. )57.8(These pr)-7.6(ograms)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0824 Tw [(could be dev)11.1(eloped jointly between U.S. and Chi-)]TJ T* 0.0008 Tc 0.125 Tw [(nese NGO)11.7(s, and broadcast on Chinese television.)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.1143 Tw [(S)30.9(uch television sho)11(ws would increase Chinese un-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.022 Tw (derstanding of environmental issues, and of success-)Tj T* 0.008 Tc 0.125 Tw [(ful appr)8(oaches to envir)8(onmental pr)8(oblems in the)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc -0.0036 Tw [(U)37.6(nited S)33.4(tates.)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.0757 Tw [()-1248(J)29(oint suppor)-10.5(t for the NGO F)44(o)0.2(r)-10.5(um on U.S.-China)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0185 Tc 0.1244 Tw [(Envir)18.5(onmental Cooperation. )50.6(This F)40.3(o)-3.5(rum, being)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0532 Tw [(planned for F)54.6(all 1999, will bring together environ-)]TJ T* -0.0004 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(mental NGO)10.5(s in China and the U)43.2(nited S)21.4(tates to dis-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0291 Tw [(cuss NGO dev)11.3(elopment, management, and techni-)]TJ 22.6364 60 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0162 Tw [(cal environmental issues. )54.4(The goal of the NGO F)43.7(o)-1.2(-)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0005 Tc 0.0852 Tw [(r)-5.7(um is to incr)11.4(ease cooperation and develop lasting)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0054 Tw [(par)-10.6(tnerships between U.S. and Chinese NGO)11.2(s)6(.)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 2.0727 -3.6 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (E)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 368.16 663.24 Tm 0.0011 Tc (CONOMIC)Tj 11 0 0 11 406.92 663.24 Tm -0.0165 Tc ( R)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 416.64 663.24 Tm -0.0017 Tc (EFORM)Tj 11 0 0 11 443.52 663.24 Tm 0 Tc ( )Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 446.04 663.24 Tm 0.0032 Tc (AND)Tj 11 0 0 11 462.96 663.24 Tm -0.0172 Tc ( S)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 471.1201 663.24 Tm 0.0011 Tc [(UST)94.6(AINABLE)]TJ 11 0 0 11 397.8 650.04 Tm 0 Tc (B)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 404.76 650.04 Tm 0.0007 Tc (USINESS)Tj 11 0 0 11 435.36 650.04 Tm -0.0248 Tc ( P)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 444.36 650.04 Tm -0.0015 Tc [(RA)14.1(CTICES)]TJ /F5 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 321 623.64 Tm 0.0006 Tc 0.0441 Tw [()-1247.8(C)9.3(r)5.3(eation of a U.S.-China J)44.2(oint Center on Business)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0008 Tc 0.0977 Tw [(T)148.1(raining and S)22.6(ustainable E)11.7(nterprise Dev)11.7(e)0.3(lopment.)]TJ T* -0.0088 Tc -0.0625 Tw (This center could be established at the business school)Tj T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0813 Tw [(of )54.4(T)114.9(singhua U)33.1(niv)11.3(ersity \(headed by Zhu R)22.2(ongji\) in)]TJ T* -0.0058 Tc -0.0622 Tw [(cooperation with a U.S. university)92.4(. )48.9(This business cen-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0714 Tw [(ter would focus on incr)11.3(easing kno)11.3(wledge in China)]TJ T* -0.0553 Tw [(about environmental business practices such as envi-)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc -0.0376 Tw [(r)5.3(onmental economics, risk assessment, envir)11.5(onmen-)]TJ T* 0.0074 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(tal impact assessment, gr)7.4(een accounting, tradable)]TJ T* 0.0015 Tc 0.1251 Tw (permits, and environmental management systems,)Tj T* 0.0007 Tc 0.1252 Tw [(while also pro)17.6(viding exper)-10.2(tise on more general fi-)]TJ T* 0.053 Tc 0.125 Tw [(nancial and business topics such as mergers,)]TJ T* 0.0127 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(privatization, and financial mar)12.7(ket restr)-9.1(ucturing.)]TJ T* 0.0012 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(There is a str)12.1(ong need in China for assistance on)]TJ T* 0.0019 Tc 0.1253 Tw [(enterprise and financial market r)12.8(eform. P)56.4(ackaging)]TJ T* 0.0008 Tc -0.0402 Tw (such information with expertise on sustainable busi-)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.1167 Tw (ness development and practices would most likely)Tj T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0016 Tw [(be v)11.3(e)-2.5(r)-10.5(y)0( attractive to the Chinese.)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0085 Tw [()-1248(Establishment of a U.S.-China J)33.1(oint Center on E)11.3(n)5.4(-)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0004 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(vir)10.5(onmental )54(T)136(echnology D)10.5(e)-1.5(velopment and M)10.5(anage-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0977 Tw [(ment. 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Leon Chen, who has super)-10.6(vised scor)11.2(es of environmental programs)]TJ -3.2727 -1.2 TD 0.0652 Tw [(o)28.1(v)-4.1(er the last ten y)11.2(ears. I)11.2(n)-0.7( 1991, Mr)65.8(. Chen was a consultant to U.S. EP)43.9(A on China)76.7()93.5(s)-0.7( countr)-10.6(y program of)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0549 Tw [(oz)11.4(one protection and helped implement the U.S.-China E)11.4(nvironmental Cooperation P)33.2(r)5.2(otocol, including)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0385 Tw [(the ev)11.2(aluation of China)76.7()93.5(s)0.1( coal based energy sector)76.7(. S)11.2(ince 1993, he has wor)11.2(ked for the )11.3(W)87.6(orld B)22.1(ank to help)]TJ T* 0.0033 Tc 0.1247 Tw [(China implement the M)36(ontreal P)36(r)-2.9(otocol for oz)14.2(one protection and most r)14.2(ecently on the Bank)46.9()85.6(s)3.1( I)25.1(odine)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.1152 Tw [(D)5.5(eficiency D)10.9(isor)10.9(der Control project. )43.7(Thr)10.9(oughout his environmental career)76.4(, Mr)65.4(. Chen has compiled an)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0835 Tw [(impr)11.3(essiv)11.3(e range of environmental experiences working for )54.7(TRI \(a U.S. envir)11.3(onmental consulting firm\),)]TJ T* 0.0512 Tw [(W)109.4(aste Management I)11.2(nternational, U.S. F)54.8(o)0.1(reign Commer)11.2(cial S)11.2(e)-2.6(r)-10.6(vice, UNDP)207.6(, UNEP)196.7(, Getty Conser)-21.5(v)6.8(ation)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0205 Tw [(I)21.7(nstitute, Ear)-10.8(thV)109.2(oice, )54.5(The H)21.9(umane S)11(ociety of the U.S., F)54.6(auna and F)21.9(lora I)11(nternational, Phillips P)54.6(etroleum)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0587 Tw [(Company)98.5(, and the U.S.-China Environmental F)33(und. Mr)65.8(. Leon Chen is also an author of )]TJ /F11 1 Tf 33.7309 0 TD -0.058 Tw [(China E)33(nvir)11.2(onment)]TJ -33.7309 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0078 Tw [(and S)21.9(ustainable D)21.9(e)-2.4(v)11(elopment R)11(esour)21.9(ces Book)]TJ /F5 1 Tf 16.6364 0 TD 0.0003 Tc 0.0089 Tw [( published by UNDP in A)22.1(ugust 1996.)]TJ -7.8982 -2.4 TD 0.0113 Tw [(F)36.6(or mor)11.3(e information contact: Leon.chen@public.gb)22.2(.com.cn)]TJ 2.8691 -1.2 TD -0.0005 Tc 0.0016 Tw [(T)135.9(el. 86-10-6803-4877 F)54(ax 86-10-6585-8600)]TJ ET endstream endobj 64 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 158 0 R /Resources 65 0 R /Contents 66 0 R /Thumb 135 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 65 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F4 177 0 R /F5 176 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 207 0 R /GS2 209 0 R >> >> endobj 66 0 obj << /Length 9350 >> stream 1 0 0.027 RG 0 J 0 j 0.48 w 10 M []0 d /GS1 gs 1 i 72 42.96 m 558 42.96 l 72 39.48 m 558 39.48 l S BT /F4 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 72 24.24 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (C)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 78.48 24.24 Tm 0.0439 Tc (HINA)Tj 9 0 0 9 95.76 24.24 Tm 0.045 Tc ( E)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 104.04 24.24 Tm 0.0425 Tc [(NVIR)42.5(ONMENT)]TJ 9 0 0 9 150.36 24.24 Tm 0.041 Tc ( S)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 157.92 24.24 Tm 0.0458 Tc (ERIES)Tj 9 0 0 9 176.16 24.24 Tm 0.0451 Tc [( )14.3( I)]TJ 6.3 0 0 6.3 192.96 24.24 Tm 0.0481 Tc (SSUE)Tj 9 0 0 9 208.8 24.24 Tm 0.0483 Tc ( 3)Tj 37.7733 0.1733 TD 0.0067 Tc (69)Tj /F5 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 90 666.24 Tm -0.0019 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(China constitutes the world)9()91.3(s)0( largest population with)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.0471 Tw [(appr)11.1(oximately 1.2 billion people. )54.7(T)136.6(oday)98.4(, one out of ev-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.1098 Tw [(er)-10.6(y five people in the world lives in China. )54.6(This large)]TJ T* -0.0094 Tc -0.0623 Tw (population inevitably places intense demands on the natu-)Tj T* 0.008 Tc 0.125 Tw [(ral envir)8(onment and raises concern about sustainable)]TJ T* -0.0005 Tc -0.0623 Tw [(development in China. I)32.2(t)0( is not only the siz)10.4(e of the popu-)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc -0.0429 Tw (lation that causes concern, but the changing distribution)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0227 Tw (of this population also poses great challenges to the Chi-)Tj T* -0.003 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(nese go)18.8(vernment as the countr)-24.8(y striv)7.9(es to impr)18.8(o)13.9(v)3.5(e its eco-)]TJ T* -0.0057 Tc -0.0622 Tw [(nomic gr)5.2(o)22.1(wth. )48.8(The interaction betw)5.2(een envir)5.2(onment and)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc [(population occurs in a cy)22.1(clical pattern with demographic)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.1052 Tw [(behavior)76.9(. F)44.1(or example, the destr)-10.4(uction or depletion of)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.1091 Tw [(natural r)11.3(esources in rural areas spurs urban migration,)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0089 Tw [(which incr)11(eases the demand for natural r)11(esources by ur-)]TJ T* 0.0117 Tc 0.1252 Tw [(banites. )44.3(This gr)11.7(eater demand for natural resour)11.7(ces is)]TJ T* 0.0058 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(drawn fr)-5.1(om r)-5.1(ural ar)5.8(eas, which in turn incr)16.7(eases r)-5.1(ural)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0052 Tw [(po)11.4(v)7(e)-2.4(rty and induces mor)11.4(e migration to urban areas.)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 6.7855 -3.6 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (P)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 153.12 415.44 Tm -0.0015 Tc [(OPUL)-32.7(A)95.6(TION)]TJ 11 0 0 11 198.24 415.44 Tm 0.0286 Tc ( T)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 208.92 415.44 Tm 0 Tc (RENDS)Tj /F5 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 90 389.04 Tm 0.0006 Tc 0.0732 Tw [(The population in China is curr)11.5(ently gro)17.5(wing at a)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.0181 Tw [(rate of about 1.4 percent annually)98.6(.)5.9( )44(Through continuing)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0572 Tw (efforts of family planning and enforcement of the one-)Tj T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0465 Tw [(child policy in urban ar)11.3(eas, China has succeeded in slo)22.2(w-)]TJ T* 0.0595 Tw [(ing its rate of gro)17.2(wth, which is pr)11.2(edicted to level off at)]TJ T* 0.122 Tw [(1.5 billion by the y)11.2(ear 2050. One notable population)]TJ T* 0.0653 Tw [(dynamic in China is the gro)17.2(wing elderly propor)-10.6(tion of)]TJ T* -0.0425 Tw [(the population. S)11.2(ince many of these elderly in r)-10.6(ural ar)11.2(eas)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.02 Tw [(do not have r)11.1(etir)11.1(ement pensions, their children will bear)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0342 Tw [(the bur)11.2(den of their car)11.2(e. )55(This in turn will naturally im-)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0029 Tw [(pact gro)17.4(wth and income patterns in China.)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 6.9491 -3.6 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (M)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 158.64 217.44 Tm -0.0002 Tc [(IGRA)93.3(TION)]TJ 11 0 0 11 196.32 217.44 Tm 0.0395 Tc ( T)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 207.12 217.44 Tm 0 Tc (RENDS)Tj /F5 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 90 191.04 Tm 0.0004 Tc 0.0858 Tw (The trickle of migration to cities in the 1980s has)Tj -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0058 Tw (turned into a flood and Chinese demographers estimate)Tj T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0171 Tw [(that the countr)-21.3(y)34.9()93.7(s floating population may be as high as)]TJ T* 0.125 Tw [(100 million, a population the size of M)33.2(exico)44.1()93.7(s. H)22.3(eavy)]TJ T* 0.0008 Tc 0.0939 Tw [(migration continues despite attempts by interior pr)11.7(o)17.7(v)0.1(-)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.1232 Tw (inces to limit the number of peasants heading for the)Tj T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0228 Tw (coastal cities.)Tj 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0065 Tc 0.125 Tw (The speed and scale of change in the population)Tj -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0414 Tw [(mo)22.1(v)6.8(ement from r)-10.6(u)0.2(ral to urban areas in China is one that)]TJ T* 0.0772 Tw [(no countr)-21.5(y has ev)11.2(er dealt with befor)11.2(e. S)11.2(ince 1990, the)]TJ 22.6364 54 TD -0.04 Tw [(mo)22.2(v)6.9(ement of millions of r)-10.5(ural people into urban areas in)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0904 Tw [(China has become a gro)17(wing pr)11(oblem for city go)11(v)6.6(ern-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0371 Tw [(ments. )54.9(The o)11.3(v)6.9(er)-10.5(whelming majority of migrants head the)]TJ T* 0.0647 Tw [(coastal cities and special economic zones which ar)11.2(e the)]TJ T* -0.0476 Tw [(urban ar)11.2(eas with the fastest economic gr)11.2(o)6.3(wth rates. M)33(ost)]TJ T* -0.0036 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(large coastal cities no)7.3(w hav)7.3(e one to thr)7.3(ee million migrants)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.03 Tw [(living in shantyto)11.3(wns, o)22.2(v)6.9(er)11.3(cro)17.3(w)5.9(ded makeshift dormito-)]TJ T* -0.0006 Tw [(ries or public places, particularly railroad stations. E)33.1(v)-4(er)-10.5(y)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc -0.05 Tw [(night the main railway stations in B)11.6(eijing, S)11.6(hanghai, and)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0345 Tw [(G)16.3(uangzhou are filled with poor migrants seeking wor)11.1(k.)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.05 Tw [(S)9.4(hanghai)22.2()93.6(s)-0.1( population of seventeen million is no)11.3(w aug-)]TJ T* -0.0281 Tw [(mented by thr)11.2(ee million migrants attracted from all o)22.1(v)6.8(er)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc -0.0455 Tw [(the )10.8(Y)83(angtze River valley to the city)43.5()82.2(s)-0.1( mammoth constr)-11(uc-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.044 Tw [(tion sites. One sign of the city)33.1()93.6(s)0.4( constr)-10.5(uction boom is the)]TJ T* -0.0077 Tw [(fact that S)22.1(hanghai)11.2()93.5(s)-2.6( new special tax-fr)11.2(ee zone on the east)]TJ T* 0.0009 Tc 0.1252 Tw [(bank of the H)33.6(uangpu River has eleven per)11.8(cent of the)]TJ T* 0.0008 Tc 0.0181 Tw [(world)22.6()83.1(s)0.3( largest construction cranes.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.1148 Tw [(D)5.9(espite the countr)-10.5(y)34.8()82.7(s encouraging economic pros-)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0034 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(pects, China)83.9()89.8(s)-5.4( )-5.1(S)29.3(tate P)7.5(lanning Commission \(SPC\) has pr)7.5(e-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0173 Tw [(dicted massiv)11.3(e unemplo)11.3(yment problems in urban ar)11.3(eas.)]TJ T* 0.0035 Tc 0.1257 Tw [(A)15.6(ccording to its pr)14.4(edictions, approximately for)-7.4(ty-four)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0186 Tw [(million young people will enter the job market o)22(v)6.7(er the)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0388 Tw [(next five)5.5( )5.4(years and some twenty million wor)11.3(kers in un-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0668 Tw [(profitable state-r)-10.7(un enterprises will lose their iron rice)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0656 Tw [(bo)10.7(wl)10.7( jobs. S)10.7(imultaneously)98(, appro)5.8(ximately 120 million)]TJ T* -0.0009 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(surplus rural wor)10(kers will head for coastal cities and other)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.1076 Tw [(n)-6.1(e)0.2(wly industrializ)11.1(ed zones to seek wor)11.1(k. )54.4(The SPC has)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0278 Tw [(calculated that 180 million new urban jobs will have to)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.015 Tw [(be cr)11(eated to absorb all of these workers. I)11(f)-0.1( the economy)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc -0.006 Tw [(continues to gr)11.4(o)6.5(w)0.3( as it has since 1980, job cr)11.4(eation may)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0295 Tw [(not be a problem. H)22(o)17.1(w)5.7(e)-0.9(v)11.1(e)-2.7(r)65.6(,)-1( if China)87.5()82.5(s)0.9( explosive gro)17.1(wth)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0032 Tw [(begins to slo)11.2(w)82.1(,)-0.1( as it has o)22.1(v)6.8(er the past two years, millions)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0141 Tw [(of unemplo)11(yed or under)11(emplo)11(y)12.6(ed people could be wan-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.003 Tw (dering the urban landscape.)Tj /F4 1 Tf 5.5309 -3.6 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (E)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 388.2 191.04 Tm 0.0003 Tc [(NVIR)31.5(ONMENT)109.4(AL)]TJ 11 0 0 11 450 191.04 Tm -0.0108 Tc ( C)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 460.32 191.04 Tm -0.0003 Tc (ONCERNS)Tj /F5 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 339 164.64 Tm 0.0004 Tc 0.0085 Tw [(I)11.1(n)0( addition to the joblessness and stability concerns)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0384 Tw [(cr)11.2(eated by a gr)11.2(o)6.3(wing wav)11.2(e of migration, the larger popu-)]TJ T* 0.1033 Tw [(lation in cities has dramatically incr)11.3(eased urban pollu-)]TJ T* -0.0242 Tw [(tion pr)11.3(oblems. F)33.1(or example, urban wastewater pollution)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.1182 Tw [(problems have been worsening throughout the r)10.8(eform)]TJ T* -0.0097 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(era and scientists have estimated that along China)77.6()94.4(s)1( 18,000)]TJ T* 0.0009 Tc 0.125 Tw (kilometer-long continental coastline, municipal wastes)Tj T* 0.0004 Tc -0.05 Tw [(flo)22.2(w into coastal waters at the rate of fifty to sixty million)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 20 0 0 20 98.4 722.04 Tm -0.0012 Tc 0.019 Tw [(P)64.8(o)0(pulation, M)10.8(igration, and the Environment in China)]TJ 11 0 0 11 275.4 692.04 Tm 0.0002 Tc 0.0156 Tw [(4 N)43.8(o)12.2(v)8.7(ember 1998)]TJ ET endstream endobj 67 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 158 0 R /Resources 68 0 R /Contents 69 0 R /Thumb 137 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 68 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F4 177 0 R /F5 176 0 R /F11 93 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 207 0 R /GS2 209 0 R >> >> endobj 69 0 obj << /Length 9533 >> stream BT /F4 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 56.28 26.4 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs 0.0067 Tc 0 Tw (70)Tj ET 1 0 0.027 RG 0 J 0 j 0.48 w 10 M []0 d /GS1 gs 1 i 55.08 42.96 m 541.08 42.96 l 55.08 39.48 m 541.08 39.48 l S BT 9 0 0 9 396.96 25.08 Tm /GS2 gs 0 Tc (C)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 403.56 25.08 Tm 0.0439 Tc (HINA)Tj 9 0 0 9 420.84 25.08 Tm 0.045 Tc ( E)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 429 25.08 Tm 0.0425 Tc [(NVIR)42.5(ONMENT)]TJ 9 0 0 9 475.44 25.08 Tm 0.041 Tc ( S)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 482.88 25.08 Tm 0.0458 Tc (ERIES)Tj 9 0 0 9 501.12 25.08 Tm 0.0451 Tc [( )14.3( I)]TJ 6.3 0 0 6.3 517.92 25.08 Tm 0.0481 Tc (SSUE)Tj 9 0 0 9 533.76 25.08 Tm 0.0483 Tc ( 3)Tj /F5 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 53.9999 729.2401 Tm 0.0147 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(metric tons per day)102(, which amounts to seventeen to)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0003 Tc 0.0518 Tw [(tw)11.2(enty-one billion metric tons a year)65.8(. As of 1993, only)]TJ T* -0.0022 Tw (sixteen percent of the total amount of wastes discharged)Tj T* 0.0136 Tc 0.1252 Tw [(r)7.4(eceived any form of tr)13.6(eatment. )46.5(That same year)68.1(, the)]TJ T* -0.0011 Tc -0.0629 Tw [(countr)-12(y)33.3()92.1(s industries collectively pumped thir)-12(ty-six billion)]TJ T* -0.006 Tc -0.0624 Tw [(tons of industrial effluents into riv)-6(ers, streams, and coastal)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0 Tw (waters.)Tj 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0003 Tc 0.0409 Tw [(O)5.5(v)0.3(er 100 million people live along China)76.7()93.5(s)-0.1( Bo H)11.2(a)-4.1(i)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.081 Tw [(S)9.4(ea coast at a density of up to 1200 people per squar)11.3(e)]TJ T* -0.0029 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(kilometer)62.5(, which has led to a significant incr)8(ease in wastes)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.1 Tw [(dumped into coastal waters. S)22.3(hanghai dumps 4.5 mil-)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0556 Tw [(lion metric tons of untr)11.5(eated wastes into coastal waters)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0655 Tw [(ever)-10.5(y)12.9(day)98.6(. China)76.8()82.7(s)2.2( pro)17.3(vinces along the )21.5(Y)94.4(ello)22.2(w S)11.3(ea dump)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc -0.0192 Tw [(744 million metric tons of untr)11.6(eated wastes into it ever)-10.2(y)]TJ T* 0.0011 Tc 0.1251 Tw [(year)66.5(.)4.6( )44.5(The industrial waste emissions from the thirteen)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc -0.0075 Tw [(large por)-10.4(t cities flo)11.4(wing into the coastal waters total 200)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0088 Tw [(million a year)76.8(.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0364 Tw [(U)37.4(ntr)11.4(eated sewage is contaminating China)76.9()82.8(s)-0.1( riv)11.4(ers se-)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0 Tc 0.0935 Tw [(v)6.5(e)-2.9(r)10.9(ely as w)10.9(ell. )44(The fact that many of China)76.4()93.2(s)-0.9( riv)10.9(ers are)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.014 Tw [(dr)-21.3(ying out on a r)11.4(egular basis due to o)22.3(v)7(er)22.3(drafts has exac-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.087 Tw [(erbated this pollution problem. F)43.8(or example, since the)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0919 Tw [(mid-1980s the )21.9(Y)94.1(ello)21.9(w Riv)11(er does not reach the sea for)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0021 Tw [(nearly 200 days a year)76.4(.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0323 Tw [(The Liao River in nor)-10.6(thern China carries 1.3 billion)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0007 Tc 0.0195 Tw [(tons of untr)11.6(eated industrial effluents into coastal waters)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.09 Tw [(annually)98.4(. I)11.1(n)0.4( the summer of 1986, nearly ever)-10.7(y aquatic)]TJ T* -0.0478 Tw [(organism was killed for hundr)11.1(eds of kilometers along the)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc -0.0535 Tw [(Liao Riv)11.5(er due to the massive amounts of pollution. )55.2(This)]TJ T* 0.0726 Tw [(was the first instance of China)77.1()93.9(s, no)11.6(w notorious, )55.2(stink)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0475 Tw [(riv)11(ers. I)11(n)-0.2( 1986, the Xiao River was o)21.9(v)6.6(er)-21.7(whelmed with)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.083 Tw [(untr)11.3(eated se)-10.5(wage water)76.8(, killing 100,000 metric tons of)]TJ T* -0.0001 Tc 0.016 Tw [(shellfish in the lo)10.8(w)5.4(er r)10.8(eaches of the river)76.3(. )43.4(The economic)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0106 Tw (loss was estimated at 2.5 million dollars.)Tj 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0005 Tc 0.0864 Tw [(The high density of population in the urban ar)11.4(eas)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0449 Tw [(raises not only concerns of pollution, but also incr)11.4(eases)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0186 Tw [(in infectious diseases and social disor)11.3(der)65.9(. )55.2(The difficulties)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc -0.0119 Tw [(in acquiring r)11.4(esour)11.4(ces such as electricity and clean water)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.0017 Tw [(hav)10.7(e already led to the theft of these r)10.7(esources.)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 1.08 -3.6 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (E)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 72.2399 201.24 Tm 0.0003 Tc [(NVIR)47.1(ONMENT)93.8(AL)]TJ 11 0 0 11 134.04 201.24 Tm -0.009 Tc ( I)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 140.64 201.24 Tm 0.0027 Tc [(MP)80.6(A)21.9(C)7.3(T)]TJ 11 0 0 11 166.92 201.24 Tm 0 Tc ( )Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 169.68 201.24 Tm 0.0032 Tc (AND)Tj 11 0 0 11 186.6 201.24 Tm -0.003 Tc ( P)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 195.84 201.24 Tm -0.0015 Tc [(OPUL)-17.1(A)80(TION)]TJ 11 0 0 11 240.84 201.24 Tm -0.0026 Tc ( D)Tj 7.7 0 0 7.7 252.24 201.24 Tm -0.0003 Tc [(ENSIT)-15.9(Y)]TJ /F5 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 71.9999 174.84 Tm 0.0002 Tc 0.0933 Tw [(Ther)11.1(e is no inherent r)11.1(elationship between popula-)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0006 Tc 0.0741 Tw [(tion density and environmental impact. )55(Thir)-10.3(ty million)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0399 Tw [(people spr)11.2(ead through small to)22.1(wns and villages can do as)]TJ T* 0.083 Tw [(much damage to the natural environment thr)11.2(ough de-)]TJ T* 0.0008 Tc 0.0016 Tw [(for)11.7(estation, as thirty million concentrated in one or two)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0593 Tw [(cities. N)22(egativ)11.1(e or unmanaged impacts ar)11.1(e ho)11.1(w)5.7(e)-0.9(v)11.1(er more)]TJ T* 0.0043 Tc 0.125 Tw (visible and )Tj /F11 1 Tf 4.6582 0 TD 0.004 Tc 0 Tw (potentially )Tj /F5 1 Tf 4.2655 0 TD 0.0045 Tc 0.1262 Tw (more harmful to human health)Tj -8.9236 -1.2 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.0143 Tw [(when concentrated. I)22(t)0.1( is possible that some technologies)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0631 Tw [(for tr)11.2(eating wastes may be mor)11.2(e effective in large cities)]TJ 22.6364 60 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0085 Tw [(wher)11(e economies of scale ar)11(e available.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0006 Tc 0.1149 Tw [(M)7.1(igration tr)11.5(ends in China ar)11.5(e cr)11.5(eating the largest)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0112 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(concentration of urban dwellers the world has ever kno)10.6(wn.)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0165 Tw (The impact of such densely populated cities will depend)Tj T* 0.0006 Tc -0.0591 Tw [(on the kind of urban management that is put in place. )44.2(T)147.9(o)]TJ T* -0.0004 Tc -0.0623 Tw [(conquer the challenges of quickly gro)16.5(wing and high-den-)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0238 Tw (sity cities, the urban management will have to be better)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0135 Tw [(than any other cities in the world have previously done.)]TJ T* -0.0081 Tc -0.062 Tw [(Ther)13.7(e are, ho)13.7(w)8.3(e)1.7(ver)68.3(,)0( no convenient technological or mana-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0352 Tw [(gerial fix)11.3(es to China)76.8()82.7(s)-0.5( urban population pr)11.3(oblems, for no)]TJ T* 0.1231 Tw [(other countr)-21.4(y has faced an urban migration at such a)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.1065 Tw (scale and speed. Chinese policymakers appear to favor)Tj T* 0.0002 Tc 0.1184 Tw [(high-tech, mega-project solutions to fulfill its gr)11.1(o)6.2(wing)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.1187 Tw [(demand for energy and other r)10.9(esources \(e.g., the con-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc -0.013 Tw [(str)-10.6(uction of large water diversion projects to bring water)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0606 Tw (to northern China, the building of huge dams to miti-)Tj T* 0.0344 Tw [(gate flooding and supply electricity)98.8(, the constr)-10.3(uction of)]TJ T* -0.004 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(large ring roads ar)6.9(ound cities to help alleviate traffic pr)6.9(ob-)]TJ T* 0.0043 Tc 0.1252 Tw [(lems\). )47.8(The U)37(nited S)26.1(tates and other western countries)]TJ T* -0.0003 Tc -0.062 Tw [(could positively influence the urban envir)10.6(onmental qual-)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0042 Tw (ity in China by promoting:)Tj 0 -2.4 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.1137 Tw [(1\))-818(M)6.7(ass transportation technology that offers a cred-)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0006 Tc 0 Tw (ible alternative to the automobile;)Tj -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0063 Tc 0.1255 Tw [(2)8.1(\))-811.9(W)104.5(ater r)6.3(esour)6.3(ce management that encourages effi-)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0003 Tc 0.122 Tw (ciency for all uses, applying demand management)Tj T* 0.0018 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(through pricing policies that r)12.7(eflect costs for pro-)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0053 Tw [(duction and r)11.5(e-use;)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.0721 Tw [(3\))-817.8(The dev)11.3(elopment of a )54.9(safety cultur)11.3(e)36.4()-0.4( for industr)-21.4(y)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0082 Tw [(and urban ser)-21.5(vice deliver)-10.6(y)100.1(. 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B)8.5(elo)19.4(w is an outline of the four work-)]TJ 0 -1.1345 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.007 Tw [(ing groups of the F)43.7(o)-0.1(r)-10.8(um.)]TJ 0 -2.16 TD -0.0015 Tc 0 Tw [()-1249.9(The )]TJ /F11 1 Tf 3.48 0 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.0309 Tw [(E)20.7(nerg)-54.4(y P)54.7(olicy )66.2(W)92.7(o)5.4(rking G)32.9(r)3(oup)]TJ /F5 1 Tf 10.9418 0 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0318 Tw [( discusses issues of)]TJ -12.7855 -1.2 TD -0.0034 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(energy generationincluding conv)7.5(entional, nuclear)73(,)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0282 Tw [(renewable, and alternativ)11(e energy sourcesand ma-)]TJ T* -0.0036 Tc -0.0621 Tw (jor energy consumption activities in industrial, trans-)Tj T* 0.0009 Tc 0.0102 Tw (portation, building, and utility sectors.)Tj -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0003 Tc 0 Tw [()-1248.1(The )]TJ /F11 1 Tf 3.4582 0 TD -0.0001 Tc [(E)20.4(nvir)21.7(onmental P)54.4(olicy )54.4(W)92.4(o)5.1(r)10.8(king G)21.7(r)2.7(oup )]TJ /F5 1 Tf 14.0836 0 TD 0.0009 Tc 0.0045 Tw (focuses on)Tj -15.9055 -1.2 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.0565 Tw [(two separate tracks. F)44.2(irst, it consults and coor)11.5(dinates)]TJ T* 0.0051 Tc 0.1255 Tw [(on multilateral envir)5.1(onmental issues and negotia-)]TJ T* 0.0009 Tc -0.0076 Tw [(tions. S)22.7(econd, it addr)11.8(esses pollution prev)11.8(ention and)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0239 Tw (control, health impacts of pollution, as well as waste)Tj T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0399 Tw (management and remediation, which includes haz-)Tj T* 0.0182 Tw [(a)5.3(r)11.1(dous waste.)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0139 Tc 0 Tw [()-1234.5(The )]TJ /F11 1 Tf 3.6436 0 TD 0.0163 Tc 0.1262 Tw [(Science for S)27.2(ustainable D)5.4(e)2.8(v)5.4(elopment )60(W)97.9(o)-0.3(r)5.4(king)]TJ -2.0073 -1.2 TD -0.0015 Tc 0 Tw [(G)25.1(r)1.3(oup )]TJ /F5 1 Tf 2.5964 0 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.0167 Tw (examines the application of science and tech-)Tj -2.5964 -1.2 TD 0.0005 Tc 0.1023 Tw (nology to better understand and foster sustainable)Tj T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0027 Tw (development in China.)Tj -1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0022 Tc 0 Tw [()-1250.6(The )]TJ /F11 1 Tf 3.5236 0 TD -0.0005 Tc 0.0776 Tw [(Commercial Cooper)43.1(ation )65.3(W)92(o)4.7(rking G)21.3(r)13.2(oup )]TJ /F5 1 Tf 15.6873 0 TD -0.0011 Tc 0 Tw (exam-)Tj -17.5745 -1.2 TD 0.0125 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(ines trade, energy)99.8(, environment, agriculture, and)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0336 Tw [(other aspects of U.S.-China envir)11.3(onmental relations)]TJ T* -0.0157 Tw [(that per)-10.5(tain to sustainable development. )55.2(This group)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0096 Tw [(has wor)11.4(ked to identify areas in which oppor)-10.4(tunities)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0872 Tw [(for U.S. firms and China)76.7()93.5(s)-0.6( environmental technol-)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc -0.0023 Tw (ogy needs intersect.)Tj 22.6364 54.8945 TD 0.0002 Tc -0.008 Tw [(S)9.2(ince the F)43.8(o)0(r)-10.7(um was created, the par)-10.7(ticipating Chi-)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0006 Tc -0.0162 Tw [(nese officials have incr)11.5(eased their inter)22.4(est in cooperation)]TJ T* 0.0635 Tw [(with the U)44.2(nited S)22.4(tates on environmental issues. 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Climate change is one global envir)11.4(onmen-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0052 Tw (tal problem in which U.S.-China cooperation is critical.)Tj T* 0.0635 Tw [(While the U)43.9(nited S)22.1(tates is the largest emitter of gr)11.2(een-)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.0434 Tw [(house gases, China is the second largest and fastest gro)17(w)-1.7(-)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc -0.0525 Tw [(ing. I)33.4(t)-0.3( is imperativ)11.6(e to r)11.6(ecognize that if all the K)22.5(y)13.2(oto P)33.4(r)5.4(o-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0285 Tw [(tocol targets wer)11.2(e)0.1( implemented and the fifty-two coun-)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0393 Tw [(tries that assumed targets at K)22.3(y)13(oto stayed on track o)22.3(v)7(er)]TJ T* 0.0058 Tc 0.125 Tw [(the next fifty y)5.8(ears to r)16.7(educe emissions, these actions)]TJ T* -0.0083 Tc -0.0624 Tw (would be insufficient if China and other developing coun-)Tj T* 0.0002 Tc 0.052 Tw [(tries do not also act to lo)11.1(w)5.7(er gr)11.1(eenhouse gas emissions.)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.055 Tw [(The Chinese position in the global ar)11.3(ena makes it critical)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0245 Tw [(for them to ratify the K)22.4(y)13.1(oto P)33.3(r)5.3(otocol, for its suppor)-10.3(t of)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0488 Tw [(the K)22.3(y)13(oto agr)11.4(eement will impact the positions of other)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0865 Tw [(developing countries. )44(The U)43.8(nited S)22(tates must impro)17.1(v)6.7(e)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0341 Tw (its dialogue with China on the issue of climate change in)Tj T* -0.0041 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(an incr)6.8(emental way)105(. One climate change r)17.7(elated issue that)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc 0.0181 Tw [(the U)44.3(nited S)33.4(tates could str)11.6(ess is the mar)11.6(ket approach to)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.1151 Tw [(decr)10.9(easing greenhouse gas emissions. F)43.6(or example, the)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0136 Tw [(flexible mar)11.1(ket-based mechanisms adopted in the K)22(y)12.7(oto)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc -0.0293 Tw [(agr)11.4(eement are constructed so as to pr)11.4(o)17.4(vide incentives for)]TJ T* 0.0024 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(priv)13.3(ate investment and private sector solutions. M)13.3(any)]TJ 22.6364 60 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.0463 Tw (countries in the world do see the Chinese market as an)Tj 0 -1.2 TD -0.0021 Tw [(oppor)-10.7(tunity for long-term sales of clean energy technol-)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0997 Tw [(ogy)87.9(. 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I)32.7(t)0.2( was r)10.9(e)-0.7(cognized that water r)10.9(esources man-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.1216 Tw (agement is among the most difficult of all sustainable)Tj T* -0.0001 Tc 0.028 Tw [(development problems yet one that crosses the inter)10.8(ests)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0318 Tw [(of a v)11.2(ariety of go)11.2(v)6.8(ernmental and nongo)11.2(v)6.8(ernmental orga-)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc -0.0176 Tw [(nizations. )44.2(Thus, the initial focus was to identify and pri-)]TJ T* -0.0078 Tc -0.0619 Tw [(oritize common problems associated with water r)14(esources,)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0408 Tw [(both quantity and quality)87.9(. F)44.2(our activities r)11.5(egar)22.4(ding wa-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0499 Tw [(ter ar)11.3(e currently under)-10.5(way: 1\) identifying pr)11.3(ograms for)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0154 Tw [(bilateral cooperation; 2\) r)11(eaching out to the private sec-)]TJ 0 -1.1891 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.0465 Tw [(tor; 3\) finding common pr)11.3(oblems; and 4\) developing a)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0 Tc 0.0145 Tw (joint framework.)Tj 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0005 Tc 0.043 Tw [(The water)65.9(, energy)98.7(, and other cooperativ)11.4(e initiatives)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0 Tc 0.0552 Tw [(cr)10.9(eated under the umbr)10.9(ella of the F)43.6(o)-0.2(r)-10.9(um hold promise)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0935 Tw (for mutual benefit on environmental activities in both)Tj T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0025 Tw [(countries. )44(The U.S. go)22.1(v)6.8(e)-0.3(rnment could impr)11.2(o)17.2(v)6.8(e its envi-)]TJ T* -0.0129 Tw [(r)5.1(onmental wor)11.3(k with China by understanding the expe-)]TJ T* -0.0049 Tw [(rience and extent of envir)11.2(onmental work done by major)]TJ T* 0.0052 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(aid organizations \(e.g., UNDP\), multilateral financial)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.1001 Tw [(institutions \(e.g., )22.4(W)87.8(orld B)11.4(ank and the Asian D)11.4(e)-0.6(velop-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0123 Tw [(ment B)11.3(ank\), and other countries. E)11.3(xamining these mul-)]TJ T* 0.1197 Tw [(tilateral and bilateral environmental pr)11.2(ojects could in-)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.1045 Tw [(form the U.S. appr)11.5(oach to environmental cooperation)]TJ T* 0.001 Tc -0.0111 Tw [(in China. F)44.6(oundation suppor)-9.9(t and activities b)11.9(y)-0.3( nongo)22.8(v-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0857 Tw (ernmental organizations in China also hold lessons for)Tj T* -0.0514 Tw [(U.S. go)22.1(v)6.8(ernment environmental work. )44(T)136.7(o)-0.2( date, activities)]TJ T* -0.0445 Tw [(and funding by foundations and nongo)22.2(v)6.9(ernmental orga-)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0007 Tw [(nizations in China hav)11.4(e center)11.4(ed on sustainable agricul-)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc -0.0391 Tw [(tur)11.5(e, gr)11.5(een building and ecological design, organic fertil-)]TJ T* -0.0016 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(iz)9.3(ers, environmental conser)-23.4(v)4.9(ation, r)9.3(enewable energy pr)9.3(o-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0793 Tw [(grams, lo)11.3(w carbon dev)11.3(elopment paths, and transpor)-10.5(ta-)]TJ T* 0.0039 Tc 0.1251 Tw [(tion. 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I)11.3(n)-0.5( attendance at the confer)11.3(ence)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0676 Tw [(w)5.7(e)-2.7(r)11.1(e)0.1( one hundr)11.1(ed high-ranking officials, as well as top)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc -0.0391 Tw [(scientists from both countriesincluding Chinese )22.4(V)11.1(ice-)]TJ T* -0.0023 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(M)15.2(inister of Science and )52.1(T)145(echnology)95.9(, D)8.6(eng N)30.4(an, and U.S.)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0129 Tw [(U)36.9(nder-S)21.8(ecretar)-21.8(y of Commer)10.9(ce, D)10.9(r)70.2(. J)32.7(ames B)21.8(aker)65.5(. Agr)10.9(ee-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0983 Tw [(ments on M)11.3(arine and F)44(isher)-21.4(y Science and )55.2(T)136.8(echnology)]TJ T* 0.0214 Tw [(P)25.7(r)5(otocols w)11.2(e)-2.6(r)11.2(e)-0.3( signed later in Hangzhou City)98.5(, Zhejiang)]TJ T* -0.0002 Tc 0.1161 Tw [(P)25.2(r)4.5(o)16.7(vince. A)10.7(t)0.3( the ceremony celebrating twenty years of)]TJ T* 0.0226 Tc 0.1255 Tw [(cooperation, J)33.5(ack Kelly)99(,)-0.3( Assistant A)22.6(dministrator for)]TJ T* 0.0054 Tc 0.1246 Tw [(NO)27.2(AA)114.5()87.7(s)4.1( N)27.2(ational )15.9(W)81.8(eather S)16.3(e)2.5(r)-16.4(vice, and )26.8(W)81.8(en Kegang,)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.1149 Tw [(A)12.4(dministrator of the CMA, signed the )54.8(T)147.6(w)5.8(elfth Atmo-)]TJ T* -0.0177 Tw [(spheric Science J)22.2(oint )22.1(W)87.7(o)0.2(rking G)33.1(r)5.1(oup R)11.3(epor)-10.5(t, which is a)]TJ 22.6364 51.6 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0226 Tw [(work plan for the next two years. I)21.9(n)0( each of these formal)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD -0.0006 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(signing cer)10.3(emonies, the two sides agreed they would con-)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0295 Tw [(tinue joint projects and ex)11.5(change of scientists and data.)]TJ T* -0.0009 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(The atmospheric agr)10(eement pr)10(omotes cooperation in the)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc 0.0323 Tw [(follo)11.6(wing ar)22.5(eas:)]TJ 0 -2.4 TD 0.0056 Tw [()-1247.8(R)12.9(esear)11.5(ch on climate and monsoons;)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD -0.0004 Tc 0.0277 Tw [()-1248.8(M)28(esoscale meteorology;)]TJ T* 0.005 Tw [()-1248.8(S)8.6(atellite meteorology;)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0273 Tw [()-1248.2(A)1.4(tmospheric chemistr)-10.7(y;)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0205 Tw [()-1247.8(M)29(eteorological modernization; and,)]TJ T* 0.0009 Tc 0.0156 Tw [()-1247.5(T)148.2(raining and par)-10(ticipation.)]TJ 1.6364 -2.4 TD 0.0004 Tc -0.0334 Tw [(After the first signing cer)11.3(emony a r)11.3(egular meeting of)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.0743 Tw [(the J)32.9(oint )21.3(W)87.5(o)0(rking G)32.9(r)4.9(oupcreated by the Atmospher)11.1(e)]TJ T* 0.008 Tc 0.125 Tw [(and Science and )40.7(T)144.4(echnology P)29.8(r)1.8(otocoltook place in)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc -0.0282 Tw [(B)5.2(eijing on S)22(eptember 15-16. )44(The twelfth meeting of the)]TJ T* 0 Tc -0.0247 Tw [(Atmospheric P)32.7(r)4.7(otocol)10.9()93.2(s)-0.8( J)21.8(oint )22.1(W)87.3(o)-0.2(rking G)21.8(r)4.7(oup took place)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0079 Tw [(in Beijing on S)11.3(eptember 15-16. S)11.3(igning of the two-y)11.3(ear)]TJ T* -0.0069 Tw [(work plan and celebration of the A)11.3(tmospheric P)33.1(r)5.1(otocols)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0261 Tw [(tw)11.4(entieth year Anniv)11.4(ersar)-21.3(y took place at the G)33.2(r)5.2(eat H)11.4(all)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0049 Tw [(of the P)54.5(eople.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0395 Tw [(This meeting was follo)11(w)5.6(ed by another event on S)21.9(ep-)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0003 Tc 0.0842 Tw [(tember 23 celebrating the twentieth anniv)11.2(ersar)-21.5(y of the)]TJ T* -0.0141 Tw [(signing of the P)33(r)5(otocol of S)11.2(ino-U.S. M)11.2(arine and F)33(isher)-21.5(y)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.003 Tw [(Science and )43.8(T)136.5(echnology Cooperation. )54.7(This P)21.9(r)4.8(otocol has)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0115 Tw [(encompassed cooperation in five broad ar)11.3(eas:)]TJ 0 -2.4 TD 0.0006 Tc 0.0033 Tw [()-1247.8(D)6.1(ata and information ex)11.5(change;)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0005 Tc -0.0044 Tw [()-1247.9(M)7(arine envir)11.4(onmental ser)-21.3(vicestides and curr)11.4(ents;)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.0053 Tw [()-1248.2(R)12.5(ole of oceans in global climate change;)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0091 Tw [()-1247.9(Living marine r)11.4(esources; and,)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc -0.0114 Tw [()-1247.8(I)11.3(ntegrated coastal management.)]TJ 1.6364 -2.4 TD 0.0038 Tc 0.1253 Tw [(These ar)14.7(eas of cooperation co)14.7(ver topics that hold)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0014 Tc -0.062 Tw [(considerable practical application in China. F)42.2(or example,)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc -0.0273 Tw [(integrated coastal management is one topic that par)-10.3(ticu-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0992 Tw (larly concerns Chinese scientists and policymakers, for)Tj T* -0.0065 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(much of China)80.8()86.7(s)-0.5( population lives along the coast, approxi-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0344 Tw (mately 520 million people. Cooperation on such scien-)Tj T* 0.0006 Tc -0.0068 Tw [(tific agr)11.5(eements is strongly supported in China, for they)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0127 Tw [(promote sustainable dev)11.4(elopment and impro)17.4(v)7(ements in)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc -0.0107 Tw (technology to monitor potentially dangerous natural di-)Tj T* -0.0101 Tc -0.0622 Tw [(sasters. N)33.5(otably)88.1(, the M)11.7(arine and F)33.5(isher)-21(y Science and )44.7(T)137.2(ech-)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 20 0 0 20 125.04 722.4 Tm -0.0008 Tc 0.017 Tw [(T)147.2(w)11.2(enty )41.2(Y)103.2(ears of U.S.-China Cooperation in)]TJ 1.938 -1.2 TD -0.0012 Tc 0.0215 Tw [(A)13.8(tmospheric and Oceanic Science)]TJ 11 0 0 11 260.4 668.4 Tm 0 Tc 0.02 Tw [(29 O)10.9(ctober 1999)]TJ ET endstream endobj 82 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 159 0 R /Resources 83 0 R /Contents 84 0 R /Thumb 147 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 83 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F4 177 0 R /F5 176 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 207 0 R /GS2 209 0 R >> >> endobj 84 0 obj << /Length 10826 >> stream 1 0 0.027 RG 0 J 0 j 0.48 w 10 M []0 d /GS1 gs 1 i 72 42.96 m 558 42.96 l 72 39.48 m 558 39.48 l S BT /F4 1 Tf 9 0 0 9 72 24.24 Tm 0 0 0 rg /GS2 gs 0 Tc 0 Tw (C)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 78.48 24.24 Tm 0.0439 Tc (HINA)Tj 9 0 0 9 95.76 24.24 Tm 0.045 Tc ( E)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 104.04 24.24 Tm 0.0425 Tc [(NVIR)42.5(ONMENT)]TJ 9 0 0 9 150.36 24.24 Tm 0.041 Tc ( S)Tj 6.3 0 0 6.3 157.92 24.24 Tm 0.0458 Tc (ERIES)Tj 9 0 0 9 176.16 24.24 Tm 0.0451 Tc [( )14.3( I)]TJ 6.3 0 0 6.3 192.96 24.24 Tm 0.0481 Tc (SSUE)Tj 9 0 0 9 208.8 24.24 Tm 0.0483 Tc ( 3)Tj 37.7733 0.1733 TD 0.0067 Tc (75)Tj /F5 1 Tf 11 0 0 11 72 729.2401 Tm 0.0001 Tc 0.0779 Tw [(nology Agr)11(eement has been one of the most successful)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0003 Tc 0.085 Tw [(data ex)11.2(change agr)11.2(eements that NO)33(AA has signed with)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc 0.0929 Tw [(any countr)-21.7(y)99.9(.)-0.2( M)11(any valuable data have been ex)21.9(changed)]TJ T* 0 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(and NO)43.6(AA has gained access to rich, long-term data sets,)]TJ T* 0.0205 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(particularly on climate. F)31.4(or example, some Chinese)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0893 Tw [(r)5.2(ecor)22.3(ds on climate and temperature fluctuation extend)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.1167 Tw [(back 5000 years, which scientists in the U)44.2(nited S)33.3(tates)]TJ T* -0.0116 Tc -0.0625 Tw [(vie)-11.6(w as inv)10.2(aluable in climate change studies. I)10.2(n)0.4( H)10.2(angzhou,)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0367 Tw [(NO)33.1(AA officials also signed the F)44(our)-10.5(teenth J)33.1(oint )11(W)87.7(o)0.2(rk)6(-)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0972 Tw [(ing G)33.2(r)5.2(oup R)11.4(eport to the M)11.4(arine and F)33.2(isher)-21.3(y P)33.2(r)5.2(otocol)]TJ T* 0.0028 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(that outlined cooperativ)13.7(e activities for the 1999-2001)]TJ T* -0.0069 Tc -0.0627 Tw [(period. )58.3(The J)36.7(oint )14.7(W)91.3(o)3.8(rking G)25.8(r)-2.2(oup for this P)36.7(r)8.7(otocol, which)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0571 Tw [(meets ev)11.2(er)-21.5(y two y)11.2(ears, met most r)11.2(ecently in Hangzhou)]TJ T* -0.0091 Tw [(S)9.3(eptember 26-27.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0005 Tc 0.045 Tw [(I)11.2(n)-0.4( addition to the anniv)11.4(ersar)-21.3(y and signing cer)11.4(emo-)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.0511 Tw [(nies, the U.S. and Chinese par)-10.5(ticipants held two meet-)]TJ T* 0.0287 Tw [(ings: a symposium addressing climate and envir)11.2(onmen-)]TJ T* -0.0477 Tw [(tal change and a wor)11.2(kshop focusing on the role of oceans)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0 Tw (in climate change.)Tj /F4 1 Tf 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0 Tc -0.0389 Tw [(The PR)43.6(C-U.S.A S)10.9(ymposium on Climate, E)10.9(nvir)10.9(on-)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0003 Tc 0.0536 Tw [(mental Change and R)21.5(egional I)10.6(mpacts )]TJ /F5 1 Tf 15.4145 0 TD 0.0005 Tc 0.0544 Tw [(\(21-22 S)22.3(eptem-)]TJ -15.4145 -1.2 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.013 Tw [(ber 1999\) was co-hosted by the Chinese M)32.6(eteor)10.8(ological)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0356 Tw [(A)12.7(dministration and the U.S. N)33.3(ational O)11.5(ceanic and At)5.8(-)]TJ T* 0.009 Tc 0.1247 Tw [(mospheric A)19.9(dministration. )41.4(The par)9(ticipants pro)15(vided)]TJ T* 0.0033 Tc 0.1254 Tw [(o)20.2(v)9.8(er)-18.5(vie)-7.6(ws of national climate pr)14.2(ograms in the U)36(nited)]TJ T* -0.0087 Tc -0.0626 Tw [(S)22.1(tates and China, which r)13.1(epr)13.1(esent efforts in our two coun-)]TJ T* 0.0007 Tc 0.0659 Tw [(tries to impro)17.6(v)7.2(e understanding of)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 13.2109 0 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw ( )Tj /F5 1 Tf 0.3164 0 TD 0.0664 Tw [(ho)10.9(w the climate sys-)]TJ -13.5273 -1.2 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0434 Tw [(tem works. One key goal of this ex)10.8(change is to cr)10.8(eate a)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0561 Tw [(shar)11.5(ed understanding on pr)11.5(edicting E)11.5(l)3.4( N)22.4(io and mon-)]TJ T* 0.0615 Tw [(soons. O)11.5(f)-1.9( par)-10.3(ticular inter)11.5(est to U.S. scientists has been)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc -0.0487 Tw (exploring the complex impacts the Asian monsoons have)Tj T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0102 Tw [(on E)11.4(l)2.1( N)22.3(io and Chinese data ar)11.4(e inv)11.4(aluable in this pur-)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0953 Tw [(suit. At this meeting they also discussed the impact of)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0005 Tw [(climate on w)10.9(eather)54.5(.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0097 Tc 0 Tw [(At)-8.8( )]TJ /F4 1 Tf 1.3527 0 TD 0.0192 Tc 0.128 Tw [(The S)8.3(ymposium and )51.7(W)114.5(o)-1.6(r)8.3(kshop on Climate)]TJ -2.9891 -1.2 TD -0.0009 Tc -0.0326 Tw [(Change and the O)10(cean)75.5()105.3(s)0.2( R)10(ole)]TJ /F5 1 Tf 11.4 0 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0337 Tw [( the Chinese and U.S. par-)]TJ -11.4 -1.2 TD 0.0002 Tc 0.0307 Tw [(ticipants shared data from their o)22(wn studies and agreed)]TJ T* 0.0004 Tc 0.0604 Tw [(to protocols to continue ex)11.3(changing climate and ocean)]TJ T* 0 Tc -0.0181 Tw [(data and modeling results. M)32.7(o)-0.2(r)10.9(e)-1.6(o)10.9(v)6.5(er they decided to ex-)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.1009 Tw [(plor)11.2(e establishing a jointly-managed vir)-10.6(tual laborator)-21.5(y)100.1(.)]TJ T* 0.0091 Tc 0.1249 Tw [(This virtual co-laborator)-12.7(y would enable Chinese and)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0369 Tw [(American scientists to ex)11.4(change data and ideas o)22.3(v)7(er the)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.0358 Tw [(I)11(nternet in r)11.2(eal time. I)22.1(t)0( should be noted that both U.S.)]TJ T* 0.0137 Tc 0.1253 Tw (and Chinese scientists have been engaged in climate)Tj T* 0.0003 Tc 0.021 Tw (change and assessment of impacts of climate change for)Tj T* -0.0597 Tw [(many years. )54.2(The Chinese M)22.1(eteor)11.2(ological A)11.2(dministration)]TJ T* 0.0268 Tw [(has been a principal agency in developing a Chinese r)11.3(e)7.3(-)]TJ T* 0.0082 Tw [(sponse to the K)22.2(y)2(oto P)44(r)5.1(otocol.)]TJ /F4 1 Tf 1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.007 Tc -0.0635 Tw [(The China-U.S. )36.8(W)110.1(o)4.9(rkshop on the I)14.8(mpacts of O)14.8(cean)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.097 Tw [(V)104.9(a)5.8(riability on Climate )]TJ /F5 1 Tf 9.3164 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.0954 Tw [(\(23-24 S)10.8(eptember 1999\) was a)]TJ -9.3164 -1.2 TD 0.0007 Tc -0.0233 Tw [(meeting co-sponsor)11.6(ed b)11.6(y)0.6( the Chinese S)33.4(tate Oceanic A)22.5(d)0.6(-)]TJ 22.6364 60 TD 0.0137 Tw [(ministration and the U.S. N)33.4(ational O)11.6(ceanic and Atmo-)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD 0.0014 Tc 0.1248 Tw [(spheric A)12.3(dministration. I)23.2(n)0( this workshop the Chinese)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0437 Tw [(scientists discussed the r)11.4(esults of their S)11.4(outh China S)11.4(e)4.1(a)]TJ T* -0.0035 Tc -0.0621 Tw [(M)24.9(onsoon E)7.4(xperiment, which aims to pr)18.3(edict rainfall o)18.3(v)3(er)]TJ T* 0.0002 Tc 0.1016 Tw [(the )22.1(Y)83.3(angtze River basinthe highly populated, br)11.1(ead-)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.1013 Tw [(basket r)11.4(egion in south-central China. )43.9(The participants)]TJ T* 0 Tc 0.0193 Tw [(also discussed the follo)10.9(wing topics:)]TJ 0 -2.4 TD 0.0001 Tc 0.0128 Tw [()-1248.3(O)9.6(ceans as drivers of climate variability;)]TJ 0 -1.2 TD -0.0047 Tc -0.0619 Tw [()-1253.1(O)4.8(cean monitoring and application of satellite r)17.1(emote)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.001 Tc 0 Tw (sensing data;)Tj -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0006 Tc 0.0079 Tw [()-1247.8(P)36.9(r)5.3(ediction modeling and r)11.5(eal time for)11.5(ecasting;)]TJ T* -0.0029 Tc -0.0621 Tw [()-1251.3(Theor)8(etical study on the interaction of monsoon and)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0031 Tc 0.0174 Tw [(E)19.8(l)5.4( N)24.9(io;)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD -0.0004 Tc -0.0624 Tw [()-1248.8(G)4.8(lobal ocean obser)-11.3(vations for the next 20 y)10.5(ears; and,)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.1197 Tw [()-1247.9(I)11.2(mpact of a dipole mode in the I)22.3(ndian Ocean on)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0003 Tc 0.008 Tw [(climate in Asia and Africa.)]TJ 0 -2.4 TD 0.1023 Tw [(D)16.7(uring the workshop)22.1(, U.S. and Chinese scientists)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0363 Tw [(examined ways to coor)11.2(dinate effor)-10.6(ts in impro)17.2(v)6.8(ed ocean)]TJ T* 0.0008 Tc 0.1252 Tw [(obser)-10.1(v)7.3(ations as a key to advancing climate forecasting)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc 0.0031 Tw [(ser)-21.3(vices. 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A)22.3(dditional projects under)-10.4(taken by)]TJ T* -0.0411 Tw [(NO)33.2(AA in China ar)11.4(e listed in the I)22.3(n)-2.5(ventor)-10.4(y of this publi-)]TJ T* 0.0018 Tc 0 Tw (cation.)Tj -19.7782 53.3673 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.0259 Tw [(As an impor)-10.5(tant step to achieve these goals, Oregon)87.7()82.7(s)2.5( Go)17.3(v)6.9(ernor J)33.1(ohn Kitzhaber is pleased to announce)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.006 Tw [(that the reno)11(wned ar)11(chitect and sustainable development leader)65.5(, )11.2(W)11(illiam M)32.8(c)1.9(D)11(o)0.2(nough, has agreed to be the)]TJ T* 0.0003 Tc 0.1186 Tw [(founding Chair of the U.S. Boar)11.2(d of D)11.2(i)0.2(r)11.2(ectors for the )]TJ /F11 1 Tf 22.2109 0 TD -0.0018 Tc 0 Tw [(C)11.5(enter)]TJ /F5 1 Tf 2.4436 0 TD -0.0001 Tc 0.1183 Tw [(. In 1992 the city of H)10.8(anno)10.8(v)6.4(e)-3(r)65.3(,)1( G)10.8(ermany)]TJ -24.6545 -1.2 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0489 Tw [(selected him to write )]TJ /F11 1 Tf 8.0945 0 TD -0.0001 Tc [(The H)32.6(anno)10.8(v)11.4(er P)32.6(rinciples/Design for S)32.6(ustainability)]TJ /F5 1 Tf 18.3164 0 TD 0.0001 Tc -0.0494 Tw [( to guide the design of EXPO 2000, the)]TJ -26.4109 -1.2 TD 0.0003 Tc 0.0478 Tw [(W)87.6(orld)11.2()82.6(s)1.6( F)54.8(air)65.7(. I)11.2(n)0.3( 1996, Mr)65.8(. M)33(c)2.1(D)11.2(onough received the P)43.9(r)5(esidential A)43.9(war)22.1(d for S)22.1(ustainable D)11.2(e)-0.8(v)11.2(elopment, the)]TJ T* 0.0613 Tw [(nation)65.8()93.6(s)0.1( highest environmental honor)76.8(, pr)11.3(esented in a )11.2(White H)22.2(ouse cer)11.3(emony)87.7(. 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M)22.1(c)2.1(D)11.2(onough is the former dean of the School of)]TJ T* 0.0005 Tc -0.0162 Tw [(A)6.4(r)-10.4(chitectur)22.3(e at the U)44.1(niversity of )22(Virginia wher)11.4(e he is no)22.3(w professor of architectur)11.4(e and professor of business)]TJ T* 0.0006 Tc 0.0271 Tw [(administration at the Da)5.7(r)11.5(den School of B)11.5(usiness A)22.4(dministration. H)11.5(e)0.5( is also the founder of the U)44.2(niv)11.5(ersity)22.4()93.8(s)]TJ T* 0.0001 Tc -0.017 Tw [(I)10.8(nstitute for S)21.9(ustainable D)11(esign and Commer)-10.8(ce. Mr)65.5(. M)32.8(c)1.9(D)11(onough has been called a hero for the planet)11( b)11(y)]TJ /F11 1 Tf T* -0.0001 Tc 0.0354 Tw [(T)44.8(ime M)10.8(agazine)]TJ /F5 1 Tf 5.8909 0 TD 0.0003 Tc 0.0392 Tw [(, which hailed his )65.7(unified theor)-21.5(y that, in demonstrable and practical ways, is changing the)]TJ -5.8909 -1.2 TD -0.0329 Tw [(design of the world. 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F)44(or additional information on the Boar)11.3(d or U.S. E)11.3(x)17.9(ecutive D)11.3(i)0.3(r)11.3(ector sear)11.3(ch, please contact the)]TJ T* 0.0009 Tc -0.0018 Tw [(I)11.6(nternational S)22.7(ustainable D)11.8(e)-0.2(velopment F)44.5(oundation.)]TJ 1.6364 -1.2 TD 0.0003 Tc -0.0152 Tw [(E)27.9(v)6.8(en as the Boar)11.2(d is being formed, initial delegations have been ex)22.1(changed betw)11.2(een China and the U.S.)]TJ -1.6364 -1.2 TD 0 Tc 0.0546 Tw [(to char)-10.9(t the future course of the )]TJ /F11 1 Tf 12.9055 0 TD -0.0019 Tc 0 Tw [(Center)63.5(.)]TJ /F5 1 Tf 2.64 0 TD 0.0004 Tc 0.0005 Tw ( The )Tj /F11 1 Tf 2.1273 0 TD -0.0012 Tc 0 Tw [(C)12.1(enter )]TJ /F5 1 Tf 2.7491 0 TD 0.0003 Tc 0.055 Tw (was also called upon to lead a discussion on state and)Tj -20.4218 -1.2 TD -0.058 Tw [(pro)17.3(vincial level land use cooperation at the thir)22.2(d U.S.China F)33.1(o)0.2(r)-10.5(um on the E)11.3(nvironment and D)11.3(e)-0.7(v)11.3(elopment)]TJ T* -0.0432 Tw [(held in J)22.2(anuar)-10.5(y 2000. 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